Lipids

Impurity Atorvastatin EP Impurity E
Stability Hygroscopic
Applications (3S,5S)-Atorvastatin Sodium Salt (Atorvastatin EP Impurity E) is a selective, competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. The only drug in its class specfically indicated for lowering both elevated LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in patients with hypercholesterolemia.
References Kearney, A.S., et al.: Pharm. Res., 10, 1461 (1993), Heinonen, T.M., et al.: Clin. Ther., 18. 853 (1996), Whitfield, L.R., et al.: Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 25, 97 (2000)

Applications An impurity of Griseofulvin (G787500).
References Oda, T., et al.: Chem. Pharma. Bull., 34, 858 (1986),

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications 1-O-Octadecanoyl-sn-glycerol is a monoacylglycerol (MAG) based saturated fatty acid derivative.
References Garcia, P. et al.: J. Sep. Sci., 34, 999 (2011); Takagi, T. et al.: LIpids, 25, 398 (1990);

Applications Campestanol can be used as analyte in biological and analytical studies for the determination of 22 natural brassinosteroids in a minute sample of plant tissue by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS.
References Tarkowska, D., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 408, 6799-6812 (2016)

Stability Light Sensitive
Applications cis-7,10,13,16-Docosatetraenoic Acid has been identified as a protein kinase inhibitor, affecting serotonin levels in studies.
References Mirnikjoo, B. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 276, 10888 (2001);

Stability Light Sensitive
Applications 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol found in sesame oil.
References Lee, D., et al.: Analytica Chimica Acta, 429, 321 (2001); Jahaniaval, F., et al.: J. AM. Oil Chem. Soc., 77,847 (2000)

Applications A glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils. An acyl acceptor for the unspecific bifunctional wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:Diacylglycerol acyltransferase.
References Masukawa, Y. et al.: J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 88, 15 (2011); Kalscheuer, R. et al.: Eur. J. Lipid. Sci. Tech., 105, 578 (2003)

Applications Monolaurin has antibacterial, antiviral, and other antimicrobial effects in vitro.
References Li, Q., et al.: Nature, 458, 1034 (2009)

Applications D-erythro-N,N-Dimethylsphingosine is general modulator of protein kinases . D-erythro-N,N-Dimethylsphingosine is implicated in neuropathic pain.
References Igarashi, Y. et al.: Biochemistry, 28, 6796 (1989), Igarashi, Y. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 265, 5385 (1990); Chemical and Engineering News, 90(4) 8 (2012)

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications 3-Methylglutaconic acid is a glutarate which builds up in the urine in 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. 3-methylglutaconic aciduria is a term used to describe five different disorders that impair the functioning of energy-producing centers within cells (mitochondria)
References Walsh, R., et al.: J. Inherit. Metab. Dis., 22, 251 (1999); Gonzalez, I., et al.: Am J Med Genet A., 134, 409 (2005); MacKenzie, J., et al.: Biochim Biophys Acta., 1772, 509 (2007)

Applications 2-Methylenecyclopropaneacetic Acid is an intermediate in the preparation of novel agents for the therapy of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
References Bell, P., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 3, 1007 (1993);

Applications (4bS)-trans-8,8-Trimethyl-4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-octahydro-1-isopropylphenanthren-2-ol is a naturally occurring diterpene that exhibits potent antimicrobial activity.
References Tian, M., et al.: Records of Natural Products, 14, 219 (2020)

Applications α-Hyodeoxycholic Acid is isolated from pig bile. Antitumor agent.
References Abadie, C., et al.: Biochem. J., 299, 725 (1994), Taniguchi, T., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 269, 10071 (1994), Davis, R., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 43, 533 (2002),

Applications Dihydrolanosterol, is a derivative of Lanosterol (L174580). It is also one of cytochrome P 450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), which is shown to have an important role in regulating meiosis and reproduction.
References Smiljanic, K., et. al.: Lipids, 48, 1069 (2013); Ma, L., et. al.: Food Chem., 139, 503 (2013);

Applications Polyunsaturaded fatty acid.

Applications 7-Keto Cholesterol is a metabolite of Cholesterol.
References Wang, J., et al.: Biochemistry, 43, 1010 (2004), Lemaire-Ewing, S., et al.: Cell Biol. Toxicol., 21, 97 (2005), Fuda, H., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 48, 1343 ( 2007), Sasaki, H., et al.: Metabolism, 56, 357 (2007),

Applications 3-Hydroxydodecanoic Acid Methyl Ester is a 3-hydroxyl fatty acid Me ester as methionine regulator.
References Akamatsu, Y., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 245, 709 (1970); Alvarez, L., et al.: Biochem. J., 301, 557 (1994), Varbanova, M., et al.: Plant Cell, 19, 32 (2007), Atsumi, S., et al.: Nature, 451, 86 (2008),

Stability Unstable even at -20°C
Applications Derivative of α-Glucosidase inhibitory phosphatidic acids in wheat germ.
References Liu, L. et al.: Food Chem. 126, 553 (2011)

Applications Production of ceramide occurs upon hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by a specific isoform of phospholipase C, appropriately named sphingomyelinase.
References Gu, Q, et al.: Anal. Biochem., 244, 347 (1997), Perry, D.K., et al.: Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 6, 158 (1996), Clayton, R.B., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 15, 557 (1974),

Applications Propacetamol HCl (cas# 66532-86-3) is a useful research chemical.

Stability Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive
Applications 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol found in sesame oil.
References Lee, D., et al.: Analytica Chimica Acta, 429, 321 (2001); Jahaniaval, F., et al.: J. AM. Oil Chem. Soc., 77,847 (2000)

Applications Tetrahydro 11-Deoxycorticosterone is a metabolite of 11-Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) (D232590).
References Fedele, E., et al.: J. Neurochem., 75, 782 (2000), Adkins, C., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 276, 38934 (2001), Erceg, S., et al.: Brain Res., 1036, 115 (2005),

Applications A metabolite of Cholesterol. It is formed from Cholesterol by the drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P 450 3A4. A potential ligand for the nuclear receptor LXR and also a new endogenous CYP3A marker.
References Breuer, O., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 36, 2275 (1995), Pikuleva, I., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 273, 18153 (1998), Chawla, A., et al.: Science, 294, 1866 (2001), Bodin, K., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 276, 38685 (2001),

Applications Glycidyl Myristate is formed from monoacylglycerols and are present in edible fats and oils.
References Zuzana, Z et al.: 77, 65 (2017);

Applications A metabolite of Cholesterol. Its membrane organizing properties could have implications in Altzheimer’s disease.
References Wang, J., et al.: Biochemistry, 43, 1010 (2004), Lemaire-Ewing, S., et al.: Cell Biol. Toxicol., 21, 97 (2005), Fuda, H., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 48, 1343 ( 2007), Sasaki, H., et al.: Metabolism, 56, 357 (2007); S.L. Regen et al.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 131, 12354 (2009)

Applications Misoprostol (M368750) impurity.
References Lee, H.K., et al.: J. Pharma. Sci., 73, 306 (1984),

Applications FTY720 is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modular, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibition of T cell infiltration. FTY720 Phosphate is the active metabolite of FTY720-phosphate.
References Chiba, K., et al.: J. Immunol., 160, 5037 (1998), Brinkmann, V., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 277, 21453 (2002), Kiuchi, M., et al.: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 13, 425 (2005

Applications Campesterol is a phytosterol that may inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol.
References Fransen, H., et al.: J. Nut., 140, 1062 (2010), Kojoma, M., et al.: Plant Biotechnol., 27, 59 (2010), Orozco-Solano, M., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 7539 (2010),

Applications Acylglycerols and fatty acids in olive oil from pulp, seed, and whole fruit.
References Ninni, V., et al.: J. Sci. Food Agric., 79, 2113 (1999), Salas, J., et al.: Prog. Lipid Res., 39, 151 (2000), Mannina, L., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 2687 (2001),

Applications Glycerol Monoleate is used to synthesize water soluble drugs in need of sustained-release for drug delivery.
References Chang, C. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 276, 83 (2004); Chang, C. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 173, 51 (1998);

Applications 1-Myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is a derivative of sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine (G598700) and can be used as a biomarker in biological studies.
References Bowers, J., et al.: J. Chromatogr. B, 966, 154 (2014)

Applications An intercellular lipid that benefits skin hydration and protects against SLS irritation.
References Yoshimura, Y., et al.: J. Biochem., 132, 229 (2002), Yilmaz, E., et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 307, 232 (2006), Huang, H., et al.: Int. J. Dermatol., 47, 812 (2008),

Applications Ceramide is one of the simplest sphingolipids, consisting of a sphingosine base N-linked to a fatty acid, and is a membrane mediator for cell-signaling events. N-Acyl chain length of membrane ceramides can influence bidimensional transitions, condensed domain morphology, and interfacial thickness.
References Shimshick, E., et al.: Biochemistry, 1973, 12, 2351 (1973), Kolesnick, R., et al.: J. Cell Physiol., 184, 285 (2000), Goni, F., et al.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1758, 1902 (2006),

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications A fatty acid that when in complex acyl-CoA acts as an Acyltransferase enzyme. Found in mice after exposure to endocrine disruptors DEHP and Aroclor 1254.
References Zhang, J. et al.: J. Pharmaceut. Biomed., 66, 287 (2012); Holub, B.J.: BBA-Lipid. Lipid. Met., 664, 221 (1981)

Applications Lauroylcholine Chloride (cas# 25234-60-0) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.

Applications 3-Hydroxylauric Acid is used in the study of Lipid A, a major constituent of the lipopolysaccharides, which are responsible for the toxicity of gram negative bacteria. Also used in the synthesis of olefins from β-hydroxy carboxylic acids.
References Ogawa, Y. et al.: Carb. Res., 220, 155 (1991); Hara, S. et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 1545 (1975);

Applications Glyceryl Tritridecanoate is used in cosmetics that stimulates the growth of hair and skin.
References Adachi, K., et al.: Eur. Pat. Appl. (1985), EP 129778 A2 19850102.; Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1984), JP 59027809 A 19840214.

Applications 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol present in vegetable oils.
References Mottram, H., et al.: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 11, 1240 (1997)

Applications Lauramine Oxide, is an frequently-used amine oxide surfactant. It is strongly hydrophilic , and it forms normal micelles and normal liquid crystalline phases.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Kocherbitov, v., et al.: J. Molec. Struct.: Theochem., 808, 111 (2007); Kocherbitov, v., et al.: J. Phys. Chem. B., 110 (27), 13649 (2006);

Applications Cetyl Stearate is a wax ester of stearic acid. Wax esters are esters between long chained fatty alcohols and fatty acids. Wax esters have significance in pharmaceutical and cosmetics applications and occur naturally in plants and animals. Stearate esters are used most frequently in the formulation of eye makeup, skin makeup, lipstick and skin care products.
References Wheatley, V., et al.: Biochem. J., 58, 167 (1954); Shichijo, S., et al.: Biochem. Med., 22, 256 (1979); Robosky, L., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 49, 686 (2008);

Applications Secondary metabolite of Cholesterol.
References Notaro, G., et al.: J. Nat. Prod., 55, 1588 (1992), Aydogmus, Z., et al.: Nat. Prod. Res., 18, 43 (2004), Mao, S., et al.: J. Nat. Prod ., 69, 1209 (2006), Shoji, T., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 884 (2006),

Applications 3-Hydroxytetradecanoic Acid is used in the preparation of liposomes coated with N-acylated molecular-weight. Also used in the synthesis of pseudomycin side-chain analogs. Also used in the study of Lipid A, a major constituent of the lipopolysaccharides, which are responsible for the toxicity of gram negative bacteria.
References Naberezhnykh, G. et al.: Chem. Nat. Comp., 46, 852 (2011); Chen, S. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 10, 2107 (2000); Carillo, S. et al.: Marine Drugs., 11, 184 (2013);

Applications 1,3-Dioctanoyl Glycerol is an cell permeable lipid used as probe for triacylglycerol metabolism study.
References Lei, Q., et al.: Eur. J. Lipid. Sci. Technol., 115, 232 (2013);

Applications An epoxy fatty acid found in Pneumocystis carinii lipids.
References Gibson, G., et al.: Xenobiotica, 19, 1123 (1989), Pellegrini, L., et al.: Plant Physiol., 103, 509 (1993), Scheller, U., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 273, 32528 (1998), Tijet, N., et al.: Biochem. J., 332, 583 (1998),

Applications Perhydrofarnesyl Acetone is used as a flavor and fragrance agent, it is often used in jasmine compositions.
References Toda, H. et al.: Dev. Food Sci., 17, 181 (1988); Maggi, F. et al.: Food Chem., 113, 216 (2009); Maggi, F. et al.: Chem. Biodiv., 8, 2057 (2011);

Applications Glyceryl Triheptadecanoate is used in cosmetics that stimulates the growth of hair and skin.
References Adachi, K., et al.: Eur. Pat. Appl. (1985), EP 129778 A2 19850102.; Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1984), JP 59027809 A 19840214

Applications Dehydroabietal is an essential oil and found in the composition of seed extractives from various Abies and Picea species.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Falsca, A., et al.: Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 69, 166-175 (2016); Wajs-Bonikowska, A., et al.: Chem. Biodivers., 13, 1194-1201 (2016)

Applications Taurocholic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate is a choleretic; Its sodium salt is a lipase accelerator. Also used as a method for the quantitation of conjugated bile acids in dried blood spots using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.
References Mills, K.A., et al.: Pedatric Res., 43, 3 (1998).

Applications Methyl 9,10-dihydroxystearate is a component of Cardamin impatiens seed oil.
References Mikolajczak, K. L., et al.: J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 42, 939 (1965);

Stability Light Sensitive
Applications 1,2-Dioleoyl-rac-glycerol is an analog of 1,3-Dioleoylglycerol (D484210) which is used in the synthesis of amphiphilic gadolinium complexes as MRI contrast agents.
References Accardo, A., et. al.: J. Mater. Chem. B., 1, 617 (2013)

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications A derivative of Deoxycholic acid (DC); the bile acid nor-DC showed considerable and continuing efflux into the perfusate; this involved mostly the unchanged acid. Nor-DC was not amidated but was metabolized to mostly ester glucuronides and hydroxylated derivatives.
References Haslewood, G., et al.: Biochem. J., 62, 637 (1956), Clayton, L. M., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 248, 1130 (1989), Aggarwal, S., et al.: Steroids, 57, 107 (1992), Batta, A., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 33, 1403 (1992),

Stability Hygroscopic, Temperature Sensitive
Applications 1,2-Diacetin is a derivative of Triacetin (T720850) which is used as a food additive and flavorings. Triacetin can be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products where it is used as a humectant, a plasticizer, and as a solvent. Triacetin can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent.
References Mouret, A., et al.: Green Chem., 16 (1), 269 (2014); Snejdrova, E., et al.: Inter. J. Pharma., 458, 282 (2013)

Applications 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) Sodium Salt is useful for various surfactant applications.
References Mansour, H., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., et al.: 96, 377 (2006); Dudia, A., et al.: Nano Lett., 8, 1105 (2008)

Applications Stearoylcholine Chloride is used in the preparation of a viscoelastic-based surfactant as an oil displacement agent. Cationic lipid.
References Wang, K. et al.: RSC Adv., 6, 38437 (2016); Tarafdar, P. et al.: J. Phys. Chem., 117, 990 (2013);

Applications Phosphorylethanolamine is used in the synthesis of Sphingomyelin, a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membrane.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Myller, A.T. et al.: Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 1616 (2010);

Applications The sodium salt hydrate form of rac-Glycerophosphoric acid (G601598), which is a useful research chemical found in bacterial communities.
References Wang, K.; et al.: Journal of Hazardous Materials, 360, 471 (2018).

Applications 5α-Cholestan-3β-ol is a carbon stanol formed from biohydrogenation of Cholesterol (C432501) in the gut. Studies have also examined the conversion of 5α-Cholestan-3β-ol catalyzed by 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of rat liver.
References Serizawa, S., et al.: J. Biochem., 92, 547 (1982); Shefer, S., et al.: J. Lipid. Rsch. 7, 763 (1966);

Applications Ursodeoxycholic Acid (U850000) derivative. 24-norUrsodeoxycholic acid is superior to Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2 (Abcb4) knockout mice.
References Seedorf, U., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 269, 21277 (1994), Stolowich, N., et al.: Biochemistry, 36, 1719 (1997),

Applications A metabolite of Sertraline. N-Desmethyl sertraline is significantly less active analogue as compared to the methylated compound, Sertraline.
References Welch, W.M., et al.: J. Med. Chem. 27, 1508-1515 (1984)

Stability Temperature Sensitive
Applications Cell permeable lipid shown to mimic the effect of tumor-promoting phorbol diesters on mitogenesis and EGF binding and action in intact cells.
References Davis, R.J.: J. Biol. Chem., 250, 1562 (1985), Ferro, T.J., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 264, L7 (1993), Natarajan, V., et al.: J. Lab. Clin. Med., 121, 337 (1993)

Applications C20 Dihydroceramide (cas# 121459-06-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.

Stability Temperature Sensitive. This compound can rearrange to the 1,3-isomer in solutio
Applications Activator of phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C; and stimulator of secretion and aggregation in blood platelets.x
References Nature, 306, 487 (1983), J. Biol. Chem., 258, 6701 (1983), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 115, 383 (1983), Benz, I., et al.: J. Membr. Biol., 130, 183 (1992), Haeffner, E.W., et al.: J. Lipid Mediat., 5, 237 (1992), Florin-Christensen, J., et al.: Biochem. J., 289, 783 (1993)

Applications 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid

Applications 14,15-Dehydro Triamcinolone Acetonide is a derivative of Triamcinolone acetonide. A corticosteroid.

Applications May be used as a negative control for C2 Ceramide.
References Bielawska, A., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 268, 26226 (1993)

Stability Temperature Sensitive
Applications A biologically active, cell permeable, but nonphysiologic ceramide analog. It induces phosphorylation on Thr-669 in A-431 cells by stimulation of ceramide-activated protein kinase. It stimulates IL-2 secretion and induces apoptosis.
References Mathias, S., et al.: Proc. Natl. Sci. USA, 88, 10009 (1991), Mathias, S., et al.: Science, 259, 519 (1993), Jarvis, W.D., et al.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 73 (1994)

Applications (E)-2-Octenoyl-L-carnitine Inner Salt is an L-carnitine metobolite which are often used to diagnose specific inherited metabolic diseases especially glucose related ones.
References Yang, S. et l.: J. Chrom. B., Anal. Tech. Biomed. Life Sci., 857, 251 (2007); Anderson, K. et al.: Mol. Endocrinol., 26, 281 (2012);

Impurity Lovastatin EP Impurity E; Lovastatin USP Related Compound A
Applications 4a,5-Dihydro Lovastatin (Lovastatin EP Impurity E; Lovastatin USP Related Compound A) is an impurity in Lovastatin (L472225) bulk drug.
References Bone, E.A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2, 223 (1992), Houck, A., et al.: Talanta, 40, 491 (1993),

Applications Bodipy C12-Ceramide is a fluorescent substrate used for enzyme assays.
References Arbeloa, T.L., et al.: Chem. Phys. Lett., 299, 315 (1999); Drummen, G.P.C., et al.: Free Radical Biol. Med., 33, 473 (2002),

Applications An impurity of Calcitriol (C144500). The trans isomer of Calcitriol.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Myrtle, J.F., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 245, 1190 (1970), Lawson, D.E.M., et al.: Nature, 230, 228 (1971), Norman, A.W., et al.: Science, 173, 51 (1971), Suda, T., et al.: Vitamins, 45, 175 (1972), Muindi, J.R., et al.: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 72, 648 (2002),

Applications A metabolite of Hydroxycholesterol and Hydroxysitosterol.
References Setchell, K., et al.: J. Clin. Invest., 102, 1690 (1998), Song, C., et al.: Endocrinology, 141, 4180 (2000), Bjorkhem, I., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 276, 37004 (2001), Edwards, P., et al.: J. Lipid Res., 43, 2 (2002),

Applications A metabolite of Cholesterol (C432501).
References Smith, L.L. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 6206 (1978); Smith, L.L. & Kulig, M.J.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 98, 1027 (1976); Fieser, L.F. & Stevenson, R.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 1728 (1954)

Applications Dehydro Androsterone is an Androsterone (A637535) analogue.
References Amann, R., et al.: Life Sci., 49, 849 (1991), Bevan, S., et al.: Br. J. Pharmacol., 107, 544 (1992), Baulieu, E., et al.: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 3147 (1996),

Applications Glycine conjugated Hyodeoxycholate, facilitates the biological transport of Hyodeoxycholate within the intestine
References Yang, L., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol. 21, 2280 (2008), Sato, H., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 51, 4849 (2008), Gnewuch, C., et al.: World J. Gastroenterol., 15, 3134 (2009),

Applications A lipid biomarker for stable and unstable heart disease.
References Gaziano, J., et al.: Circulation, 96, 2520 (1997), Thomas, A., et al.: Anal. Chem., 82, 6687 (2010),

Stability Light Sensitive
Applications all-trans-Retinyl Stearate is used for the preparation of cosmetic and dermatological compositions.
References Marchetti, M., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 25, 637 (1997), Barua, A., et al.: Mol. Biotechnol., 10, 167 (1998), Liu, L., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 280, 40226 (2005),