Antibiotiques

<p>Cefsulodin sodium salt is a beta lactam antibiotic in the third-generation cephalosporin family that inhibits penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis.</p>

<p>Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic that is used for the treatment of bacterial infections in different locations such as the skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract. This drug works by inhibiting mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. As a result, bacteria will produce defective cell walls leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Tosufloxacin toluenesulfonate hydrate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections, particularly respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Cefepime dihydrochloride monohydrate is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections, including pneumonia and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Validamycin A is an antibiotic and fungicide with action as a trehalase inhibitor, disrupting carbohydrate metabolism in fungi and is used for controlling fungal diseases like sheath blight in rice and damping-off in cucumbers.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Chemoterapeutic agent; DNA crosslinker</p>

<p>Omadacycline tosylate is a aminomethylcycline antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and skin infections.</p>

<p>Olaquindox is a quinoxaline derivative antibiotic with action on bacterial growth suppression in the gut and is used for promoting growth and controlling bacterial infections in livestock.</p>

<p>Azithromycin N-oxide is a macrolide antibiotic derivative and is used for research purposes. Its mode of action is similar to azithromycin.</p>

<p>Kanamycin sulfate is a water-soluble antibiotic. Genes encoding kanamycin resistance are commonly used as selection markers in molecular biology .It acts during the translation mechanism in prokaryotic ribosomes to avoid bacterial cell growth.</p>

<p>Nystatin is an antifungal compound, which is produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces noursei*. It functions by binding to ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes, creating pores that lead to increased membrane permeability. This disruption results in the leakage of essential cellular components, ultimately causing cell death.</p>

<p>Ranimycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from a natural microbial source. It exhibits bactericidal activity by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, thereby preventing bacterial cell growth and proliferation. This disruption of protein synthesis is achieved through binding to the bacterial ribosome, effectively halting the process of translating mRNA into vital bacterial proteins, which are essential for their survival and replication.</p>

<p>A semi-synthetic beta-lactamase inhibitor</p>

<p>Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used for the treatment of various bacteria infections. This drug is used in veterinary medicine and to treat animals with those infections. This drug works by inhibiting bacteria synthesis. It is a fluorinated synthetic analog of thiamphenicol.</p>

<p>Fluoroquinolone; gyrase inhibitor</p>

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Neomycin, one of the many oligosaccharide containing antibiotics, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in Streptomyces fradiae (Collins, 2006) with wide spectrum, active against Gram-negative Gram-positive bacteria. Neomycin is commony used as a selection marker in cloning, and is therefore used in growth media to select colonies with the neomycin resistance cassette integrated into their genome. Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (Framycetin) and its epimer Neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; immunosuppressant</p>

<p>Neomycin, one of the many oligosaccharide containing antibiotics, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in Streptomyces fradiae (Collins, 2006) with wide spectrum, active against Gram-negative Gram-positive bacteria. Neomycin is commony used as a selection marker in cloning, and is therefore used in growth media to select colonies with the neomycin resistance cassette integrated into their genome. Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (Framycetin) and its epimer Neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate is an antibacterial compound with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is active against strains resistant to other antibiotics, such as, tetracycline and penicillin. 5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate has been shown to be effective in vitro against Campylobacter jejuni - the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. The compound also inhibits the growth cycle of Campylobacter jejuni by arresting the cells at the G1 phase. The molecule has been shown to inhibit DNA synthesis in E. coli and S. typhimurium with IC50 values of 1 ÎŒM and 0.8 ÎŒM respectively. This molecule has been tested for its surface active properties and it can be used as an additive in personal care products for improved wetting and spreading on surfaces. The compound is also researched for its antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans by inhibiting the growth cycle of the fungus.</p>

<p>Exhibits antitumour activity against L1210 and P388 leukemias and B16 melanoma</p>

<p>Telavancin HCl is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and membrane integrity and is used for treating complicated skin infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Membrane-disrupting agent</p>

<p>Ormetoprim is an antibacterial drug used in veterinary medicine to treat several bacterial infections in animals. This drug is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor and disrupts DNA and RNA synthesis in bacteria.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C1a is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the bacterium Micromonospora. This antibiotic functions through a mode of action that involves binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This binding disrupts protein synthesis by causing misreading of the mRNA, ultimately leading to inhibition of bacterial growth and cellular death.</p>

<p>Herbicidin E is a potent herbicidal compound, derived from blue-green algae, with a biochemical mode of action focused on inhibiting photosynthetic electron transport. It effectively disrupts the photosynthetic process by binding to specific sites within the chloroplasts of target plants, impairing their ability to convert light energy into chemical energy. This leads to a depletion of essential energy reserves, resulting in the controlled demise of the plant.</p>

<p>Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis and sepsis.</p>

<p>Danofloxacin mesylate is a mesylate salt form of danofloxacin with similar action and applications as danofloxacin.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide</p>

<p>Nifurquinazol is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic compound derived from the nitrofuran class of antibiotics. Its mode of action involves inhibition of bacterial enzymes critical for DNA and protein synthesis, thereby interfering with microbial cell replication and survival.</p>

<p>3’(6’)-Dehydroclindamycin phosphate is a semi-synthetic compound and a impurity of clindamycin. This in turn is prepared from lincomycin. It has antibacterial and antiviral properties</p>

<p>Protein synthesis inhibitor; tetracycline class</p>

<p>Nalidixic acid sodium salt is a sodium salt form of nalidixic acid with similar action and applications as nalidixic acid.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase; inhibitor of protein synthesis</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall biogenesis; glycopeptide antibiotic</p>

<p>Aminoglycoside antibiotic; inhibits protein synthesis by inducing miscoding</p>

<p>Lincomycin 2-Phosphate is a lincosamide antibiotic derivative with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections.</p>

<p>26-Hydroxyfusidic acid is a steroid antibiotic, which is derived from the Fusidium coccineum fungus. It exhibits its antibacterial effects by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Specifically, it targets the bacterial elongation factor G (EF-G), a critical component in the translocation step during protein elongation, ultimately stalling bacterial growth.</p>

<p>A fluoroquinolone antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This second-generation fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum of action and is more effective against Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>A thiopeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces actuosus. In addition, nosiheptide inhibits bacterial protein biosynthesis by acting during the elongation of the protein.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C2a sulfate is one epimeric form of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin (a.k.a. gentamycin). Gentamicin interferes with the correct protein production in bacterial cells, by binding to the 16s rRNA at the 30s ribosomal subunit. Gentamicin is a natural mixture of four congeners, one of which is gentamicin C2a. Gentamicin is active against clinically relevant aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Gentamicin C2a has been shown to be biodegradable in the environment, to some extent.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminocyclitol class</p>

<p>Ertapenem sodium is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like intra-abdominal infections and pneumonia.</p>

<p>Fementation intermediate of Oritavancin</p>

<p>Inducer of DNA strand breaks; glycopeptide antibiotic, anti-neoplastic</p>

<p>Avibactam sodium is a β-lactamase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections in combination with ceftazidime. Its mode of action is similar to avibactam free acid</p>

<p>Difloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from chemical synthesis methods. Its source involves complex organic chemistry that modifies the quinolone backbone to enhance its antibacterial properties. Difloxacin functions by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes involved in DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This inhibition leads to the prevention of cellular division and ultimately results in bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of DNA replication; aminoglycoside class</p>

<p>Cefatrizine propylene glycol is a cephalosporin antibiotic with action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is used for treating respiratory and skin infections.</p>

<p>Tosufloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are enzymes that maintain the integrity of bacterial DNA. It binds to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA and inhibits protein synthesis, leading to cell death by inhibiting the production of proteins vital for cell division. Tosufloxacin has been shown to be effective against a variety of bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Netropsin dihydrochloride is a pyrrole-amidine antibiotic with action on AT-rich sequences of DNA to inhibit replication and is used for research on DNA-binding properties and antiviral activity.</p>

<p>Griselimycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterial genus *Streptomyces*. This compound exhibits its mode of action by targeting bacterial protein synthesis, specifically binding to the DNA polymerase sliding clamp, thereby inhibiting replication and cell division in a range of bacterial pathogens. Griselimycin has been the focus of renewed scientific interest due to its potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including multi-drug-resistant strains. The compound’s unique mode of action makes it a promising candidate for further development in the treatment of tuberculosis and potentially other bacterial infections that have developed resistance to more commonly used antibiotics. Advances in understanding its biosynthesis have facilitated semi-synthetic modifications, potentially enhancing its pharmacokinetic properties and antimicrobial spectrum. The applications of Griselimycin extend to research contexts where understanding resistance mechanisms and novel antibiotic development are critical. Continued exploration of this compound may contribute significantly to addressing the global challenge of antibiotic resistance.</p>

<p>2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol is a natural phenol produced by certain bacteria, used for its biocontrol properties against plant pathogens.</p>

<p>Enrofloxacin lactate is a synthetic antimicrobial agent, which is derived from the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics. It is sourced through chemical synthesis, wherein the base compound, enrofloxacin, is combined with lactate to enhance its pharmacokinetic properties, particularly solubility and bioavailability. Its mode of action is the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for DNA replication, transcription, and repair in susceptible bacteria. This interference ultimately leads to bacterial cell death, making enrofloxacin lactate a bactericidal agent.</p>

<p>Antineoplastic antibiotic; RNA synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Avermectin B1a (&gt;85%) is a macrolide anthelmintic and is used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It enhances the effects of glutamate at the glutamate-gated chloride channels, causing paralysis and death of the parasite</p>

<p>Ceftibuten dihydrate is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Isochlortetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections in both humans and animals.</p>

<p>Orbifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic that is used against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by binding the D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety of the peptidoglycan cell wall precursor, inhibiting the peptidoglycan synthesis and disrupting its cross linking. It also inhibits particle formation when it reacts with human plasma, which can lead to hemolysis and hemagglutination. The absorption spectrum for vancomycin hydrochloride shows maxima at 230, 260, 290, and 320 nm, which are characteristic for this compound. Vancomycin has been used in several studies for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.</p>

<p>Boromycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of certain strains of Streptomyces bacteria. It operates as an ionophore with the ability to transport ions across lipid membranes, effectively disrupting ionic gradients. This mechanism of action compromises essential cellular processes in target organisms, thereby exerting its antimicrobial effects.</p>

<p>Quinolone antibiotic; antimalarial</p>

<p>Cefpodoxime acid is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Isepamicin Sulphate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide that disrupts cell membrane potential and causes leakage from the cell. The antibacterial effects are limited to gram-positive bacteria since daptomycin can’t reach the outer membrane of gram-negative species. It is often used for infections cause by vancomycin-resistant enterococci and staphylococci.</p>

<p>Sitafloxacin sesquihydrate is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal infections.</p>

<p>Kanamycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is used to treat severe infections including sepsis and tuberculosis. It  is another selection agent commonly used to screen bacteria, such as, E. coli, but also suitable for yeast specie,s such as, P. pastoris and plastid transformation of tobacco.</p>

<p>25-Desacetylrifampin is the main metabolite of rifampicin, used in the treatment of tuberculosis. 25-Desacetylrifampin has partial actvity.</p>

<p>Cephalothin sodium is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections and skin infections.</p>

<p>Antibiotic of tetracycline class; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Meropenem trihydrate has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as, some mycoplasma species. It inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBP), which impairs cell wall integrity, induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, and inhibits macromolecular synthesis in bacteria. It can be used to prevent bacterial growth after being exposed to meropenem through fluorescence imaging of human blood plasma. Meropenem trihydrate research studies showed a reduction of the allergen levels in patients with respiratory allergies or asthma, specifically dust mites, cockroaches, animal dander, pollen grains, etc. by inhibit allergen-induced sensitization of mast cells.</p>

<p>A sulfanilide anti-bacterial agent used to treat various skin diseases</p>

<p>Nitrofurantoin is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic chemical compound with bactericidal activity. Its source is synthetic, originating from the nitrofuran class of compounds. Nitrofurantoin's mode of action involves the inhibition of essential bacterial enzymes. It is reduced by bacterial flavoproteins to active intermediates, which subsequently alter or disrupt ribosomal proteins, DNA, and other vital macromolecules within bacterial cells, thereby inhibiting key metabolic processes.</p>

<p>Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Its source lies in its chemical synthesis, designed to inhibit bacterial enzymes necessary for DNA replication. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This dual inhibitory mechanism disrupts bacterial cell division and growth, leading to the eventual eradication of susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Tetracycline hydrochloride - USP is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of chlortetracycline produced from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, specifically binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This action prevents the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby halting bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Balofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, preventing DNA replication and transcription.</p>

<p>Levofloxacin Hemihydrate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It is used for treating bacterial infections, similar to its anhydrous form.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase</p>