Nucleotides

<p>2,2'-Anhydrothymidine is an anhydro version of thymidine. As 2,2'-Anhydrothymidine is a modified version of thymidine it can help researchers understand what happens when DNA is changed or damaged. Other possible uses as in research related to antiviral drug creation.</p>

<p>a-Adenosine is a nucleoside that has been shown to have anti-cancer properties. It inhibits the proliferation of squamous carcinoma cells by irreversibly inhibiting adenosine deaminase, which converts adenosine to inosine, as well as other enzymes such as DNA polymerase and ribonucleotide reductase. The reaction mechanism for this inhibition is not yet fully understood, but it may be related to the inhibition of camp levels or receptor activity. a-Adenosine has also been shown to have anti-microbial properties against bacteria, fungi and yeast. It inhibits the growth of these microorganisms by binding to their cell walls and preventing protein synthesis. This drug is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo and has an antimicrobial effect at physiological concentrations.<br>A more potent analog of a-adenosine (a-adenosinium) has been developed that can inhibit epidermal growth factor (EGF).</p>

<p>2'-O-Allyluridine is a nucleoside analogue that contains a 2'-hydroxyl group and an allyl group. It is synthesized from the nucleoside uridine by the process of allylation. The regiospecificity of the allylation reaction has been analysed and it has been found that the amino function on the uridine reacts with an allylic hydrogen bond to form 2'-O-allyluridine. The synthesis of 2'-O-allyluridine was successful in laboratory conditions, but not under physiological conditions. Research into this compound is still ongoing as it may have potential applications in the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer.</p>

<p>2,2'-Anhydro-L-uridine is a nucleoside used in for research purposes. It is of particular interest due to it being an L-isomer which is different from the D-form sugars used by the human body. It is useful to study these kinds of molecules for their use in medicine, especially as antivirals</p>

<p>2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate is a nucleoside that has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of DNA in human cells. It has also been shown to have a role in the regulation of energy metabolism and mitochondrial functions. 2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate binds to the enzyme polymerase chain reaction, which prevents the reverse transcription process from occurring. This nucleoside is involved in the biological studies of cytokine production, such as IL-2 receptor binding and calcium pantothenate-dependent activation of nuclear DNA replication.</p>

<p>8-Azidoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphosphate is used for nucleotide labelling via a click reaction involving the azide moiety and a terminal alkyne conjugated to a label. The reaction generates a stable nucleotide labelled adduct containing a triazole link.</p>

<p>3'-Amino-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine's lack of a 3'-hydroxyl group makes it a chain terminator for DNA polymerase, a key application in Sanger sequencing. Additionally, the 3'-amino group serves as a functional handle for modifying the 3' end of oligonucleotides with various labels or conjugates, expanding their utility in research and diagnostics.</p>

<p>3'-O-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-5'-O-DMT-N2-isobutyrylguanosine is a deoxyribonucleoside that is chemically modified to be resistant to nucleases. It is used as an antiviral agent and activates the immune system by inducing cytokines, chemokines, and interferons. 3'-O-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-5'-O-DMT-N2-isobutyrylguanosine has been shown to have antidepressant effects in mice and rats. This drug also has been shown to inhibit the production of HIV viral particles in vitro.</p>

<p>2'-Deoxy-8-oxoguanosine (8-OHdG) is a product of oxidative DNA damage. The presence of 8-OHdG in urine has been used to detect and measure the degree of oxidative DNA damage in humans and animals, which may be linked to cancer and aging. When 8-OHdG is excreted into urine, it can react with other molecules such as protein or inorganic phosphorus, causing more oxidative DNA damage. 2'-Deoxy-8-oxoguanosine has also been shown to cause cell toxicity by damaging the cell's squamous epithelium, leading to cancer.For the 15N5 labelled version please check ND09970.</p>

<p>1-(2’-Deoxy-2’-fluoro-arabinofuranosyl)-5-hydroxymethyluracil (also abbreviated as FMAU-OH) is a modified nucleoside analog. It consists of a fluorinated sugar moiety (2’-deoxy-2’-fluoro-arabinofuranose) attached to a uracil base with a hydroxymethyl (-CH₂OH) group at the 5-position. The 2’-fluoro substitution and arabinose sugar configuration can enhance its stability and affect its incorporation into DNA or RNA. It has the potential to be used as an inhibitor of viral polymerases and can be used in research.</p>

<p>5'-O-Acetyl-2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine is a novel nucleoside that can be used as an antiviral and anticancer agent. It has shown to be more potent than other nucleosides in inhibiting the synthesis of viral DNA and RNA, which makes it a potential candidate for treating HIV infection and cancer. This drug can also act as an activator by stimulating the production of deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides. 5'-O-Acetyl-2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine has been shown to have high purity and quality, making it a good candidate for use in various fields of research.</p>

<p>An isomer of guanosine, used as a synthesis intermediate.</p>

<p>2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate free acid (2DAMP) is a nucleoside analogue that can be used as a fluorescent probe for detecting water vapor. 2DAMP has been shown to have cytotoxic activity against solid tumours in vitro, and may act by hydrogen bonding interactions with the active site of the enzyme form. 2DAMP is also an important cofactor in the polymerase chain reaction, and can inhibit cellular proliferation by inhibiting nuclear DNA synthesis. This drug has been used as an active antiretroviral therapy, where it inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. 2DAMP's mechanism of action involves the inhibition of p-nitrophenyl phosphate reductase (PNPPR), which is responsible for converting p-nitrophenyl phosphate into p-nitrophenol.</p>

<p>N6-Isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate sodium salt is an adenosine conjugate acid. It is a monomer of polyribonucleotide chain, which is necessary for the formation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). N6-Isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate sodium salt is a conjugate base that has the ability to bind to DNA. This binding prevents the formation of a complex with RNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting transcription and replication.</p>

<p>Second messenger in intracellular signal transduction</p>

<p>Clevudine is a synthetic pyrimidine analogue effective against the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Once inside the cell, it is converted into its active forms, clevudine monophosphate and clevudine triphosphate. The triphosphate form competes with thymidine to be incorporated into viral DNA, leading to DNA chain termination and inhibition of the HBV DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). Due to its long half-life, clevudine significantly reduces covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), making relapse less likely after treatment ends.</p>

<p>9-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)hypoxanthine is a glycosylated analogue of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). It has been shown to inhibit Streptococcus pyogenes and other bacteria. 9-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)hypoxanthine has also been shown to have inhibitory properties against zirconium oxide, pulmonary vasodilation, squamous cell carcinoma, and rate constant. This drug has not been studied in clinical trials for antiviral prophylaxis or arabinoside. The only known side effects are drug interactions with cyclin D2 and nitrate reductase.</p>

<p>2'-O-methylpseudouridine is a modified nucleoside that belongs to the group of modified nucleosides. It is found in ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). 2'-O-methylpseudouridine is a derivative of pseudouridine and can be categorized as a modified nucleotide. The chemical structure of this compound has been shown using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This technique can help identify modifications in RNA, such as 5-carbamoylmethyluridine. 2'-O-methylpseudouridine is an epigenetic marker that may be used to study tissues or sequences.</p>

<p>5-Methylcytidine is a nucleoside that is found in DNA and RNA. It is used in structural biology to probe the structure of DNA. 5-Methylcytidine binds to the enzyme methyl transferase, which catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to produce 5-methyluridine. This reaction occurs in long-term toxicity studies using primary cells, such as lymphocytes and fibroblasts. 5-Methylcytidine has been shown to inhibit tumour growth in mice by binding to nuclear dna polymerase and blocking transcription. The binding site for this drug on the polymerase is located at the same site as that for nucleoside analogues like azidothymidine (AZT) and zidovudine (AZT).</p>

<p>2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)uridine is a nucleoside analog that inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein. It can be used as an antimetabolite to treat cancer and prevents tumor growth by interfering with cell division. 2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)uridine is often used in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. This drug is not active against bacteria and does not inhibit the growth of bacteria. The major disadvantage of this drug is its lack of efficacy against tumors, which may be due to the lack of penetration through the cell membrane or damage to DNA caused by radiation, abiotic factors, or malfunctioning enzymes. 2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)uridine has been shown to cause damage to cells by altering their metabolism and affecting the function of their mitochondria. Damage can cause cells to die through apoptosis or necrosis.</p>

<p>8-Bromocyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose sodium salt (8BCAR) is a cytosolic cyclase inhibitor that inhibits the synthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). 8BCAR blocks the activation of protein kinase A, which is an enzyme involved in the phosphorylation of cAMP. 8BCAR has been shown to inhibit cardiac hypertrophy induced by growth factor-β1 and to increase mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as to suppress cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In addition, this drug can be used for the treatment of cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma.</p>

<p>2',5'-Dideoxyguanosine is a modified nucleoside analog of guanosine, one of the four natural nucleosides found in RNA and DNA. This synthetic molecule has hydroxyl groups removed from the 2' and 5' positions of the sugar component, which alters its ability to participate in nucleic acid synthesis.</p>

<p>Anticancer nucleoside; DNA synthesis interference</p>

<p>1-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)uracil is a nucleoside analog containing uracil, a nitrogenous base found in RNA, and a β-D-Arabinofuranose sugar. This compound could be used to study its effects on DNA/RNA synthesis.</p>

<p>2'-O-Methyl-5-methylcytidine is a nucleoside that is categorized as a modified nucleic acid. It is structurally similar to cytidine, but has an additional methyl group. 2'-O-Methyl-5-methylcytidine stabilizes the conformational structure of nucleic acids and can be used to regulate the activity of enzymes. This modified nucleoside has been shown to have thermophilic characteristics when it interacts with human cells. The stability of 2'-O-Methyl-5-methylcytidine increases with increasing temperature, making it possible for this molecule to regulate gene expression in organisms that live at high temperatures.</p>

<p>L-Adenosine is a nucleoside that is naturally synthesized in the body and is also found in certain foods. It has a variety of functions, including as an adenosine receptor agonist, a transport agent, and a substrate for metabolic pathways. In addition to its function as an adenosine receptor agonist, L-adenosine can be transported into mammalian cells by facilitated diffusion. The uptake of L-adenosine into cells is dependent on the concentration of extracellular adenosine and its concentration-response curve has been determined experimentally. L-Adenosine also acts as an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase enzyme which increases cAMP levels in cells. This increase in cAMP leads to increased calcium ion influx into the cell, which may lead to activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). L-Adenosine has been shown to have cardiac effects at high concentrations. These effects may be</p>

<p>S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-homocysteine dihydrate is the active form of homocysteine. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of HL-60 cells and induce apoptosis in these cells. S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-homocysteine dihydrate binds to dsDNA as a methyltransferase inhibitor, which leads to DNA methylation and inhibits DNA binding. The inhibition of DNA binding prevents transcription, leading to cell death. This drug has also been shown to have an anti-atherosclerotic effect in a model system by inhibiting the adenosine receptor.</p>

<p>3-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine is an uridine analog that is used in the study of protein synthesis. It can be used to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein, or to identify proteins with similar sequences. 3-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine can also be used to study enzymatic reactions, such as those involved in the synthesis of polypeptides. This molecule has been shown to produce disulfide bonds and form covalent bonds with other molecules. The three-dimensional structure of this molecule has been determined by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.</p>

<p>Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide found in all living cells. It is used as a coenzyme for adenosine kinase, adenosine phosphokinase, and adenosine deaminase. ATP also acts as an important signaling molecule and has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell metabolism, muscle contraction, and other cellular processes. The human body normally produces enough ATP to meet its needs through aerobic metabolism of glucose or fatty acids, but under certain conditions such as intense muscular activity or insufficient oxygen, more ATP must be produced by anaerobic metabolism. In these situations the mitochondria use glycolysis to produce lactic acid which is then converted into pyruvic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. Pyruvic acid is then oxidized by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to produce acetyl-CoA which is further oxidized by the enzyme complex called Krebs</p>

<p>6-Dimethylamino-9-(b-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (6-DMAP) is an analog of adenine that has been shown to have anticancer activity in human serum and tissue culture. 6-DMAP can inhibit the synthesis of ATP, leading to cell death by significantly inhibiting cellular processes such as glycolysis and DNA replication. 6-DMAP also has a significant cytotoxicity on various types of cancer cells and plant tissues. The mechanism of action for the anticancer activity of 6-DMAP is not yet known, but it may be due to its ability to interfere with purine metabolism or its ability to form covalent bonds with DNA.</p>

<p>Glycosylated pyrimidine analog; RNA component</p>

<p>3'-O-(t-Butyldimethylsilyl)-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridine is a novel, modified monophosphate nucleoside that can be activated to the corresponding diphosphate by adenosine kinase. The antiviral activity of 3'-O-(t-Butyldimethylsilyl)-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridine has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo against various viruses including HIV. In addition, this nucleoside phosphoramidite is used for synthesizing DNA and RNA. This product is CAS No. 1221967-92-5, Phosphoramidites, High purity and has a high quality.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; reverse transcriptase inhibitor</p>

<p>N6-Benzoyl-2'-deoxy-5'-O-DMT-2'-fluoroadenosine is a sulfur containing compound that is an antibiotic. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by binding to their ribosomes, which prevents protein synthesis and cell division. N6-Benzoyl-2'-deoxy-5'-O-DMT-2'-fluoroadenosine also inhibits chemotaxis in roseobacters, which is the movement of cells or organisms in response to certain factors. This antibiotic may be useful for preventing symbiosis between marine bacteria and other organisms, as it inhibits the motility of these bacteria and their cycling. N6-Benzoyl-2'-deoxy-5'-O-DMT-2'-fluoroadenosine also has a genetic determinant that regulates enteric bacteria and clades of ocean bacteria.</p>

<p>2'-Amino-2'-deoxyinosine is a modified nucleoside, based on inosine. This compound has a 2'-amino substitution instead of a 2'-hydroxyl group, which has the potential to make the nucleoside more resistant to enzymatic degradation and<br> enhance or alter base-pairing properties.</p>

<p>N4-Benzoyl-2'-deoxy-5'-O-DMT-a-cytidine is a modified nucleoside that is synthesized by the reaction of the 2'-deoxyribonucleoside with 4-benzoylchloroformate and dimethoxytrityl. It has antiviral activity against a variety of DNA viruses, including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV), varicella zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. N4-Benzoyl-2'-deoxy-5'-O-DMT-a-cytidine also has anticancer properties and may be used for the treatment of melanoma. This compound shows good results in animal models and clinical trials.</p>

<p>2'-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine is a synthetic nucleoside analog of deoxyuridine, in which the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose sugar is replaced with a bromine atom (Br) at the 2' position. This modification allows it to be incorporated into DNA during DNA synthesis, where it can replace the normal thymidine. This molecule can potentially be used in molecular biology and cell biology as a thymidine analog to study DNA replication, cell proliferation, and DNA repair.</p>

<p>Cytidine 3’(2’)-monophosphate (CMP) is a biochemical substance that is found in the nucleic acids of cells. It is an equilibrative nucleoside and a precursor to the biosynthesis of uridine and cytidine. CMP is also an intermediate in the synthesis of the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate, which has been shown to inhibit the growth of antibiotic-resistant strains such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter cloacae. Cytidine 3’(2’)-monophosphate can be converted into cytidine by phosphorylation with ATP or by methylation with S-adenosylmethionine. Cytidine 3’(2’)-monophosphate has been shown to have polymerase chain reaction activity</p>

<p>2'-C-Methylguanosine is a synthetic nucleoside analog of guanosine, modified at the 2'-carbon of the ribose sugar with a methyl group. This modification changes the molecule's biological behavior, making it potential useful in antiviral research and biochemical studies, especially those involving RNA synthesis.</p>

<p>5'-O-Benzoyl-2'-deoxy-N2-isobutyrylguanosine is a novel nucleoside that is synthesized by the modification of 5'-O-benzoyl-2'-deoxyguanosine with 2',3' -diisobutyrylaminopropylidene. It has shown anticancer, antiviral, and antiretroviral properties in vitro. In addition, this compound has been shown to inhibit the growth of human leukemia cells in vivo in a dose dependent manner. The structure of 5'-O-benzoyl-2'-deoxy-N2-isobutyrylguanosine is similar to that of the natural nucleosides adenosine and guanosine.</p>

<p>5-Chloro-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Cl-dC) is a nucleoside analog that inhibits DNA synthesis by blocking the action of thymidylate synthase. It can be used in animal models to study bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. 5-Cl-dC has been shown to be effective in treating the effects of radiation and chemical toxicity in HL60 cells, a type of human leukemia cell line. 5-Cl-dC has also been shown to enhance the cytotoxicity of eosinophil peroxidase, which is an enzyme that may be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. This drug is currently being evaluated for its safety and efficacy in clinical trials involving patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia who are at risk for developing leukemia.</p>

<p>5-Aminoallyl 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate lithium salt - 100mM aqueous solution is a novel nucleoside analog with antiviral and anticancer activity. It has been shown to inhibit the replication of HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to inhibit tumor growth in mice. This drug also inhibits DNA synthesis, which may be due to its ability to inhibit ribonucleotide reductase and deoxynucleotide reductase, enzymes that are necessary for DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>N4-Acetyl-2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine is a novel nucleoside analog of cytidine. It has been shown to be an activator of the immune system, and has antiviral and anticancer properties. This synthetic nucleoside is phosphorylated by kinases in cells to form N4-acetyl-2'-deoxy-5'-methyluridine monophosphate. The phosphate group can be removed by phosphatases in cells to yield N4-acetyl-2'-deoxycytidine, which is a precursor for DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>5-Aminouridine hydrochloride is a novel nucleoside that is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase. It has been shown to be active against cancer cells, and is also effective in the treatment of viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis B. 5-Aminouridine hydrochloride is synthesized by reacting uracil with ammonia and hydrogen chloride. The product can be used as a building block for monophosphate or diphosphate analogs, which are important components in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. This product is available at high purity with low impurity levels.</p>

<p>2'-O-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-5'-O-DMT-1-methylguanosine 3'-CE phosphoramidite is a synthetic, antiviral monophosphate nucleoside. It is an activator that increases the activity of other nucleosides and can be used in DNA synthesis by incorporation into DNA molecules. 2'-O-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-5'-O-DMT-1-methylguanosine 3'-CE phosphoramidite has been shown to be effective against Hepatitis C virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV), and Herpes Simplex Virus 1.</p>

<p>5'-Amino-5'-deoxyguanosine (5-ADG) is an intermediate in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. It can be synthesized from 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide and guanosine monophosphate (GMP). 5-ADG is a substrate for the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase, which converts it to GMP. This intermediate can also be formed by the action of phosphoryl chloride on 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The reaction of 5-ADG with malonic acid leads to the formation of inosinic acid, which has been postulated to be a precursor of purines. This conversion is catalyzed by adenylosuccinate synthetase and the enzyme adenylosuccinase.</p>

<p>N6,2'-O-Dibutyryladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate sodium (DB-cAMP) is a cyclic nucleoside that has been shown to promote dopaminergic neuron differentiation. It is commonly used in research studies involving the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. This compound acts by activating intracellular signaling pathways that are involved in neuronal development and function. Its ability to enhance dopaminergic neuron differentiation makes it a valuable tool for researchers studying neurodegenerative diseases and exploring potential treatments.</p>

<p>2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-2'-fluoro-N2-isobutyrylguanosine is a synthetic nucleoside. It is an activator for DNA synthesis and has anticancer, antiviral and antifungal properties. This product can be used as a reagent in the synthesis of DNA or RNA. This compound also has high purity and high quality.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of reverse transcriptase</p>

<p>8-Aminoadenosine can be used to study the mitochondrial membrane potential, a critical cellular function in which ATP levels are maintained by oxidative phosphorylation. 8-Aminoadenosine is one of the few drugs that have been shown to increase ATP levels in cells. It does this by increasing the permeability of mitochondria membranes and the rate of electron transport from complex I to complex II. The reaction mechanism is thought to involve an intramolecular hydrogen transfer from NADH to 8-aminoadenosine, forming an unstable intermediate that undergoes a conformational change that enables it to react with oxygen. 8-Aminoadenosine has been shown as an effective treatment for certain autoimmune diseases and resistant breast cancer. It also has anti-inflammatory effects, as well as receptor activity against HIV infection and Toll-like receptors.</p>