Glucides et Glycoconjugués

<p>Applications Stevioside is a glycoside from the stevia plant. Stevioside is a natural sweetening agent with sweetness about 250 times that of sugar with negligible effect on blood glucose. Stevioside, much like other steviol glycoside is known for its application in treatment of many diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. It is also used as a food additive.<br>References Mishra, P. et al.: Glob. J. Biotechnol. Biochem., 5, 62 (2010); Gregersen, S. et al.: Metab. Clin. Exp., 53, 73 (2004); Chan, P. et al.: Life Sci., 63, 1679 (1998); Heerranz-Lopez, M. et al.: Agro Food Ind. Hi-Tech, 21, 38 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications Biotin is a growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. Plays an indispensable role in numerous naturally occurring carboxylation reactions. Occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides. The richest sources are liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. The biotin content of cancerous tumors is higher than that of normal tissue.<br>References du Vigneaud, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 146, 475 (1942); Traub, et al.: Nature, 178, 649 (1956); Siegel, H., et al.: Experienta, 37, 789 (1981); Vesely, D.L., Science, 216, 1329 (1982); Hugues, M., et al.: Biochemistry, 31, 12 (1992);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Bromhexine EP Impurity E Chloride<br>Applications 3-Cyclohexyl-6,8-dibromo-3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolinium Chloride is an impurity of Bromhexine Hydrochloride (B678600). Bromhexine Hydrochloride impurity E Chloride. Bromhexine is an expectorant; mucolytic.<br>References Goicoechea, H., et al.: Talanta, 49, 793 (1999), Ribone, M., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 23, 591 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Stability Air Sensitive, Hygroscopic<br>Applications The active metabolite of Erdosteine (E596050).<br>References Dechant, K., et al.: Drugs, 52, 875 (1996), Braga, P., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 49, 344 (1999), Braga, P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 43, 1013 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications 6,6'-Iminobis[N,N,N-trimethyl-1-hexanaminium is an impurity of the pharmaceutical Welchol (Colesevelam).<br>References Schoftner, R., et al.: J. Chromatogr., 920, 333 (2001),<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Mannitol is widespread in plants and plant exudates; obtained from manna and seaweeds. D-Mannitol is used in the food industry as anticaking and free-flow agent, flavoring agent, lubricant and release agent, stabilizer and thickener and nutritive sweetener.<br>References Pigman, W., et al.: The Carbohydrates, 249 (1957), Makkee, M., et al.: Chem. Commun., 930 (1980),<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-​Oxothiomorpholine-​3-​carboxylic Acid is an impurity of Carbocistene (C178760), a mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders ranging from the influenza virus infection to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).<br>References Stevenson, G.B. et al.: Eur. Resp. J., 27, 865 (2006); Suer, E. et al.: J. Infect. Chemother., 14, 333 (2008); Yamaya, M. et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 299, L160 (2010); Fanigliulo, A. et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 115, 39 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Applications Used in the synthesis of N-(D-galacturonoyl) amino acids and dipeptides.<br>References Klaus, U., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3514 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Applications Salicin is an anti-inflammatory agent produced by the bark of a willow tree. Analgesic.<br>References Schmid, B. et al.: Eur J Pharmacol., 57, 387 (2001);<br></p>

<p>Applications Lewis X and related compounds bind to the selectins and act as anti-inflammatory agents.<br>References Lasky, L.A.: Science, 258, 964 (1992), Mulligan, M.S., et al.: Nature, 364, 149 (1993), Mulligan, M.S., et al.: J. Exp. Med., 178, 623 (1993), Travis, J.: Science, 260, 906 (1993)<br></p>

<p>Applications p-Nitrophenyl 2-Azido-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside (cas# 210418-04-5) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1,3-Diethyl ester 2-[3-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-hexahydro-2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylmethyl)-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]propyl] Propanedioic acid is an impurity of Biotin (B389040) which is a growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell.<br>References du Vigneaud, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 146, 475 (1942), Traub, et al.: Nature, 178, 649 (1956), Siegel, H., et al.: Experienta, 37, 789 (1981), Vesely, D.L., Science, 216, 1329 (1982), Hugues, M., et al.: Biochemistry, 31, 12 (1992),<br></p>

<p>Applications Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. Plays an indispensable role in numerous naturally occurring carboxylation reactions. Occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides. The richest sources are liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. The biotin content of cancerous tumors is higher than that of normal tissue.<br>References du Vigneaud, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 146, 475 (1942), Traub, et al.: Nature, 178, 649 (1956), Siegel, H., et al.: Experienta, 37, 789 (1981), Vesely, D.L., Science, 216, 1329 (1982), Hugues, M., et al.: Biochemistry, 31, 12 (1992),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Biotin EP Impurity A<br>Applications D-Biotin Dimer Acid (Biotin EP Impurity A) is an impurity of D-Biotin that can be used in the synthesis of D-Biotin.<br>References Hanka, L.J., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1, 135 (1972), Corey, E.J., et al.: Tetrahedon Lett., 29, 57 (1988),<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Glucosaminic Acid is a useful starting material for the synthesis of aldonic acids containing a free carboxyl group and having all hydroxyl functions esterified with a simple carboxylic acid are well established deriviatives.<br>References Major, R.T., et al.: J.A.C.S., 58, 2474 (1936), Hurd, C.D., et al.: J.A.C.S., 60, 235 (1938), Wolfrom, M., et al.: J.A.C.S., 61, 574 (1939)<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Butyldeoxynojirimycin Hydrochloride-d9 is labelled N-Butyldeoxynojirimycin Hydrochloride (B691000) which is an inhibitor of a-glucosidase 1 as well as being an inhibitor of HIV cytopathicity.<br>References Hettkamp, H., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 142, 85 (1984), Szumilo, T., et al.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 247, 261 (1986), Fleet, G.W.J., et al.: FEBS Letters, 237, Number 1,2, 128 (1988), Kolter, T., et al.: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 36, 1955 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications 4-Nitrophenyl 3-O-(α-D-Mannopyranosyl)-α-D-mannopyranoside (cas# 93979-06-7) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Glucono-1,4-lactone was a metabolite studied in mice tissue with induced chronic stress.<br>References Hamiliton, P. J., et al.: Sci. Rep., 10, 18134 (2020)<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Maltotriose is a trisaccharide resulting from the digestion of Amalose by α-Amalase.<br>References Carvalho, G., et al.: App. Biochem. Biotechnol., 155, 356 (2009), Huuskonen, A., et al.: App. Environ. Microbiol., 76, 1563 (2010), Chang, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 2908 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Plerixafor is a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilizer that inhibits the CXCR4 chemokine receptor and blocks binding of its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1-α (SDF-1-α). This agent was approved on Dec. 15, 2008, as treatment in combination with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize HSCs to the peripheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM). Selective CXCR4 antagonist.<br>References Xie, T., et al.: Science, 290, 328 (2000), Leone, D., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 305, 1150 (2003), Chigaev, A., et al.: J. Immunol. 178, 6828 (2007), Kiel, M., et al.: Cell Stem Cell, 1, 204 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications Cyanidin 3-O-Rutinoside retards absorption of carbohydrates by inhibition of α-glucosidase which may be useful as a potential inhibitor for prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus.<br>References Raptis, S., et al.: Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001, 109, S265,,Ceriello, A; Diabetes 2005, 54, 1,,Chiasson, J; Endocr Pract 2006, 12, 25,,,Misra, A; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93, S9<br></p>

<p>Applications Protected Citric Acid (C521000). Used in the preparation of siderophore derivatives.<br>References Fadeev, E. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 15, 3771 (2005); Guo, H. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 45, 2056 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications Sucralose-d6 is a useful isotopically labelled analog of sucralose with an isotopic purity of greater than 98% with no D0.<br></p>

<p>Applications Regulation of N-glycolylneuraminic acid biosynthesis in rat and mouse liver.<br>References Malykh, Y., et al.: Biochimie, 83, 623 (2001), Angata, T., et al.: Chem. Rev., 102, 439 (2002), Soh, N., et al.: Anal. Sci., 18, 1159 (2002), Taylor, P., et al.: Clin. Biochem., 38, 328 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,6-di-O-N-acetyl-α-D-muramic Acid (cas# 475502-13-7) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications A monosaccharide (hexose) that can be used as a low-calorie sweetener, as an intermediate for synthesis of other optically active compounds, and as an additive in detergent, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical formulation.<br>References Oh, D. et al.: Appl. Microbiol. Biotech., 76, 76, 1 (2007); Lu, Y. et al.: Int. J. Cosm. Sci., 24, 225 (2002); Donner, T.W. et al.: Diab. Obes. Metab., 1, 285 (1999);<br></p>

<p>Applications Impurity of β-cyclodextrin (C987830), a cyclic oligosaccharide produced from starch via enzymatic conversion.<br>References Johnson, M.D., et al.: J. Pharma. Sci., 83, 1142 (1994); Jain, A.C., et al.: Int. J. Pharma., 212, 177 (2001);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Studied for anti-tumor effects.<br>References Suzuki, K., et al.: Carbohydrate Research, 151, 403 (1986)<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled inhibitor of glucose synthesis.<br>References Garcia-Salguero, L. et al.: Arch. Int. Physiol., Biochim. Biophys., 99, 237, (1991); Martirosyan, A., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 68, 1729 (2004);<br></p>

<p>Applications p-Nitrophenyl 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-β-_x000D_D-glucopyranoside (cas# 57467-13-7) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Biotin (B389040) impurity.<br>References Trotter, J., et al.: Biochemistry, 5, 713 (1966), Suurkuusk, J., et al.: Eur. J.Biochem., 28, 438 (1972),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Diosmin EP Impurity E<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Linarine (Diosmin EP Impurity E) is a naturally occurring flavone glycoside that was identified to possess potential sedative and anticonvulsant properties.<br>References Nugroho, A., et al.: Arch. Pharma. Res., 36, 51 (2013); Jung, H.A., et al.: Arch. Pharma. Res., 35, 1021 (2012); Shen, H.J., et al.: J. Med. Plants. Res., 5, 6555 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications A C-4 epimer of Glucose (G595000) found in milk and sugar beets as well as being synthesized by the body. Potential use in oral therapy for nephrotic syndrome in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis.<br>References De Smet, E. et al.: Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 24, 2938 (2009); Kivele, R. et al.: Carb. Pol., 85, 645 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Rebaudioside C is a steviol glycoside used as a nutritive sweetener and may be used as a replacement for sugar in foods and beverages. Useful in the treatment of blood glucose sensitive diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity.<br>References Jooken, E. et al.: J. Agr. Food Chem., 60, 10606 (2012); Hellfritsch, C. et al.: J. Agr. Food. Chem., 60, 6782 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications Lactose-3’-sulfate (cas# 159358-51-7) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications An Amadori compound having the potential to alter cellular adhesion, inhibit cancer metastasis and induce apoptosis.<br>References Horiuchi, T., et al.: Agric. Biol. Chem., 55, 333 (1991), Sosnovsky, G., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 82, 649 (1993), Glinsky, G., et al.: Cancer Res., 56, 5319 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Carbocisteine (C178760). Carbocisteine is a mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders ranging from the influenza virus infection to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).<br>References Stevenson, G.B. et al.: Eur. Resp. J., 27, 865 (2006); Suer, E. et al.: J. Infect. Chemother., 14, 333 (2008); Yamaya, M. et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 299, L160 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Acarbose is used as an anti-diabetic (1).<br>References (1) Sailor, D., et al.: Arzneimittel-Forshc., 30, 2182 (1981)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Guaifenasin EP Impurity C<br>Applications 1,7-Di(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-oxaheptane is an impurity of Atenolol l (A790075), a cardioselective β-adrenergic blocker.<br>References Caplar, V., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 13, 1 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications Propyl β-D-Glucuronide is a glucuronide of a short-chained aliphatic alcohol formed via glucuronidation in human liver microsomes in vitro.<br>References Jurowich, S. et al.: Alcohol, 32, 187 (2004);<br></p>

<p>Applications Valiolamine is a aminocyclitol that exhibits potent alpha-D-glucosidase inhibitory activity against porcine intestinal sucrase, maltase and isomaltase.<br>References Kameda, Y., et al.: J. Antibiot., 11, 1301 (1984); Horii, S., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 29, 1038 (1986);<br></p>

<p>Applications L-(+)-Tartaric Acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound found in berries, grapes and various wines. It provides antioxidant properties and contributes to the sour taste within these products.<br>References Baiano, A. et al.: Food. Chem., 135, 2694 (2012); Forney, C. et al.: J. Berry. Res., 2, 169 (2012); Khiati, Z. et al.: Chem. Sci. Trans., 1, 185 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Trehalose 6-Phosphate Potassium Salt is an intermediate in the synthesis of D-(+)-Trehalose (T718750), a disaccharide composed of two α-glucose units. D-(+)-Trehalose is used in many processed foods as well as in biopharmaceutical monoclonal antibody formulations. When plants’ sugar levels are low, they reduce their investment in fatty acid synthesis. Trehalose 6-phoshate (T6P) regulates oil synthesis in plants. (Chem. and Eng. News p. 9 Oct. 1, (2018))<br>References Bosquillon, C. et al.: J. Cont. Rel., 99, 357 (2004); Arakawa, T. et al.: Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 46, 307 (2001); Singh, S.K. et al.: Pharmac. Res., 28, 873 (2011); Chem. and Eng. News p. 9 Oct. 1, (2018)<br></p>

<p>Applications Tetrabenzyl-voglibose is a derivative of Voglibose which is an α-Glucosidase inhibitor used as an antidiabetic.<br>References Matsuo, T., et al.: Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 55, 314S (1992), Goke, B., et al.: Digestion, 56, 493 (1995), Shinozaki, K., et al.: Metabolism, 45, 731 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Applications Contained in tobacco flavor additives.<br>References Sumoto, K., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 39, 792 (1991), Shimamura, T., et al.: Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem., 67, 295 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications A sulfhydryl reactive biotinylaton reagent.<br>References Carlsson, J., et al.: Biochem. J., 173, 723 (1978), Ghebrehiwet, B., et al.: J. Immunol. Methods, 110, 251 (1988)<br></p>

<p>Applications Monoglycerides fatty acid esters are useful for improvement of texture and flavor of beverages. 93% 1-Oleoyl, 7% 2-oleoyl.<br>References Lee, T.-H., et al.: J. Nat. Prod., 72, 1960 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications Lauramine Oxide, is an frequently-used amine oxide surfactant. It is strongly hydrophilic , and it forms normal micelles and normal liquid crystalline phases.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Kocherbitov, v., et al.: J. Molec. Struct.: Theochem., 808, 111 (2007); Kocherbitov, v., et al.: J. Phys. Chem. B., 110 (27), 13649 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Methylglucamine antimonate (cas# 133-51-7) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Immunostimulant used in patients with cell-mediated immunodepression.<br>References Gu, C., et al.: Pharm. Res., 25, 979 (2008), Fliri, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 52, 8038 (2009), Giagulli, C., et al.: Int. Immunopharmacol., 9, 1366 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications Thiophanium is an impurity of Biotin (B389040) which is a growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell.<br>References du Vigneaud, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 146, 475 (1942), Traub, et al.: Nature, 178, 649 (1956), Siegel, H., et al.: Experienta, 37, 789 (1981), Vesely, D.L., Science, 216, 1329 (1982), Hugues, M., et al.: Biochemistry, 31, 12 (1992),<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Thioproline is used to create a monolayer on gold electrodes for the determination Copper(II). L-Thioproline has shown to be an effect inhibitor of proline absorption in Saccharomyces chevalieri.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Cui, X., et. al.: Sci. China Chem., 53, 257 (2010); Magana-Schwenchke, N., Schwencke, J.: BBA-Biomembranes, 173, 313 (1969)<br></p>

<p>Applications An alkylated dipeptide reported to be 6000 to 10000 times sweeter than sucrose; structurally related to Aspartame. A non-nutritive sweetener.<br>References Ranney, R., et al.: J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 2, 441 (1976), Padden, B.E., et al.: Anal. Chem., 71, 3325 (1999), Arai, H., et al.: Metabolism, 56, 115 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A novel membrane-permeant allosteric effector of hemoglobin (Hb), enhances the regulated oxygen release capacity of red blood cells, thus counteracting the effects of hypoxia in diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular ailments.<br>References Duarte,C.D. et al.: Chembiochem., 11, 2543 (2010); Biolo, A. et al.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106, 1926 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Kestose is a fructooligosaccharide with prebiotic properties which displays antihyperglycemic activity suggesting that it may be used in treating diabetes.<br>References Bharti, S., et al.: Process Biochem., 50, 317 (2015); Mutanda, T., et al.: J. Ind. Microbiol. Biot., 41, 893 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications Citric Acid 1,2-Diethyl Ester is an ethyl citrate found in lemon juice.<br>References Neurath, G. et al.: Zeitsch. Lebens.-Untersuch. Forsch., 136, 284 (1968);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy) Lactic Acid is a metabolite of the Guaifenesin (G810500), a centrally acting muscle relaxant with expectorant properties.<br>References D.G. Workmann et. al. Curr. Ther. Res. 41 1751 (1980).<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygrocsopic<br>Applications A labile hydrolysis product of the antitumor nuceloside 5-Azacytidine (A796000).<br>References Beisler, J. A. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 21, 204 (1978); Chan, K.K. et al.: J. Pharmac. Sci., 68, 807 (1979);<br></p>

<p>Applications A potent α-glucosidase inhibitor. A new antidiabetic drug.<br>References Lembcke, B., et al.: Digestion, 31, 120 (1985), Yoshikuni, Y., et al.: J. Pharmacobio-Dyn., 11, 356 (1988),<br></p>

<p>Applications GENZ-123346 potently controls hyperglycemia in obese rodent models of insulin resistance.<br>References Wennekes, T., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 53, 689 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications rac Guaifenesin-d3 (cas# 1189924-85-3) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled 2-Oleoylglycerol (O528020). A metabolite of 2-acylglycerol used as biomarker.<br>References Owen, M., et al.: Biochem. J., 323, 17 (1997), Waterman, I., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 43, 1555 (2002), Chon, S., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 282, 33346 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications An inhibitor of lysozyme, reverses myocardial depression and lessens norepinephrine requirements in Escherichia coli sepsis in dogs.<br>References Lefer, A., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 213, 492 ( 1967), Parrillo, J., et al.: J. Clin. Invest., 76, 1539 (1985), Mink, S., et al.: J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol ., 35, 265 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications L-Arabinitol is the stereoisomer of D-Arabinitol (A735600), both used as diagnostic tools for the detection of fungal infections in neutropenic patients.<br>References Salonen, J.H., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 20, 179 (2001); Sigmundsdottir, G. et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol., 38, 3039 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Applications It stands at the beginning of the enzyme-catalyzed cascade that starts with this seven-carbon carbohydrate and ends with the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.<br>References Frost, J.W., et al.: Biochemistry, 23, 4465 (1984)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Biotin EP Impurity D<br>Applications Biotin (B389040) impurity. Biotin EP Impurity D.<br>References Trotter, J., et al.: Biochemistry, 5, 713 (1966), Suurkuusk, J., et al.: Eur. J.Biochem., 28, 438 (1972),<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-galactose can be as a substrate of β-galactosidase in research studies.<br>References Kotake, T., et al.: Plant Physio., 138(3), 1563-1576 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications D-[13C5]Xylose is a labeled analog of D-Xylose, which is used in diagnostic malabsorption tests as well as in the production of Furfural.<br>References Ehrenpreis E.D. et al.: J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr., 5, 1047 (1992); Sérgio L. et al.: Cat. Comm., 9, 2144 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications Citric Acid-13C6 is an isotope labelled compound of citric acid (C521000). Citric acid is mainly used as an acidifier, flavoring agent and chelating agent. Citric acid is also a metabolite of Dimethyl Fumarate (D464965), a compound used as a treatment for the relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis.<br>References Dawson, R.M., et al.: Data for Biochem. Rsch., (1959); Gruber, C. M., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 94, 65 (1948); Lofty, W.A., et al.: Bioresource. Tech., 98, 3470 (2007); Schimrigk, S., et al.: Eur. J. Neurol., 13, 604 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications (-)-Biotin Sulfoxide, is a metabolite of Biotin (B389040), which is a growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell, and plays an indispensable role in numerous naturally occurring carboxylation reactions.<br>References du Vigneaud, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 146, 475 (1942), Traub, et al.: Nature, 178, 649 (1956), Siegel, H., et al.: Experienta, 37, 789 (1981), Vesely, D.L., Science, 216, 1329 (1982), Hugues, M., et al.: Biochemistry, 31, 12 (1992),<br></p>

<p>Applications Citric acid-2,4-13C2 is an isotopic analog of citric acid (C521000), a component of the Krebs cycle.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Aspartame EP Impurity A/ Aspartame USP Related Compound A<br>Applications (2S,5S)-5-Benzyl-3,6-dioxo-2-piperazineacetic Acid (Aspartame EP Impurity A) is the diketopiperazine impurity of the sweetening agent Aspartame (A790015). It is also found in in processed cocoa powder.<br>References Ciranni Signoretti, E. et al.: Boll. Chim. Farmac., 122, 289 (1983); Prudel, M. et al.: Nahrung, 29, 381 (1985); Bonvehi, J.S. et al.: Eur. Food. Res. Technol., 210, 189 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Applications Naturally occurring (-)-form is a major biosynthetic precursor of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan and hence of the majority of plant alkaloids. It is also involved in the biosynthesis of lignin, flavonpids and other important aromatic compounds.<br>References Evans, I.A., et al.: Nature, 250, 348 (1974), Harborne, J.B., et al.: Biosynthesis, 6, 40 (1980),<br></p>

<p>Applications An α-Glucosidase inhibitor used as an antidiabetic.<br>References Matsuo, T., et al.: Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 55, 314S (1992), Goke, B., et al.: Digestion, 56, 493 (1995), Shinozaki, K., et al.: Metabolism, 45, 731 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Applications DL-Panthenol is used in the topical treatment of skin disorders, such as minor irritations and skin burns. Also used in the strengthening and treatment of hair.<br>References Ebner F. et al.: Am J Clin Dermatol. 3, 427 (2002); Heldermann, M. et al.: SOFW J. et al.: 40, 44 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Reagent used to prepare detergents, cleansers, cosmetics, agrochemicals and vasodilators.<br>References Hastwell, P., et al.: Mutagen., 24, 455 (2009), Guillarme, S., et al.: Bioorg. Chem., 38, 43 (2010), Dillon, G., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 18, 1045 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications Xylotriose is a newly developed xylo-oligosaccharide, usually produced from xylan by enzymic hydrolysis, with many beneficial biomedical and health effects.<br>References Zhu, Z., et al.: Eur. Food Res. Technol., 241, 27 (2015)<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled derivative of ISP-1 (myriocin), a fungal metabolite of the Chinese herb Iscaria sinclarii as well as a structural analogue of Sphingosine. It is a novel immune modulator that prolongs allograft transplant survival in numberour models by inhibiting lymphocyte emigration from lymphoid organs. Reported to be phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to FTY720-P, which has been shown to potently stimulate GTPgS binding activity in S1P-transfected CHO cells (EC50 = 210 pM, 4.9 nM, 4.3 nM, and 1 nM for S1P1, S1P3, S1P4 and S1P5, respectively).<br>References Brinkmann, V., et al.: Transplantation, 72, 764 (2001), Brinkmann, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 277, 24, 21453 (2002), Mtaloubian, M., et al.: Nature, 427, 355 (2004),<br></p>