Antimicrobials

<p>Fosamprenavir calcium is an antiretroviral medication, which is derived from the prodrug of amprenavir. It is synthesized through chemical processes to enhance oral bioavailability and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Through its mode of action, fosamprenavir is converted in vivo to amprenavir, which acts as an inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease enzyme. By inhibiting this enzyme, it prevents the cleavage of the Gag-Pol polyprotein, disrupting viral replication and processing, ultimately leading to the production of immature, non-infectious viral particles.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; inhibitor of NS5A protein</p>

<p>Amikacin hydrate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from kanamycin through a semi-synthetic process. It functions by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to errors in the translation process. This disruption is bactericidal, effectively eliminating bacterial pathogens.</p>

<p>Ombitasvir is a NS5A inhibitor antiviral agent with action on hepatitis C virus replication and is used for treating chronic hepatitis C in combination therapies.</p>

<p>Amrubicin maleate is an anthracycline antibiotic and is used for the treatment of small cell lung cancer. It inhibits topoisomerase II, leading to DNA breaks and cell death</p>

<p>Imidocarb Dipropionate is an antiprotozoal compound with a mode of action that interferes with the glycolysis of parasites like Babesia. It is used for treating infections such as babesiosis in animals.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Zalcitabine (also known as dideoxycytidine or ddC) is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) medication used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. It works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for replication of the HIV virus, thereby preventing the virus from multiplying and spreading. Zalcitabine is often used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs to effectively treat HIV/AIDS.</p>

<p>Tebipenem pivoxil is a prodrug of tebipenem with enhanced oral bioavailability and similar action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections, particularly in pediatric patients.</p>

<p>Polypeptide antibiotic used as a feed additive</p>

<p>Midecamycin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating respiratory tract and skin infections.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; RNA polymerase inhibitor; sofosbuvir metabolite</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; cephalosporin class</p>

<p>Pafuramidine is an antiprotozoal prodrug with action on protozoal DNA synthesis inhibition and is used for treating African sleeping sickness and Pneumocystis pneumonia.</p>

<p>Delamanid is a second-line antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic derivative of the nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole compound. Delamanid originates from a laboratory synthesis designed to target and inhibit specific components of bacterial cell wall synthesis. The mode of action involves the inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis, which is critical for the maintenance and construction of the cell wall in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This inhibition disrupts bacterial cell wall integrity, ultimately exerting a bactericidal effect against actively replicating and dormant mycobacterial cells.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; capsid inhibitor</p>

<p>Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; anti-Hepatitis B virus</p>

<p>Triflumezopyrim is a mesoionic insecticide with action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to block nerve signaling and is used for controlling rice hoppers and leafhoppers in agriculture.</p>

<p>Antibiotic; RNA and DNA synthesis inhibitor; adenosine analogue</p>

<p>Carumonam disodium is a monobactam antibiotic, which is derived from microbial fermentation processes. Its mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of susceptible Gram-negative bacteria. This binding inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Cycloheximide, Antibiotic for Culture Media Use Only, is an antifungal agent derived from the Streptomyces griseus bacterium. Its primary mode of action involves the inhibition of eukaryotic protein synthesis by interfering with the translocation step on the 80S ribosome. This leads to rapid arrest of protein assembly, effectively limiting fungal and certain yeast growth in culture.</p>

<p>EIDD 2801 is an orally bioavailable prodrug of β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine and was shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway epithelial cells. EIDD 2801 was also tested in mice infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses. EIDD 2801 targets the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and reduces virus titer and improved pulmonary function in experimental animals when used in prophylactic and therapeutic regime.</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV integrase inhibitor</p>

<p>Posaconazole is an antifungal agent that inhibits the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme which is responsible for the synthesis of the fungal cell wall component, ergosterol. This demethylase enzyme synthesizes ergosterol through converting lanosterol to ergosterol. Therefore Posaconazole prevents the formation of fungal cell walls with the appropriate membrane permeability thus leading to fungal cell lysis. Posaconazole can be used as an antifungal drug to treat opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV patients. Moreover it is shown to inflict its inhibitory activity against common pathogenic fungus such as Candida and Aspergillus species but also Mucorales and some Fusarium species, which are less common.</p>

<p>BMS 806 is an antiretroviral agent and is used for the treatment of HIV. It inhibits the fusion of the HIV virus with the host cell membrane.</p>

<p>Seco erythromycin is a derivative of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin, which originates from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. As a semi-synthetic compound, it retains the core lactone ring structure of erythromycin, but modifications in its chemical configuration confer distinct properties. Seco erythromycin operates by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. This action effectively halts bacterial growth by preventing the translocation of peptides and thus impairs protein assembly.</p>

<p>Flavomycin - 8% premix is an antibacterial feed additive with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for promoting growth and improving feed efficiency in livestock and poultry.</p>

<p>Acetylspiramycin - Mixture of components is a derivative of spiramycin and is used as an antibiotic.</p>

<p>Finafloxacin hydrochloride is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from the fluoroquinolone class. Its source is a chemically engineered structure, specifically designed to combat bacterial infections effectively. The mode of action of Finafloxacin hydrochloride involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, essential enzymes responsible for DNA replication, transcription, and repair in bacteria. By inhibiting these enzymes, it disrupts bacterial DNA processes, ultimately leading to cell death and resolution of the infection.</p>

<p>Rimantadine is an anti-viral drug that is used for the prevention of influenza A infection. This drug is an RNA synthesis inhibitor and exerts its effects on the viral replication cycle. Although not fully understood, it is said that the M2 gene may play a role in Rimantadine susceptibility.</p>

<p>Antimicrobial agent</p>

<p>Erythromycin, Antibiotic for Culture Media Use Only, is a macrolide antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis, specifically targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit in susceptible bacteria. This action results in the prevention of peptide chain elongation, effectively halting bacterial growth and proliferation.</p>

<p>Ormetoprim is an antibacterial drug used in veterinary medicine to treat several bacterial infections in animals. This drug is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor and disrupts DNA and RNA synthesis in bacteria.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor</p>

<p>Aureothricin is a dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic and is used for its antimicrobial properties. It inhibits transcription in bacteria, leading to growth inhibition</p>

<p>Inhibitor of beta-lactamase; inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; beta-lactam class</p>

<p>Tebipenem is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, including complicated urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>PI4KIII beta inhibitor</p>

<p>Oxacillin sodium monohydrate is a hydrated form of oxacillin sodium with similar action and applications as oxacillin sodium.</p>

<p>Treatment for leishmaniasis</p>

<p>A macrolide, broad-spectrum antibiotic that targets cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). Clarithromycin has been used to potentiate the pharmacological effects of some drugs that are metabolised by the cytochrome P450.</p>

<p>Nadifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA synthesis and is used for treating acne vulgaris and bacterial skin infections.</p>

<p>Darunavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor used orally in the treatment of patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infection (Ghosh, 2007). It has also been shown to be effective against other infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus and SARS coronavirus. Metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes, darunavir is often administered together with ritonavir that prolongs its bioavaiability, giving a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 15 hours (Back, 2008). The effect of darunavir on natural compounds such as matrix proteins and toll-like receptor activity has also been studied via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments.</p>

<p>Tilmicosin phosphate is a phosphate salt form of tilmicosin with similar action and applications as tilmicosin.</p>

<p>Cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and ear infections.</p>

<p>Amicetin is a type of antibiotic, which is derived from bacterial sources, specifically from Streptomyces species. It functions primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria, achieved through interfering with the aminoacyl-tRNA binding process on the ribosome. This mechanism disrupts the translation process, thereby preventing bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>3-Desacetylcefotaxime potassium is an antimicrobial agent that belongs to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics.It si an active metabolite of cefotaxime and effective against various bacterial infections</p>

<p>Dolutegravir is an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor. Dolutegravir is used in the treatment of HIV-1 infections as it hampers the integration of the viral genome into the host DNA (Katlama, 2012). Active on a wide number of HIV-1 phenotypes, dolutegravir is highly bioavailable with an IC90 of more than 30 hours (Cottrell, 2013).</p>

<p>N-Desmethyl clarithromycin is a metabolite of clarithromycin with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for studying clarithromycin pharmacokinetics.</p>