Botanical Source

Chrysosplenetin is a metabolic inhibitor of artemisinin, it has strong activity in vitro against EV71 with low cytotoxicity. Co-administration of artemisinin(ART) with chrysosplenetin(CHR) in ratio of 1:2 achieved a synergic anti-malarial effect partly because of the noncompetitive or uncompetitive inhibition of CHR of drug-metabolism enzymes, especially CYP3A which is closely related to the auto-induction of ART.

Rutin is a natural antioxidant, all doses can diminish reactive oxygen species and high doses (10-100 microM) decrease malondialdehyde concentration; induce favorable changes in the antioxidant defense system of cultured HepG2 that prevent or delay conditions which favor cellular oxidative stress.

Isoliensinine has anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis, anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, it inhibited TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 1; decreased the overexpression of growth factors Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-beta, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), proto-oncogene c-fos, c-myc and hsp70; and activated ROS and p38 MAPK/JNK .

Cratoxylone exhibits potent activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain W2, with the IC₅₀ value belows 3 uM.

Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the root of Saussurea lappa Clarke, has a variety of biological activities, including anti-carcinogenic and anti-fungal activities,

Naringin Dihydrochalcone is an artificial sweetener derived from naringin. Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin suppresses NF-κB signaling pathway.

Narirutin has anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation, the mechanism is likely to be associated with a reduction in the OVA-induced increases of IL-4 and IgE, suggests that narirutin may be an effective new tool in the treatment of bronchial asthma.

Caftaric acid is an inhibitor of the protein-protein interactions mediated by the Src-family kinases, which has anti-mutagenicity. Caftaric acid is the major dietary polyphenol present in various foods, it before methamphetamine injections can prevent liver toxicity and oxidative stress.

Alisol B 23-acetate, a partial non-competitive inhibitor of P-gp, it may be a potential MDR reversal agent. Alisol B 23-acetate produces protective effects against ANIT-induced hepatotoxity and cholestasis, due to FXR-mediated gene regulation; it obviously inhibits proliferation of the three ovarian cancer cell lines, possesses anti-proliferation, anti-migration and anti-invasion activities as a single agent on ovarian cancer cells.

Epimedin A,epimendin B, epimendin C, icariin and baohuoside are flavonoids, main active ingredient in Epimedium, have clear anti-osteoporosis effect, the accumulation of epimedins A, B, C, and icariin in a traditional medicinal plant could be suppressed by light stress.

Hispidulin has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antiepileptic, neuroprotective, anti-osteoporotic and bone resorption attenuating effects, it targets the VEGF receptor 2-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in endothelial cells, leading to the suppression of pancreatic tumor growth and angiogenesis. Hispidulin can ameliorate high glucose-mediated endothelial dysfunction via inhibiting PKCβII-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB signaling, it has potential application in the prevention and treatment of diabetic vascular complications. Hispidulin can inhibit platelet aggregation by elevating cAMP levels by a mechanism different from that of theophylline or PGE1.

Escin Ib inhibits gastric emptying, at least in part, mediated by capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, to stimulate the synthesis and/or release of dopamine, to act through central dopamine2 receptor, which in turn causes the release of PGs.