Phenols

Chebulagic acid, isolated from the fruits of Terminalia, it shows potent COX–LOX dual inhibition activity with IC50 values of 15 ± 0.288, 0.92 ± 0.011 and 2.1 ± 0.057 μM for COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX respectively, it also shows anti-proliferative activity against HCT-15, COLO-205, MDA-MB-231, DU-145 and K562 cell lines, it induces apoptosis in COLO-205 cell line.

Ellagic acid, a naturally occurring plant phenol, inhibits the activity of the direct-acting mutagen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MeNU) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, is due to specific inhibition of methylation at the O6 position of guanine through an ellagic acid-duplex DNA affinity-binding mechanism.

Echinacoside is a natural polyphenolic compound, has various kinds of pharmacological activities, such as anti-senescence, anti-hypoxia, anti-cancer, anti-osteoporosis, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, nitric oxide radical-scavenging and vasodilative ones. Echinacoside can improve the hematopoietic function of bone marrow in 5-FU-induced myelosuppression mice, it induces apoptotic cancer cell death by inhibiting the nucleotide pool sanitizing enzyme MTH1. Echinacoside inhibits cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation caused by ensuing rotenone exposure via activating Trk-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in neuronal cells.

2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol has antioxidant properties; it is a potent specific inhibitor of lipoxygenase activities, it inhibits platelet 12-LO activity (IC50, 4.2 microM) and PMNL 5-LO activity (IC50, 13 microM) but not cyclooxygenase activity in cell-free conditions; it also inhibits 12-LO activity in intact platelets (IC50, 50 microM) and reduces leukotriene B4 production in intact PMNL stimulated by A23187 (IC50, 26 microM).

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxyldiphenylethylene-2-O-glucoside(TSG) blocks the proliferation of PASMCs induced by PDGF-BB through arresting the cell cycle in G0 / G1 phase, indicates that TSG suppress PDGF-BB-induced PASMCs proliferation is associated with an inhibition of AKT / GSK3β signaling pathways.

Hypocrellin C is a natural product isolated from fungi exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans.

10-Gingerol, fresh ginger extract, inhibits the production of nitric oxide, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as their mRNA levels in LPS-activated BV2 microglia,exhibits a significant anti-neuroinflammatory capacity.

Mulberroside A, the major active anti-tyrosinase compound in the root bark extract of Morus alba L. (Moraceae), is widely employed as an active ingredient in whitening cosmetics. Mulberroside A has neuroprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, uricosuric, nephroprotective, hypoglycemic, and antidiabetic effects.It also can protect mice against ethanol-induced hepatic damage.

Desmethoxyyangonin is a reversible inhibitor of MAO-B, it may have important therapeutic value for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and Parkinson's Disease. Desmethoxy yangonin protects LPS or LPS/D-GalN-induced damages in cell or liver tissues mainly through de-regulating IKK/NFκB and Jak2/STAT3 signaling pathways.

8-Gingerol is one of the principal components of ginger, which is widely used in China and elsewhere as a food, spice and herb, shows immunosuppressive activity on the immune responses to ovalbumin (OVA) in mice, 8-gingerol suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation in vitro.

Amygdalin induces apoptotic cell death in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells by caspase-3 activation through down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax,suggests it may offer a valuable option for the treatment of prostate cancers.

Brevifolincarboxylic acid shows moderate antibacterial activity against Salmonella enteritidis , Salmonella typhimurium , and Salmonella abony, it (IC50 = 18.0 uM) also shows good antioxidant activity. Brevifolincarboxylic acid shows marked inhibitory effects on aryl hydrocarbon receptor -based bioassay activation by TCDD, and its effect is dose dependent.

<p>Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1 ),cytotoxic and carcinogenic, could cause DNA damage in alveolar type II (AT-II) cells and induce lung adenocarcinoma.</p>

<p>Gingerenone A, an Nrf2-Gpx4 activator isolated from ginger, has anticancer activity and inhibits iron death in mice with colitis secondary to liver injury (SLI)</p>

m-Tyramine hydrobromide (3-(2-aminoethyl)phenol hydrobromide) is a dopamine derivative that acts by releasing newly synthesized catecholamines or 5-HT.

Cis-Vitisin B is a hydroxystilbene analog found in the roots of the plant Kyohou.

<p>Gallic Acid Monohydrate, a natural polyhydroxyphenol, which inhibits the free radical scavenging effect of COX-2,antioxidant, anti-tumor, and antibacterial.</p>