APIs for research and impurities

N,N-Dimethyl-3-(4-methylbenzoyl)propionamide is a metabolite of the antihistamine drug diphenhydramine. It is a natural impurity and an impurity standard for this drug. N,N-Dimethyl-3-(4-methylbenzoyl)propionamide can be used in pharmacopoeia to test for purity and quality of drugs, as well as for analytical purposes. It has also been used in drug development and metabolism studies.

3-Oxo-1,2-benzisothiazole-2(3H)-acetic acid ethyl ester 1,1-dioxide is an impurity in the synthesis of a drug. It is not active and has no known therapeutic value. 3-Oxo-1,2-benzisothiazole-2(3H)-acetic acid ethyl ester 1,1-dioxide is used as a reference standard for HPLC and has been shown to be metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Atorvastatin is a statin drug that inhibits the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is responsible for cholesterol synthesis. Atorvastatin is used to lower LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels in the blood. It also lowers triglyceride levels and raises HDL cholesterol levels. Atorvastatin has been shown to inhibit fibrinogen production, reduce TNF-α production, and improve body mass index (BMI) in obese patients. This drug has been shown to be effective in reducing the size of atherosclerotic lesions by decreasing the amount of cholesteryl esters transferred from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL). It has also been shown to inhibit collagen production and stimulate muscle cell proliferation.

4-Keto 13-cis-retinoic acid is a synthetic retinoid that was first synthesized in the 1970s. It is used for the treatment of ichthyosiform erythroderma and other skin diseases. 4-Keto 13-cis-retinoic acid binds to the retinoic acid receptor, which may be responsible for its effects on epidermal growth factor and cytosolic calcium. Treatment with 4-keto 13-cis-retinoic acid has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of hl-60 cells and squamous carcinoma cells in vitro, as well as reduce tumor size and metastasis in vivo. >>END

Tyrosol is a phenolic compound found in olive oil and other plant sources. It has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Tyrosol glucuronide is the main form of tyrosol found in urine samples. The absorption process of tyrosols is due to their uptake by the liver cells, where they are converted into fatty acids and then conjugated with glucuronic acid. Tyrosols are also metabolized through a number of metabolic transformations, including hydrolysis by esterases or glucuronidases, oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes, reduction by glutathione reductase, or conjugation with glucuronic acid. Studies have shown that tyrosols can help lower blood pressure and improve insulin resistance in women.

7-(4-Bromobutoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-one is a palladium catalyst that can be used in a Buchwald reaction. This reaction is an industrially scalable process that has been developed to produce high yields of valuable organic compounds from inexpensive starting materials. The catalytic cycle involves the formation of the palladium species Pd(0) followed by its oxidative addition to an alkyl halide. This addition leads to the formation of a palladium(II) species and subsequent reductive elimination of hydrogen halide. 7-(4-Bromobutoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-one is used as a catalyst in this process because it selectively reacts with electron rich aromatic substrates to form substituted benzoquinones or phenols. The product distribution is determined by the reactivity of the substrate and the relative rates of competing reactions. Impurities are formed during synthesis due to

2- (4-Dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin-11-yl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethanol is a pharmaceutical intermediate that is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. It has been used as a photolytic probe in chromatographic experiments. 2-(4-Dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin-11-yl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethanol has been synthesized by the reaction of 4-(benzo[b]thieno[2,3d]thiazol)piperazine with ethanol. The impurities present are quantified and their concentrations are reported as percent weight/volume (% w/v). Impurities that may be found in this product include acetonitrile, orthophosphate, and linearity.

N-[1-(R)-(+)-(2-Naphthyl)ethyl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-aminopropane hydrochloride is a metabolite that is produced by the metabolism of naphthalene. It is an impurity in the naphthalene standard, which is used as an API to assess the purity of other substances. N-[1-(R)-(+)-(2-Naphthyl)ethyl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-aminopropane hydrochloride has been shown to be a substrate for CYP2D6. This metabolite is also found in pharmaceuticals and other drugs.

Ethyl 4-isopropenyl-2-propylimidazole-5-carboxylate is a custom synthesis. It is a metabolite of the drug product, ethyl 2-(5-isopropenyl-4-methylphenoxy)propanoate. Its CAS number is 157356-73-5.

5-Aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester hydrochloride (5-ALA HCl) is a fluorescent probe that is used in the diagnosis of bladder and skin cancers. It is a prodrug that is converted to 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which reacts with intracellular porphyrins to form an excited state. This excited state fluoresces when it interacts with light, making it useful for the detection of cancer cells. 5-ALA HCl has been shown to be effective in the diagnosis of multifocal urothelial carcinoma and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Tirzepatide impurity.

D-Glu(21)-Semaglutide is a semaglutide impurity. The amino acid at position 21 has been replaced by the D-form of the amino acid D-glutamic acid (D-Glu). Semaglutide impurities are structurally related compounds that arise during synthesis, purification, or storage of semaglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist for managing type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Intermediate in the synthesis of empagliflozin

5-chloro-N-[[(5R)-2-oxo-3-[4-(3-oxo-4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]-2-thiophenecarboxamide (CTP) is a potent inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. CTP has been shown to inhibit the metabolism of midazolam, an important drug for general anesthesia and sedation, in a study investigating the interaction between CYP3A4 inhibitors and midazolam. Ketoconazole, another inhibitor of CYP3A4, inhibited the metabolism of midazolam in vitro as well. In addition, CTP was shown to be a substrate for CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 in vitro.

Tirzepatide Impurity

Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor that prevents HIV from replicating. It binds to the active site of the protease enzyme and inhibits its activity, which prevents the conversion of viral proteins into their respective functional forms. Ritonavir impurity G is a metabolite that is not present in the final drug product. This impurity standard has been characterized by HPLC and NMR spectroscopy.

(1R)-1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)ethanesulfonic acid is a synthetic compound that is used as an API impurity in the manufacture of a drug product. It is an analytical standard for HPLC and has been shown to be a metabolite of 1-methyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. The CAS number for (1R)-1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)ethanesulfonic acid is 78995-75-2 and it can be found in the pharmacopoeia.