DNA Cross Linkers

<p>Stability Water Sensitive<br>Applications A water soluble, bulkier analogue of the charged MTS reagent MTSET. Charged MTS reagents have been used successfully with SCAM (substituted cysteine accessibility method) to probe the topology and function of a number of ligand-gated ion channels and transporter proteins.<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture/Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications A sulfhydryl cross-linking reagent.<br>References Loo, T.W., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 276, 40, 36877 (2001)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Deoxypyridinoline Chloride Trihydrochloride Salt a collagen cross-links agent. A primary reference material for the monitoring of bone metabolism.<br>References Heaney, R., et al.: J. Bone Miner. Res., 5, 1135 (1990), Hannon, R., et al.: J. Bone Miner. Res., 13, 1124 (1998), Coudray, C., et al.: Eur. J. Nutr., 42, 91 (2003), Abrams, S., et al.: Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82, 471 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Stability Temperature and Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications A water soluble, bulkier analogue of the charged MTS reagent MTSET. Charged MTS reagents have been used successfully with SCAM (substituted cysteine accessibility method) to probe the topology and function of a number of ligand-gated ion channels and transporter proteins.<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 2S,2’S,5S)-5-Hydroxy Lysinonorleucine is one of the stereoisomers of 5-Hydroxylysinonorleucine, reduced collagen cross links.<br>References Astbury, C., et al.: Br. J. Rheumatol., 33, 11 (1994), Watts, N., et al.: Clin. Chem., 45, 1359 (1999), Banse, X., et al.: Bone, 31, 70 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications A sulfhydryl and carbohydrate reactive, heterobifunctional crosslinking reagent. Glycoprotein reactive.<br>References Yoshitake, S., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 101, 395 (1979), Chamow, S.M., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 267(22), 15916 (1992)<br></p>

<p>DNA alkylating agent; highly potent metabolite of nemorubicin</p>

<p>Nitrogen mustard derivative; DNA crosslinking agent; anti-cancer agent</p>

<p>Topoisomerase II inhibitor; daunorubicin analog; anti-leukemic; anthracycline</p>

<p>Nimustine is an antineoplastic agent that is being studied for use in treating Glioblastomas. It is suggested to be a DNA alkylating agent although, its exact mechanism is still unknown.</p>

<p>Temozolomide is an imidazotetrazine alkylating agent. It has anti-tumor activity against a broad spectrum of tumors, such as leukemias, lymphomas and solid tumors. Temozolomide induces G2/M arrest, preventing cells from entering mitosis and, therefore, apoptosis. As a drug resistance-modifying agent it is used for studying drug resistance mechanisms in glioblastoma cell lines.</p>

<p>Carmustine is a DNA alkylating agent which also cross-links DNA. As a result, Carmustine disrupts the function of DNA, resulting in the arrest the cell cycle and apoptosis. Consequently these properties of Carmustine, in addition to its ability to easily transmit through the blood-brain barrier, means it can be used as a cancer treatment, treating cancers such as, breast, ovarian and pancreatic as well as lymphomas and leukemias. Furthermore Carmustine can contribute to cytotoxic effects through its ability to carbamoylate DNA repair enzymes and proteins.</p>

<p>Platinum-based anti-tumor drug</p>

<p>Ifosfamide is an alkylating agent and immunosuppressive drug used in chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers such as ovarian, testicular, cervical and bladder. This drug interferes with the normal process of DNA replication causing damage to the DNA in cancer cells hence preventing them from growing and dividing.</p>

<p>Platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent</p>

<p>Nitrogen mustard derivative; DNA crosslinking agent; anti-cancer agent</p>

<p>Inhibits DNA topoisomerase II; antineoplastic; immunomodulatory; antimicrobial</p>

<p>Cisplatin, also known as cisplatinum, is a platinum-based anti-cancer agent that inhibits the EGFR, which is a receptor tyrosine kinase. It has been shown to have anti-cancer effects in melanoma cells and to inhibit tumor growth in mice. Cisplatin acts by interfering with the mechanism of DNA repairing. It loses one chloride ligand and binds to DNA to inhibit the synthesis, causing DNA damage, and thus inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. In certain studies, the use of cisplatin in combination with other metal chelators has shown improvement in the uptake of the anticancer drug. CisplatiN - Bio-X™ is part of our Bio-X™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Procarbazine is an alkylating agent used in chemotherapy to treat brain cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma. It methylates guanine in DNA which causes the strands to become prone to breakage, thus inhibiting both DNA and RNA synthesis. The drug has been shown to be effective in vitro against a variety of human carcinoma cell lines.</p>

<p>Carboplatin is an antineoplastic alkylating agent that is used in the treatment of ovarian cancer. This drug attaches alkyl groups to nucleotides leading to the formation of monoadducts. Carboplatin’s main mechanism of action is preventing DNA strands from separating for synthesis and transcription.</p>

<p>Lomustine is an alkylating agent that is used as chemotherapy for treating metastatic brain tumors and relapsed Hodgkin’s disease in combination with radiation treatments. This drug causes alkylation and cross-linking of DNA, thus inducing cytotoxicity. Furthermore, this drug inhibits DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Mitomycin C is a cytotoxic agent that belongs to the class of mitomycins. It has been used for the treatment of a range of cancers and for ocular surface diseases, such as the glaucoma surgery trabeculectomy. In this case it is administered to reduce post-operative scarring which could otherwise lead to failure of the procedure. Mitomycin C is an alkylating antibiotic that inhibits DNA synthesis by cross-linking the DNA double helix. Mitomycin C also stimulates the production of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Clinically, mitomycin can be used both intravenously and topically, and has been studied in a range of wound healing models.</p>

<p>Bendamustine is a bifunctional mechlorethamine derivative with alkylator and antimetabolite properties. An alkylating group, a benzimidazole ring that may function as a purine analog, and a butyric acid side chain are the three active moieties found in bendamustine. Through its function as an alkylating agent, Bendamustine causes intra and inter-strand crosslinks between DNA bases resulting in DNA, RNA synthesis inhibition and cell death.</p>

<p>Platinum-based anti-cancer agent; induces apoptosis</p>

<p>Applications A highly reactive thiol-specific cross-linking spin-label.<br></p>

<p>Stability Light and Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications A cross-linking, biotin-labelled compound.<br>References Hatanaka, Y. et al: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2, 1367 (1994); Hatanaka, Y. et al: J. Org. Chem., 59, 383 (1994); Hatanaka, Y. et al: Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2, 1367 (1994)<br></p>

<p>Active metabolite of ifosfamide; alkylates and cross-links DNA; antineoplastic</p>

<p>Temozolomide is a cancer drug that belongs to the class of alkylating agents. It has been shown to have anticancer activity against human tumor cells in vitro. Temozolomide induces cell death by activating the apoptotic pathway. This drug also inhibits the cell cycle and blocks the G2-M phase, resulting in accumulation of cells at this point in the cell cycle. Temozolomide has been studied for its effects for cancer treatment in certain research approaches.</p>

<p>Applications A bifunctional iron chelating agent that has been employed to couple metal ions to biological molecules, including radiopharmaceutical synthesis and targeted protein hydrolysis. Bifunctional chelating reagents possess both a strong metal-binding moiety and a group that binds to a biological molecule.<br>References Greiner, D.P., et al.: Bioconjugate Chem., 8, 44 (1997)<br></p>

<p>Applications A water soluble, bulkier analogue of the charged MTS reagent MTSET. Charged MTS reagents have been used successfully with SCAM (substituted cysteine accessibility method) to probe the topology and function of a number of ligand-gated ion channels and transporter proteins.<br></p>

<p>Applications A water soluble, bulkier analogue of the charged MTS reagent MTSET. Charged MTS reagents have been used successfully with SCAM (substituted cysteine accessibility method) to probe the topology and function of a number of ligand-gated ion channels and transporter proteins.<br></p>

<p>Applications A is the deuterated isotope of N-Boc-Ethylenediamine (B655006). N-Boc-Ethylenediamine is used in the synthesis of Thyronamine derivatives and analogs.<br>References Anon., et al.: J. Pharmacol., 58, 53 (1936), Boissier, J., et al.: Eur. J. Pharmacol., 22, 141 (1973),<br></p>

<p>Applications A water-soluble thio-reactive fluorescent probe.<br>References Sinev, M., et al.: Bioconjugate Chem., 11, 352 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light and Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications A cross-linking reagent.<br>References Hatanaka, Y. et al: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2, 1367 (1994); Hatanaka, Y. et al: J. Org. Chem., 59, 383 (1994); Hatanaka, Y. et al: Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2, 1367 (1994)<br></p>

<p>Applications A water soluble, bulkier analogue of the charged MTS reagent MTSET. Charged MTS reagents have been used successfully with SCAM (substituted cysteine accessibility method) to probe the topology and function of a number of ligand-gated ion channels and transporter proteins.<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture sensitive<br>Applications A thiol reactive iron chelator.<br>References Arya, R., et al.: Bioconjugate Chem 1991, 2, 323,,,Ebright, Y; Biochemistry 1992, 31, 10664,,,Gaponenko, V; Biochemistry 2000, 39, 15217, Vogtherr, M; J Mol Biol 2002, 318, 1097,,Vogtherr, M; J Mol Biol 2002, 318, 1097<br></p>

<p>Applications Tetraethoxy-d20-silane (CAS# 272778-10-6) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Reacts specifically and rapidly with thiols to form mixed disulfides. Used to probe the structures of the ACh receptor channel of the GABAA receptor channel and of lactose permease.<br>References Duhten, R.L., et al.: Biochemistry, 32, 3139 (1993), Yang, N. et al.: Neuron, 16, 113 (1996), Kuner, T. et al.: Neuron, 17, 343 (1996), Holmgren, M. et al: Neuropharmacology, 35, 797 (1996), Chahine, M. et al.: Biochemical &amp; Biophysical Res. Commun., 233, 606 (1997), Ehrlich, B.E., et al.: J. Gen. Physiol., 109, 255 (1997), Rassendren, F., et al.: The EMBO Journal, 16, 3446 (1997), Vedantham, V. and Cannon, C.C.: J. Gen. Physiol., 111, 83 (1998), Lin, C.-W. and Tsung-Yu, C.: J. Gen. Physiol., 116, 535 (2000), Sullivan, D.A. and Cohen, J.B.: J. B.C., 275, 17, 12651 (2000)<br></p>