Antimicrobials

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Penicillin G potassium is a natural penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis, syphilis, and endocarditis.</p>

<p>Herbicidin B is a natural herbicidal compound, which is a secondary metabolite produced through the fermentation of certain Streptomyces species. This compound functions as a potent inhibitor of plant growth by interfering with essential physiological processes within the plant cells. The mode of action of Herbicidin B primarily involves disruption of metabolic pathways that are critical for the development and survival of plants, leading to effective control of undesired vegetation.</p>

<p>Penciclovir is an antiviral agent and acyclic guanine derivative that has proven efficient in the treatment of Herpes Simplex type 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2) infection. Penciclovir is transformed by the virus into an active derivative able to block the deoxyguanosine triphosphate substrate binding site of the HSV polymerase.</p>

<p>A competitive inhibitor of HCV NS3/4A protease that blocks viral replication. Efficacious in treating HCV-infected patients in combination with daclatasvir. Asunaprevir-resistant replicons are sensitive to NS5A replication complex inhibitor, suggesting potential combination therapy.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV-1 protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Neomycin, one of the many oligosaccharide containing antibiotics, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in Streptomyces fradiae (Collins, 2006) with wide spectrum, active against Gram-negative Gram-positive bacteria. Neomycin is commony used as a selection marker in cloning, and is therefore used in growth media to select colonies with the neomycin resistance cassette integrated into their genome. Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (Framycetin) and its epimer Neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture.</p>

<p>Tenofovir is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with action on viral reverse transcriptase to block replication and is used for treating HIV/AIDS and chronic hepatitis B.</p>

<p>Cefacetrile is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections in humans and animals.</p>

<p>Nucleoside analog with antiviral activity against coronaviruses, hepatitis and influenzas viruses. EIDD 1931 inhibited the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the murine hepatitis virus (MHV) replication in vitro at submicromolar concentrations. EIDD 1931 is able to evade the proofreading exonuclease ExoN and presents with high barrier to development of drug resistance.</p>

<p>Naturally produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitili, Ivermectin is clinically used in the treatment of parasitosis in both humans and animals. Ivermectin is commercially available as a mixture of 80% 22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1a and 20% 22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1b. In 2020, research indicated that it was a good antiviral agent in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and a new mechanism of action has been suggested. Ivermectin would act on importin α/β heterodimer and affect nuclear transport and the translocation of viral proteins.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>Ribostamycin sulphate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating bacterial infections like sepsis and pneumonia.</p>

<p>Polymyxin B is a sulfonamide antibiotic with broad spectrum of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds to the bacterial membrane, causing an increase in the cell’s permeability and thus leading to cell death. A study on human neutrophils showed that polymyxin B reduces the expression of neomycin sulfate through inhibition of protein synthesis, which leads to cell death by lysosomal enzyme release. This antibiotic has been shown to be effective on clostridium perfringens, where it inhibits bacterial growth and leads to hypersensitivity reactions in some patients.</p>

<p>Ridinilazole is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic with action on bacterial cell division inhibition and is used for treating Clostridioides difficile infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide class</p>

<p>5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate is an antibacterial compound with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is active against strains resistant to other antibiotics, such as, tetracycline and penicillin. 5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate has been shown to be effective in vitro against Campylobacter jejuni - the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. The compound also inhibits the growth cycle of Campylobacter jejuni by arresting the cells at the G1 phase. The molecule has been shown to inhibit DNA synthesis in E. coli and S. typhimurium with IC50 values of 1 ÎŒM and 0.8 ÎŒM respectively. This molecule has been tested for its surface active properties and it can be used as an additive in personal care products for improved wetting and spreading on surfaces. The compound is also researched for its antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans by inhibiting the growth cycle of the fungus.</p>

<p>Membrane-disrupting agent</p>

<p>Bacteriostatic; for treating multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis</p>

<p>Emtricitabine is an antiviral drug that is used to treat chronic viral hepatitis, which is caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses. The drug blocks the activity of reverse transcriptase, which is an enzyme necessary for the replication of viral RNA in the body. Emtricitabine has been shown to be effective against acute hepatitis B virus infection and chronic hepatitis B virus infection with or without cirrhosis. It also has been shown to be effective against chronic hepatitis C virus infection with or without cirrhosis.</p>