Antimicrobials

<p>Methacycline HCl is a tetracycline antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Chloramphenicol is produced by Streptomyces venezuelae. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with bacteriostatic properties. It interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosome unit. Used as substrate in the CAT (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase) assay, where the CAT gene expression is monitored by the ability of a system to transform chloramphenicol into acetyl chloramphenicol, which can be followed by simple thin layer chromatography. It is employed in VTM to prevent bacterial growth during specimen storage and transportation.</p>

<p>D-Cycloserine is a antibiotic and NMDA receptor partial agonist with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and modulation of NMDA receptors and is used for treating tuberculosis and studying neuropsychiatric disorders.</p>

<p>Ceftizoxime sodium is a sodium salt form of ceftizoxime with similar action and applications as ceftizoxime.</p>

<p>Hygromycin B binds near the A site of 16S rRNA and induces errors in the code by inhibition of translocation of peptydil-tRNA, however to a lesser extent compared to other aminoglycosides. Hygromycin B is efficient against bacteria, fungi and other eukaryotic cells, but more often used for the selection of eukaryotic cells including yeasts, such as, P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae, and mammalian cell lines, such as, CHO.</p>

<p>Albomitomycin A is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from the fermentation of specific Streptomyces species. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacterial cells, specifically targeting the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interference with ribosomal function ultimately disrupts the production of essential proteins, leading to bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Cephalosporin antibiotic; interferes with cell wall biosynthesis</p>

<p>Primaquine is an antimalarial agent with action on Plasmodium hypnozoites in the liver and is used for preventing relapses of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale.</p>

<p>Difloxacin HCl is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase inhibition and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of HCV NS5A</p>

<p>Oxibendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic with action on microtubule formation in parasitic worms and is used for treating roundworms, strongyles, and pinworms in horses and pets.</p>

<p>Antiviral; nonpeptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Fosfomycin-beta-D-galactopyranoside sodium is a masked antibiotic which is specifically activated by the enzyme beta-galactosidase. The compound can be cleaved by organsims expressing beta-galactosidase, leading to release of unmasked fosfomycin and thus auto-inhibition. Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum cell wall active agent that inhibits the MurA enzyme involved in peptidoglycan synthesis of bacteria.</p>

<p>Cefaloram is a cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Nonactin is a macrotetrolide antibiotic with action as an ionophore for potassium and ammonium ions and is used for research on ion transport and bacterial inhibition.</p>

<p>Chemically derived from ritonavir, Lopinavir belongs to the amphetamines. Lopinavir is clinically used in the prevention and treatment of HIV infections as it acts as HIV-1 protease inhibitor. In 2020, lopinavir was tested to treat COVID-19 patients and although it led to a higher rate of gastrointestinal side effects, the Lopinavir-treated group had a lower incidence of severe complications. Overall it was deemed not to work as a treatment.</p>

<p>Chemotherapy for bladder cancer; semi-synthetic analog of doxorubicin</p>

<p>Cinoxacin is a quinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA synthesis inhibition and is used for treating urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Bacteriostatic; for treating multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis</p>

<p>Naturally produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitili, Ivermectin is clinically used in the treatment of parasitosis in both humans and animals. Ivermectin is commercially available as a mixture of 80% 22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1a and 20% 22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1b. In 2020, research indicated that it was a good antiviral agent in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and a new mechanism of action has been suggested. Ivermectin would act on importin α/β heterodimer and affect nuclear transport and the translocation of viral proteins.</p>

<p>STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide is a targeted inhibitor of glucuronidase-producing bacteria, which is activated by E. coli-specific glucuronidase enzyme. Glucuronidases are enzymes catalysing the cleavage of complex carbohydrates and E. coli is a well-known producer. In complex cultures, E. coli strains often outcompete bacteria that present at lower titre and STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide can help to selectively reduce the growth of E. coli. STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide can be used in microbiome studies, food control, environmental safety, hygiene, and clinical diagnostics. More details can be found in the application notes document.</p>

<p>A competitive inhibitor of HCV NS3/4A protease that blocks viral replication. Efficacious in treating HCV-infected patients in combination with daclatasvir. Asunaprevir-resistant replicons are sensitive to NS5A replication complex inhibitor, suggesting potential combination therapy.</p>

<p>(S)-6,7-Dihydro-2-nitro-6-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine ia slo known as PA-824. An anti-tuberculosis drug that affects both replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis via cell wall inhibition and respiratory poisoning..</p>

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>α-Apo-oxytetracycline is a degradation product of oxytetracycline with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research on antibiotic activity and bacterial resistance.</p>

<p>Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Its source lies in its chemical synthesis, designed to inhibit bacterial enzymes necessary for DNA replication. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This dual inhibitory mechanism disrupts bacterial cell division and growth, leading to the eventual eradication of susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Meropenem trihydrate has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as, some mycoplasma species. It inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBP), which impairs cell wall integrity, induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, and inhibits macromolecular synthesis in bacteria. It can be used to prevent bacterial growth after being exposed to meropenem through fluorescence imaging of human blood plasma. Meropenem trihydrate research studies showed a reduction of the allergen levels in patients with respiratory allergies or asthma, specifically dust mites, cockroaches, animal dander, pollen grains, etc. by inhibit allergen-induced sensitization of mast cells.</p>

<p>Cephalothin sodium is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections and skin infections.</p>

<p>Benethamine penicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin. It is sourced from the modification of naturally occurring penicillin compounds, typically produced through the fermentation of Penicillium mold cultures. Benethamine penicillin operates by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It targets the penicillin-binding proteins within bacterial cell membranes, disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linking, which is essential for cell wall structural integrity. This leads to cell lysis and death in susceptible bacteria.</p>

<p>Orbifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Versalide is a synthetic musk compound with action as a fragrance ingredient and is used for adding scent to perfumes and personal care products.</p>

<p>Herbicidin K is a naturally derived herbicide, known for its biological origin from microbial fermentation processes. It is primarily sourced from certain strains of Streptomyces, a genus of Gram-positive bacteria notable for their diverse secondary metabolites. The mode of action of Herbicidin K involves the inhibition of key enzymatic pathways within target plants, leading to the disruption of cellular functions and ultimately plant death. This selectivity is particularly effective against broadleaf weeds, providing a targeted approach to weed management.</p>

<p>Griselimycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterial genus *Streptomyces*. This compound exhibits its mode of action by targeting bacterial protein synthesis, specifically binding to the DNA polymerase sliding clamp, thereby inhibiting replication and cell division in a range of bacterial pathogens. Griselimycin has been the focus of renewed scientific interest due to its potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including multi-drug-resistant strains. The compound’s unique mode of action makes it a promising candidate for further development in the treatment of tuberculosis and potentially other bacterial infections that have developed resistance to more commonly used antibiotics. Advances in understanding its biosynthesis have facilitated semi-synthetic modifications, potentially enhancing its pharmacokinetic properties and antimicrobial spectrum. The applications of Griselimycin extend to research contexts where understanding resistance mechanisms and novel antibiotic development are critical. Continued exploration of this compound may contribute significantly to addressing the global challenge of antibiotic resistance.</p>

<p>HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor is an antiretroviral compound with a mode of action that blocks the viral enzyme integrase, preventing the integration of viral DNA into the host genome. It is used for the treatment of HIV infection.</p>

<p>2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one or MIT is a powerful antimicrobial and antifungal agent which is widely used in personal care products. It is also used in industrial applications as a preservative and antifouling agent.</p>

<p>Fementation intermediate of Oritavancin</p>

<p>Cefacetrile is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections in humans and animals.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C1a is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the bacterium Micromonospora. This antibiotic functions through a mode of action that involves binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This binding disrupts protein synthesis by causing misreading of the mRNA, ultimately leading to inhibition of bacterial growth and cellular death.</p>

<p>Erythromycinacistrate is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This action effectively halts bacterial growth and replication, making it particularly effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Neomycin, one of the many oligosaccharide containing antibiotics, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in Streptomyces fradiae (Collins, 2006) with wide spectrum, active against Gram-negative Gram-positive bacteria. Neomycin is commony used as a selection marker in cloning, and is therefore used in growth media to select colonies with the neomycin resistance cassette integrated into their genome. Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (Framycetin) and its epimer Neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture.</p>

<p>Kanamycin sulfate is a water-soluble antibiotic. Genes encoding kanamycin resistance are commonly used as selection markers in molecular biology .It acts during the translation mechanism in prokaryotic ribosomes to avoid bacterial cell growth.</p>

<p>Repromicin is a novel antibiotic, which is derived from a unique strain of actinobacteria. This organism is known for its ability to produce a wide range of bioactive compounds. Repromicin operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, a mode of action that involves binding to the bacterial ribosome and interfering with the translation process. This leads to an effective halt in bacterial growth and proliferation.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Cefepime dihydrochloride monohydrate is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections, including pneumonia and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with action on HIV reverse transcriptase to block viral replication and is used for treating HIV/AIDS in combination therapies.</p>

<p>Tomopenem is a carbapenem antibiotic, which is a product of synthetic origin with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls through binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby disrupting the structural integrity of the cell wall and leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections like strep throat, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>A broad-spectrum antibiotic of macrolide class, which targets 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis. Erythromycin is widely used in molecular biology and biotechnology as a selection marker. Erythromycin is also an agonist of the motilin receptor, and it has prokinetic activity on the gut.</p>

<p>Antibiotic of tetracycline class; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a variety of bacterial infections. It is a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes and preventing the attachment of amino acids to tRNA molecules thus inhibiting bacterial growth.</p>