Oligosaccharides

Di-guluronic acid sodium (DGA) is a custom synthesis of an oligosaccharide that has been modified with methylation and glycosylation. It can be used in the production of Oligosaccharides, which are complex carbohydrates. DGA is synthesized by a process called Click chemistry, which includes a modification called fluorination. DGA is also a polysaccharide and a sugar, as well as being high purity and having high molecular weight.

α 1,4-glucoheptasaccharide derived from starch by hydrolysis and chromatography

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a1,3-Galactobiosyl b-methyl glycoside is a fluorinated saccharide that possesses the same chemical structure as N-acetylgalactosamine. It has been synthesized by click modification with methyl iodide and methyl bromoacetate. The synthesis of this compound was achieved by glycosylation of galactose with 1,3-diiodo-2,2'-bithiopropane followed by methylation of the resulting glycosylation product with methyl bromoacetate to form the desired compound. This carbohydrate can be used in a variety of applications including anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and cancer treatments.

GD2 (shown as sodium salt) has a core trisaccharide structure (GalNAc-b-1,4-Gal-b-1,4-Glc) with its two sialic acids linked b-2,3/b-2,8 to the inner galactose residue and ceramide linked to position 1 on the reducing terminal glucose residue. GD2 ganglioside is expressed at a low concentration in the central nervous system, nerves, skin melanocytes and stem cells in healthy adults. On the other hand, GD2 is overexpressed in a number of tumors, including: neuroblastoma, melanoma, small cell lung carcinoma and brain tumors. Recently, it has been found in low concentrations on breast cancer stem cells (CSC) that possess: self-renewal properties (division without disrupting the undifferentiated state), and tumor-initiating capabilities.  It has been suggested that GD2 ganglioside may be developed as an effective target antigen for CSC immunotherapy (Fleurence, 2017).

Mixed DP 7/8 Na galacturonans (α-1,4 galacturonoheptoses and octaoses), are derived from pectin or pectic acid, by enzymatic or partial acid hydrolysis. They are used in galacturonic acid metabolism research as a substrate to identify, differentiate, and characterized endo- and exopolygalacturonase(s), and gluconase(s). The addition of very short fragments of homogalacturonan oligosaccharides, restores development in dark-grown, de-etiolated seedling mutants, suggesting that they are unable to generate de-methylesterified pectin fragments. A model of spatiotemporally separated photoreceptive and signal-responsive cell types has been proposed, that contains overlapping subsets of the regulatory network of light-dependent seedling development.

Useful starting point and intermediate in the synthesis of lacto-oligosaccharides

4-Methoxyphenyl 4-O-{2-O-acetyl-4-O-[2,4-di-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2,3,5,6 -tetra-O-[(triisopropylsilyl)oxy]-2,5 -dideoxyglucan]-b-(D)-glucopyranosyl)-3,4di O-[benzyl]-a-(D)-mannopyranosyl}b-(D)-mannopyranoside is a high purity custom synthesis sugar. It can be fluorinated and glycosylated with methylation and modification. This compound is an oligosaccharide that can be used as a monosaccharide or complex carbohydrate.

Synthetic building block for oligosaccharide synthesis

Lactosyl fluoride is a kinetic inhibitor of glycosidase enzymes. It has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of the enzyme β-galactosidase in both the presence and absence of calcium. Lactosyl fluoride has also been shown to inhibit other glycosidases, including α-galactosidase and α-mannosidase. The lactose derivative is activated by hydrogen fluoride, which allows it to react with the enzyme and block its activity. This product can be used as a chemical biology tool for studying glycoconjugates or as a medicine for treating diseases caused by the accumulation of oligosaccharides, such as Gaucher's disease or Tay-Sachs disease.

2,3,2',3',4',6'-Hexa-O-acetyl-1,6-anhydro-b-D-cellobiose is a synthetic monosaccharide. It can be modified with methylation, fluorination and click modification to produce 2,3,2',3',4',6'-hexamethylene-1,6-anhydro-b-D-cellobiose. This carbohydrate has been shown to have antiinflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo.

Chitosan is the deacetylated form of chitin. The polysaccharide is deacetylated in order to render it soluble, which is then possible at pH values of less than 7 (normally in dilute acid). This then allows the material to be used in a number of industrial applications as a binder and film former.

Benzyl 6-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-4-O-[2,4-di-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-(3,4,6,-triacetyl)-2deoxyglucopyranoside)-2phthalimido]-bDgluco pyranoside (BBAG) is a complex carbohydrate that is synthesized from benzyl 6 O acetate and 3 O benzyl 4 O (2 2 4 di O acetyl 3 O ( 3 0 benzyl 2 4 6 tri O acetyl 2 deoxyglucopyranoside)-2phthalimido b D glucopyranose). It has a CAS number of 10560138. BBAG is a glycosidic compound that can be modified at methyl or sugar positions. It has a high purity

4-O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl)ribitol is a disaccharide that is antigenic and has been shown to elicit an antibody response in rabbits. The carbohydrate is a determinant for the staphylococcus group A antigen and is an epitope for the S. aureus group D antigen. 4-O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl)ribitol also shows inhibitory activity against bacterial growth, including Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus.

1-Kestose is a trisaccharide composed of fructose and sucrose molecules (Collins, 2006) and occurs in sugar cane, honey, and maple syrup, where it is formed by enzymatic action. As the main group of fructooligosaccharides, kestoses share similar physiological effects with other fructooligosaccharides. Kestoses have shown potential in promoting the growth of probiotics including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium to a higher degree than other fructooligosaccharides. Thus, the production of kestoses using food-grade microorganisms may be beneficial to their application in the food industry (Ni, 2021).

α 1,4-glucooctasaccharide derived from starch by hydrolysis and chromatography

Starting material for semi-synthesis of N-glycans

2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-acetyl-a-D-cellobiosyl bromide is a naturally occurring trisubstituted steroidal glycoside. It is insoluble in water and activated by chloride ions. 2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-acetyl-a-D-cellobiosyl bromide has been shown to have antiviral properties in mammalian tissue cultures. This compound also has potential use as an ingredient in skin care products due to its ability to inhibit the production of fatty acids that are essential for the replication of viruses. 2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-acetyl-a-D-cellobiosyl bromide can be found in microalgae and food composition as a nutrient.

Man-3a N-Glycan is a N-linked oligosaccharide with a trimannosyl core