Phenylpropanoids

<p>Sesamin is a lignan compound, which is a type of phytoestrogen, derived from sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum). It is a naturally occurring substance with potent biological efficacy. Sesamin functions primarily through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. It scavenges free radicals, thereby protecting cellular components from oxidative stress. Additionally, sesamin interacts with various metabolic pathways, modulating lipid metabolism and enhancing the body's anti-inflammatory response.</p>

<p>Chlorogenic acid is a derivative of caffeic acid and quinic acid; it has an antioxidant activity. Chlorogenic acid has been combined with gadolinium to develop a therapeutic and diagnostic nanodelivery system for MRI imaging. In a rat model of diabetes mellitus, chlorogenic acid counteracted the alterations in lipid profiles typical of type-2 diabetes, especially when administered in combination with tetrahydrocurcumin. In mice fed with a high-fat diet, the consumption of chlorogenic acid resulted in an anti-obesity action that lowered the blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In humans, it is readily absorbed in the intestinal tract.</p>

<p>Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone hydrate is a high-intensity sweetener, which is derived from the bitter flavonoids found in citrus fruits, particularly from the peel and pulp of oranges and grapefruits. It is produced through a chemical hydrogenation process that transforms neohesperidin into a non-caloric sweetener. This unique compound acts as a potent flavor enhancer by intensifying sweetness and masking undesirable flavors, such as bitterness.</p>

<p>E/E-Desmethoxycurcumin is a polyphenolic compound, which is a derivative of curcumin. It is sourced from the rhizome of the Curcuma longa plant, commonly known as turmeric. As a demethoxylated analog of curcumin, its structure contains one less methoxy group, allowing it to interact with biological systems in distinctive ways. The mode of action of E/E-Desmethoxycurcumin involves modulation of various cellular signaling pathways, including the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This makes it a subject of interest for its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.</p>

<p>3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, which is predominantly found in various plants and herbal sources such as artichokes, echinacea, and certain species of coffee. Its structure consists of quinic acid esterified with two caffeic acid moieties, making it a member of the chlorogenic acid family. This compound is well-recognized for its potent antioxidant properties, exerting its effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress within biological systems.</p>

<p>Rottlerin is a polyphenolic compound, which is a natural product derived from the plant species Mallotus philippensis. It is primarily isolated from the fruits or glands of this plant. Rottlerin operates as a selective inhibitor, notably targeting specific protein kinases such as PKC-delta (Protein Kinase C delta). It also affects various other cellular processes and pathways, offering a diverse range of biological effects.</p>

<p>Sinapaldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde, which is a secondary metabolite derived from lignin biosynthesis in plants. It is primarily sourced from lignin, a complex polymer found in the cell walls of various plants, often extracted through biochemical refinement processes from lignocellulosic biomass. The mode of action of Sinapaldehyde involves its function as an antioxidant, where it participates in redox reactions that mitigate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. Its structural characteristics enable it to interact with various biological molecules, contributing to its effectiveness in these reactions.</p>

<p>Cryptochlorogenic acid is an isomer of chlorogenic acid and is found in plants. Cryptochlorogenic acid is the major component of the extract of mulberry leaves that is traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus. In a diabetic model in rats, cryptochlorogenic acid alleviated symptoms, such as, blood glucose levels, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and iron content alterations. In vitro studies with RAW 264.7 macrophages, cryptochlorogenic acid showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by increasing both the cellular content of reduced glutathione, and the expression of superoxide dismutase activity, while inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2).</p>

<p>1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a bioactive compound, which is a type of caffeoylquinic acid. This compound is commonly found in various plant sources, including coffee, artichokes, and certain herbal extracts. It is part of a larger family of polyphenolic compounds that are notable for their diverse biological activities.</p>

<p>Echinacoside is a caffeic acid derivative naturally found in plants, such as, Echinacea angustifolia DC. Echinacoside belongs to the class of phenylethanoid glycosides. In vitro studies have revealed the mode of action of echinacoside in breast cancer cells; echinacoside suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway exerting anticancer activity (Tang et al, 2020). Echinacoside has been reported as beneficial for human health in terms of neuroprotection, cardioprotectiony, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic activity (Liu, 2018).</p>

<p>Isoliquiritigenin is a flavonoid compound, which is derived primarily from the root of the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza spp.). Known for its yellow coloration, isoliquiritigenin is a chalcone, a type of compound found in many types of fruits, vegetables, and other plants. This natural product is extracted and purified from plant sources for research and potential therapeutic applications.</p>

<p>Chlorogenic acid is a derivative of caffeic acid and quinic acid; it has an antioxidant activity. Chlorogenic acid has been combined with gadolinium to develop a therapeutic and diagnostic nanodelivery system for MRI imaging. In a rat model of diabetes mellitus, chlorogenic acid counteracted the alterations in lipid profiles typical of type-2 diabetes, especially when administered in combination with tetrahydrocurcumin. In mice fed with a high-fat diet, the consumption of chlorogenic acid resulted in an anti-obesity action that lowered the blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In humans, it is readily absorbed in the intestinal tract.</p>

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Natural glycoside

<p>Podophyllotoxone is a potent antimitotic compound derived from the rhizomes and roots of the Podophyllum plant, predominantly Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum hexandrum. It functions primarily by binding to and destabilizing microtubules, which are essential components of the cell division process. This action hinders the polymerization of tubulin, effectively arresting cells in the metaphase of mitosis, leading to the inhibition of cellular proliferation.</p>

<p>Sulfuretin is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, which is found in various plants, notably in the Heartwood of *Securinega suffruticosa* and *Rhus verniciflua*. It exerts its effects through various biological pathways, including the modulation of enzyme activities, antioxidant properties, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.</p>

<p>Maritimein is an advanced bioactive compound, which is isolated from specific marine organisms, particularly those inhabiting unique ecological niches. This marine-derived compound operates through complex biochemical pathways, often involving the modulation of cellular signaling and interaction with specific protein targets, which can lead to effects such as inhibiting enzymes or altering gene expression.</p>

<p>Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol is a lignan compound, which is a type of polyphenol. It is primarily sourced from plants, including species like conifers and other woody plants. The compound is notable for its ability to modulate various biochemical pathways, primarily through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Its mode of action involves scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzyme pathways, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation at the cellular level.</p>

<p>10Isovaleryloxy-8,9-epoxythymol-3-isovalerate is a bioactive compound, which is a naturally occurring derivative of thymol, often sourced from plant species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It exhibits noteworthy antimicrobial properties by interacting with microbial cell membranes, disrupting their integrity, and ultimately leading to cell death. This mechanism involves the compound's ability to penetrate the lipid bilayer, causing leakage of cellular contents and interfering with essential biological processes.</p>

<p>3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester is a specialized ester compound that belongs to the family of caffeoylquinic acids. This molecule is typically derived from plant sources, where it functions as part of the secondary metabolites with notable biochemical significance. It is often found in various plant species, notably those used in traditional medicine. The compound acts as a potent antioxidant due to its capacity to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress within biological systems.</p>

<p>Ethyl ferulate - Natural grade is a phenolic compound, which is derived from the esterification of ferulic acid, a compound commonly extracted from plant sources such as rice bran and oats. The mode of action of ethyl ferulate involves its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting potent antioxidant properties. Additionally, it is known for its anti-inflammatory effects, as it can modulate the expression of various inflammatory mediators, making it a valuable molecule in the context of cellular protection.</p>

<p>Cordifolioside A is a bioactive compound, specifically a natural glycoside, which is isolated from the plant Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as Guduchi. This plant is a significant source of various pharmacologically active constituents. Cordifolioside A functions primarily through immunomodulatory and antioxidant mechanisms, contributing to its therapeutic effects.</p>

<p>Purpureaside C is a natural compound, which is a type of iridoid glycoside. It is derived from plants belonging to the genus *Cistanche*, commonly found in dry and arid environments. These plants have been used in traditional medicine, providing a rich source for isolating various bioactive substances.</p>

<p>Myricoside is a glycoside compound, which is derived from the bark and leaves of the plant _Myrica rubra_, commonly known as the Chinese bayberry. This compound exhibits potential biological activities primarily due to its nature as a plant secondary metabolite with a specific chemical structure that fosters interactions at the cellular level.</p>

<p>Danshensu has antioxidant activity, can enhance HO-1 expression to suppress 6-OHDA-induced oxidative damage via PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathways.</p>

<p>Calceolarioside A is a phenylethanoid glycoside, which is a biologically active compound obtained from natural plant sources, specifically from species within the Calceolaria family. This compound exhibits significant antioxidant activity, primarily through its ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit oxidative stress. The mode of action involves the modulation of oxidative pathways, offering protective effects against cellular damage.</p>

<p>Methyl trans-p-coumarate 4-glucoside is a chemical compound, which is a glucoside derivative sourced primarily from plant materials. It functions by modulating biochemical pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation, as it may influence enzymatic activities and cellular signaling processes. This compound's glucoside linkage suggests it might undergo hydrolysis to release the active aglycon, facilitating its absorption and subsequent biological activity.</p>

<p>Caffeic acid is naturally produced by the metabolism of plants and fungi. Caffeic acid has an antioxidant activity that can be higher than tocopherol in oil-in-water emulsions. Caffeic acid has proven antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In mice, caffeic acid inhibits the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase thus inhibititing the biosynthesis of the inflammatory mediators leukotrienes.</p>