Natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics

<p>Applications Tildipirosin is a novel 16-membered-ring macrolide used in veterinary medicine. Tildipirosin treats bacterial pathogens including Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida that cause respiratory tract infections in cattle and swine (BRD Bovine Respiratory Disease).<br>References Rose, M. et al.: J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., (2012); Anderson, N.M. et al.: Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother., (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Antibiotic substance classified in the erythromycin-carbomycin group.<br>References Sous, H., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 8, 386 (1958), Mitscher, et al.: J. Antibiot., 26, 55 (1973)<br></p>

<p>Applications Bacitracin is a peptide antibiotic effective against gram-postive bacteria. Bacitracin is an inhibitor of peptidoglycan synthesis. Bacitracin disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting dephosphorylation of lipid pyrophosphate. Bacitracin also strongly inhibits proline endopeptidase from human muscle.<br>References Ward, J.B. et al.: Biochem. J., 141, 227 (1974); Anastasi, A. et al.: Biochem. J., 290, 601 (1993); Daly, D.J. et al.: Biochem. Soc. Trans., 13, 1161 (1985); Weinberg, E.D. et al.: Antibiot. Ber., 90, (1967);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Cefadroxil EP Impurity A(Amoxicillin EP Impurity A)<br>Applications 4-Hydroxy-D-(-)-2-phenylglycine (Cefadroxil EP Impurity A(Amoxicillin EP Impurity A)) is an compound used mainly for the synthetic preparation of β-lactam antibiotics.<br>References Koide, H., et al.: J. Antibio., 65, 91 (2012); Aranaz, I., et al.: Enzyme. Micro. Tech., 39, 215 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications VANCOMYCIN (cas# 1404-90-6) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Tylosin (T947650). Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from a strain of Streptomycetes fradiae found in soil from Thailand. Antibacterial.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Hamill, et al.: Antibiot. Chemother., 11, 328 (1961), Corcoran, J.W., et al.: J. Antibiot., 30, 1012 (1977), Seno, E.T., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother., 11, 455 (1977),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from a strain of Streptomycetes fradiae found in soil from Thailand. Antibacterial. This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Hamill, et al.: Antibiot. Chemother., 11, 328 (1961), Corcoran, J.W., et al.: J. Antibiot., 30, 1012 (1977), Seno, E.T., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother., 11, 455 (1977),<br></p>

<p>Applications Moxifloxacin intermediate<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of carboxylic acid.<br>References Bardsley, W., et al.: Biochem. J., 122, 557 (1971), Kim, J., et al.: Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 69, 1331 (2005), Kopka, J., et al.: J. Biotechnol., 124, 312 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Defluoro Linezolid is a defluorinated impurity of Linezolid (L466500).<br>References Kugelmann, E. et al.: J. Pharmac. Biomed. Anal., 54. 1047 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications Griseofulvin-d3 is the labeled analogue of Griseofulvin (G787500), an antifungal drug. It is used both in animal and in humans, to treat rigworm infections of the skin and nails. It is derived from the mold Penicillium griseofulvum.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br>References Oxford, et al.: Biochem. J., 33, 240 (1939); Townley, E.R., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 219 (1979)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Moxifloxacin EP Impurity B<br>Applications Moxifloxacin (M745000) impurity B.<br>References Langlois, M., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 37, 389 (2005), Salem, M., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 54, 1625 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Linezolid. Prototype of the oxazolidinone antimicrobials; inhibits bacterial mRNA translation.<br>References Brickner, S.J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 673 (1996), Ford, C.W., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 1508 (1996), Rybak, M.J., et al.: Pharmacotherapy, 18, 456 (1998), Stevens, D.L., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 1481 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Desfuroyl Ceftiofur Dimer is an impurity of the drug Ceftiofur (C244695), a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic used in veterinary medicine.<br>References Donaldson, S.C. et al.: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 3940 (2006); Yancey, R.J. et al.: Am. J. Vet. Res., 48, 1050 (1987);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Vancomycin Hydrochloride is an antibiotic used against gram-positive bacterial strains.<br>References Yao, N., et al.: Biopolymers, 90, 421 (2008); Lai, H., et al.: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 2046 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Applications Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibitotic. Puromycin acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor which interferes with translation by inhibiting ribosome functions. Puromycin is also a reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl-peptidase II (serine peptidase) and cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase.<br>References Pestka, S. et al.: Ann. Rev. Micromiol., 8, 1559 (1997); Dando, P.M. et al.: Biomed. Health Res., 13, 88 (1997); McDonald, J.K. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 243, 2028 (1968);<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of the fluorinated quinolone antibacterial Ciprofloxacin.<br></p>

<p>Applications Semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.A representative lot contains some d5.<br>References Buck, R.E., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 11, 324 (1977),<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of Roxithromycin (R700850).<br>References Lindstrom, T., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 265 (1993), Shimada, T., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 270, 414 (1994), Yamazaki, H., et al.: J. Toxicol. Sci., 21, 215 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Erythromycin EP Impurity F<br>Applications Pseudo Erythromycin A Enol Ether (Erythromycin EP Impurity F) is an Erythromycin impurity.<br>References Lartey, P.A., et al.: Advan. Pharmacol., 28, 307 (1994), Tonini, M., et al.: Pharmacol. Res., 33, 217 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Amoxicillin EP Impurity G ; Amoxicillin USP Related Compound G<br>Applications p-Hydroxy-(D)-phenylglycyl Amoxicillin is a derivative of Amoxicillin (A634235) a semi-synthetic antibiotic related to Penicillin.<br>References Brogden, R.N., et al.: Drugs, 18, 169 (1979), Bird, A.E., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 23, 1 (1994),<br></p>

<p>Applications (R)-Linezolid is an enatiomeric impurity of Linezolid (L466500)<br>References Bednarek, E. et al.: J. Chrom. A, 1193, 164 (2008); Nirogi, R. et al.: J. Chrom. Sci., 46, 764 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Terbinafine N-oxide is an impurity of Terbinafine (T107500), an antifungal that inhibits squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis.<br>References Petranyi, G., et al.: Science, 224, 1239 (1984); Ryder, N.S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 27, 252 (1985); Evans, E.G.V., et al.: Br. Med. J., 318, 1031 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Fosfomycin EP Impurity C (Barium Salt)<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 2-Amino-3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl Phosphate Barium Salt (Fosfomycin EP Impurity C (Barium Salt)) is a Fosfomycin (F727500) impurity. Fosfomycin is an antibiotic that exerts a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.<br>References McGrath, J.W., et al.: Org. Biomolec. Chem., 7, 9 (1944); Goto, M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 20, 393 (1981);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Unstable in basic solution<br>Applications Oxytetracycline metabolite (absolute stereochemistry unknown)<br>References Paemen, L., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 52, 105 (1996), Lykkeberg, A., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 34, 325 (2004), Li, D., et al.: Env. Toxicol. Chem., 27, 80 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Chloro-6-defluoro Ciprofloxacin is an impurity of Ciprofloxacin (C482500), which is a fluorinated quinolone antibacterial.<br>References Hoffken, G., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 27, 375 (1985), Scully, B.E., et al.: Lancet, 1, 819 (1986)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Enrofloxacin USP Related Compound Mixture<br>Applications Fluorinated quinolone antibacterial. Enrofloxacin USP Related Compound Mixture.<br>References Altreuther, P., et al.: Vet. Med. Rev., 2, 87 (1987),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity I<br>Applications De(cladinosyl) Clarithromycin (Clarithromycin EP Impurity I) is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750). De(cladinosyl) Clarithromycin showed significantly potent antibacterial activity against community acquired respiratory pathogens.<br>References Morimoto, S., et al.: J. Antibiot., 37, 187 (1984), Buxbaum, A., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 52, 371 (2003), Westphal, J., et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 50, 285 (2000), Ma, Z., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 44, 4137 (2001),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Erythromycylamine-d3 is labelled Erythromycylamine (E653400) which is a metabolite of Dirithromycin (D493000). It is also a potent macrolide antibiotic.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Bauldry, S., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 263, 16787 (1988); Labro, M., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 24, 561 (1989); Dumas, R., et al.: Chemother., 36, 381 (1990); Bacci, P., et al.: J. Chemother., 4, 268 (1992); Montenez, J., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 156, 129 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Linezolid USP Related Compound A<br>Applications An impurity of Linezolid (L466500), as antimycobacterial agent. Linezolid USP Related Compound A.<br>References Sato, K., et al.: Eur. J. Pharmacol., 347, 231 (1998), Maignan, S., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 43, 3226 (2000), Tokuyama, R., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 49, 353 (2001),<br></p>

<p>Applications A Florfenicol (F405750) intermediate as antibacterial agent.<br>References Kim, E, et al.: Microbiol. Immunol., 40, 665, (1996), Keyes, K.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44, 421 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Applications Aztreonam intermediate.<br>References Indelicato, J., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 75, 304 (1986), Kline, T., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 8, 73 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Labelled N-Demethyl Rifampicin (D231250). N-Demethyl Rifampicin is a metabolite of Rifampicin (R508000).<br>References Marsili, L., et al.: J. Antibiot., 37, 1209 (1984), Nikaido, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 37, 1393 (1993), Piddock, L., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 45, 159 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Cefixime EP Impurity A<br>Stability Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications Cefixime Impurity is an impurity of Cefixime (C242800); an orally active third generation cephalosporin antibiotic.<br>References Kamimura, T., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 25, 98 (1984); Yamanaka, H., et al.: J. Antibiot., 38, 1738 (1985); Guay, D.R.P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 30, 485 (1986)<br></p>

<p>Applications A triene macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Name derived from the native word for Easter Island, Rapa’Nui. Used as an immunosuppressant; antirestenotic. Sirolimus (INN/USAN), also known as rapamycin, is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation; it is especially useful in kidney transplants. It has shown its efficacy against neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.<br>References Martel, P.R., et al.: Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 55, 48 (1977), Carlson, R.P., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 266, 1125 (1993), Kahan, B.D., et al.: Lancet, 356, 194 (2000), Holmes, D.R., et al.: Circulation, 109, 634 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications The major metabolite of Spiramycin I in meat, fish, and milk.<br>References Nakazawa, S., et al.: J. Antibiot., 20, 259 (1967), Rubinstein, E., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 42, 572 (1998), Rourick, R., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 14, 1743 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Applications Spinetoram J is a component of Spinetoram (S683650), a compound that belongs to the spinosyn family of insecticides and shows potential of natural products research. Useful in cannabis testing kits as a component of pesticide mixes (P698240).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Kirst H. A.: J. Antibiot., 63, 101-111 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications Fidaxomicin is a nonabsorbed macrocyclic antibiotic, and is the first antimicrobial to be approved by the FDA for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in 20 years. Fidaxomicin works by inhibiting sporulation by CDI, sustaining clinical response and reducing recurrences of this pathogen.<br>References Babakhani, F., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 55, S162 (2012); Venugopal, A., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 54, 568 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity G<br>Applications Clarithromycin (9E)-O-Methyloxime (Clarithromycin EP Impurity G) is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750), a macrolide antibiotic. Clarithromycin impurity G.<br>References Morgan, D., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 9, 261 (1991), Ishii, K., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 43, 1943 (1995), Langtry, H., et al.: Drugs, 53, 973 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Applications (2Z)-1-Chloro-6,6-dimethyl-2-hepten-4-yne is a byproduct in the synthesis of Terbinafine Hydrochloride (T107500); an orally active, antimycotic allylamine related to Naftifine. It is a specific inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis. Also antifungal.<br>References Kazakov, P.V., et al.: Pharm. Chem. J., 40, 452 (2006); Petranyi, G., et al.: Science, 224, 1239 (1984); Ryder, N.S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 27, 252 (1985); Evans, E.G.V., et al.: Br. Med. J., 318, 1031 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, related to sisomicin. Antibacterial.<br>References Miller, G.H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 10, 827 (1976), Raab, W., et al.: Adv. Clin. Pharmacol., 15, 91 (1978), Noone, P., et al.: Drugs, 27, 548 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ciprofloxacin EP Impurity C/ Enrofloxacin EP impurity G<br>Applications Desethylene Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride (Ciprofloxacin EP Impurity C) is a metabolite of the fluorinated quinolone antibacterial Ciprofloxacin (C482500(P)).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Hoffken, G., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 27, 375 (1985), Scully, B.E., et al.: Lancet, 1, 819 (1986)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Lovastatin EP Impurity E; Lovastatin USP Related Compound A<br>Applications 4a,5-Dihydro Lovastatin (Lovastatin EP Impurity E; Lovastatin USP Related Compound A) is an impurity in Lovastatin (L472225) bulk drug.<br>References Bone, E.A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2, 223 (1992), Houck, A., et al.: Talanta, 40, 491 (1993),<br></p>

<p>Applications Epothilones are polyketide natural products that inhibit cancer cells by a mechanism similar to paclitaxel, and also are effective against paclitaxel-resistant tumours. Epothilone D is in phase I clinical testing of in patients with advanced solid tumours. Epothilone D is a cytotoxic macrolide that stabilises malignant cells' microtubules and arrests mitosis, a characteristic it shares with other epothilones. They bind to the same hepatic sites as does paclitaxel (Taxol) in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of a, b-tubulin heterodimers.<br>References Bollag, D.M., et al.: Cancer. Res., 55, 2325 (1995), Hardt, I.H., et al.: J. Nat. Prod., 64, 847 (2001), Gerth, K., et al.: J. Antibiot., 55, 41, 45 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Cefetamet is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic and the active agent of Cefeamet pivoxil (C242780) after hydrolysis.<br>References Bryson, H.M., et al.: Drugs., 45, 589 (1993); Sharma, R.K., et al.: Asian. J. Biochem. Pharmaceut. Res., 1, 443 (2011); Waters, N.J., et al.: Drug. Metabolism. Disposit., 38, 1159 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A labelled metabolite of Lovastatin.<br></p>

<p>Applications Fourth generation cephalosporin antibiotic.<br>References Kavi, J., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 22, 911 (1988), Horstmann, G., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 40, 1250 (1990),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Kanamycin (K137500) derivative as synthetic byproduct of Amikacin (A578500).<br>References Kawaguchi, H., et al.: J. Antibiotics, 25, 695 (1972), Naito, T., et al.: J. Antibiotics, 26, 297 (1973),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity F<br>Applications 12-O-Methyl Clarithromycin (Clarithromycin EP Impurity F) is a methylated impurity of the semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic Clarithromycin (C559750). 12-O-Methyl Clarithromycin was shown to inhibit uptake of Clarithromycin into the lung cells.<br>References Chen, X. et al.: Zhong. Yao., 17, 32 (2008); Yoshida, H. et al.: Jap. J. Antibiot., 53, 615 (2000); Omura, S. et al.: Yakug. Zas., 112, 593 (1992);<br></p>

<p>Applications Salinomycin is an ionophore antibiotic used in farming for the prevention of coccidiodomycosis in poultry and to alter gut flora in order to improve nutrient absorption in ruminants. An anticoccidial agent.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Porter, C., et al.: Poult Sci., 34, 995 (1955), Hancock, R., et al.: Lancet, 349, 418 (1997), Ogita, A., et al.: Toxicology, 215, 205 (2005), Usuki, Y., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 16, 1553 (2006), Ogita, A., et al.: J. Antibiot., 60, 511 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Sulbactam EP Impurity A<br>Applications 3-Sulfino-D-valine (Sulbactam EP Impurity A) act as an effective scavengers of HOCl and has therapeutic effect which may be due to the protection of tissues against the reactive HOCl released by activated granulocytes at inflammation sites.<br>References Cuperus, R. A.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Protein Struct. Mol. Enzymol., 749, 18-23 (1983)<br></p>

<p>Applications (E)-Cefodizime can be obtained from Ethyl Acetate (E899545) which is a chemical intermediate used in the production of various analgesics, antibiotics and antimalarial agents.<br>References Mutti, F.G., et al.: Adv. Syn. Cata., 354, 3409 (2012); Subudhi, B., et al.: Bull. Chem. Soc., Ethiopia., 26, 455 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Clarithromycin-N-methyl-13C, d3, is the labeled analogue of Clarithromycin (C559750), which is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. Clarithromycin is a derivative of Erythromycin (E650000).<br>References Benson, C., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 6, 173 (1987), Boyanova, L., et al.: J. Med. Microb., 61, 85 (2012), Lin, Z., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 126, 114 (2012),<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of Rifampicin, a Rifamycin antibiotic.<br>References Assandri, A., et al.: J. Antibiot., 37, 1066 (1984), Utkin, I., et al.: Drug. Metab. Dispos., 25, 963 (1997), Weber, A., et al.: Biopharm. Drug. Dispos., 22(4), 157 (2001), Marek, C., et al.: Biochem. J., 387, 601 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications Sisomicin is an Antibacterial. Gentamicin-like aminoglycoside antibiotic; has broad spectrum antibiotic activity.<br>References Weinstein, M.J., et al.: J. Antibiot., 23, 551 (1970), Sculier, J.P., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 9, 63 (1982), Noone, P., et al.: Drugs, 27, 548 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the preparation of Posaconazole (P689600).<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A metabolite of Nitrofuran in milk. Antibacterial.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants; Heat processing contaminants<br>References Lim, A., et al.: J. Bacteriol., 181, 2252 (1999), Martin, A., et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol., 43, 1612 (2005), Chu, P., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 2129 (2007), McCracken, R., et al.: Food Addit. Contam., 24, 26 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light, Moisture and temperature sensitive<br>Applications Third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Brodie, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 17, 876 (1980), Richards, D.M., et al.: Drugs, 29, 105 (1985), Abounassif, M.A., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 19, 95 (1990),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications [6R-[6α,7β(R*)]]-7-[(Aminophenylacetyl)amino]-3-methylene-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane-2-carboxylic Acid is an impurity of Cefaclor (C235250), an second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic for antibacterial purposes.<br>References Gray, B.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 13, 988 (1978), Lorenz, L.J., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 9, 107 (1980), Hori, R., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 40, 646 (1988),<br></p>

<p>Applications N-[(2S)-3-Amino-2-hydroxypropyl]-N-[3-fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]acetamide is one of the major thermal degradation products of Linezolid (L466500). Linezolid impurity.<br>References Hadden, C.E., et al.: J. Heterocyclic Chem., 37, 1623 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled metabolite of Lumefantrine (L474000).<br>References Lefevre, G., et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 54, 485 (2002), Schepers, U., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 310 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Cycloserine inhibits cell wall biosynthesis (D-Ala peptide bond formation). D-Cycloserine also prevents conversion of D-Ala to L-Ala. D-Cycloserine is an bacteriostatic. D-Cycloserine is an antibiotic against Gram-negative bacteria. There is evidence that D-cycloserine can enhance neuronal changes that lead to learning.<br>References Lamb., J.W., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 1, 53 (1972), Gentry-Weeks, C., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 268, 7298 (1993), Alexander, F., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 219, 953 (1994), Auger, S., et al.: Biochimie, 87, 231 (2005); Chem and Eng. News p. 12, Dec. 7/14 (2015)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Azithromycin EP Impurity F / USP Azithromycin Related Compound F<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Azithromycin impurity.<br>References Kirst, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, 1419 (1989), Fouda, H., et al.: Ther. Drug Monit., 17, 179 (1995), Gandhi, R., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 23, 1073 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Unstable in basic solution<br>Applications Oxytetracycline metabolite (absolute stereochemistry unknown).<br>References Paemen, L., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 52, 105 (1996), Lykkeberg, A., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 34, 325 (2004), Li, D., et al.: Env. Toxicol. Chem., 27, 80 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications BB-K 6 is a semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Kanamycin A (K137500).<br>References Naito, T. et al.: J. Antibiot., 26, 297 (1973); Cron, M.J. et al.: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 6, 266 (1979); Nakagawa, S. et al.: Mircob. Drug Resist., 2, 269 (1979);<br></p>

<p>Applications Mutational biosynthetic antiparasitic antibiotic structurally related to the avermectins.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Dutton, C.J., et al.: J. Antibiot., 44, 357 (1991), Lavy, E., et al.: Res. Vet. Sci., 75, 217 (2003)<br></p>

<p>Applications A fungal metabolite which is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase.<br>References Endo, A., et al.: FEBS Letters, 72, 323 (1976), Endo, A.: J. Med. Chem., 28, 401 (1985)<br></p>

<p>Applications An metabolite of Aztreonam (A965200), the first totally synthetic monocyclic β-lactam antibiotic.<br>References Creasey, W.A., et al.: Brit. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 19, 233 (1985); Swabb, E.A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agent. Chemotherap., 24, 394 (1983);<br></p>

<p>Applications An impurity of Rifampamycin (R508000).<br></p>

<p>Applications Tigecycline (open C-ring D-ring) quinone Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt is a salt of Tigecycline (open C-ring D-ring) quinone, an impurity of Tigecycline (T440015). Tigecycline (open C-ring D-ring) quinone is one of the very few glycylcycline antimicrobials that exhibit activity against Gram-negative bacteria and also one of the few that also circumvent around the major resistance mechanisms of tetracycline.<br>References Grosse, E., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. (Supplement 5), 41, S341 (2005); Livermore, D.: J. Antimicrob. Chemoth., 56, 611 (2005); Stein, G. &amp; Craig, W.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 43, 518 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity C<br>Applications Clarithromycin 9-Oxime (Clarithromycin EP Impurity C) is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750), a macrolide antibiotic.<br>References Stephanic, V. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 54, 719 (2011); Chen, X. et al.: Zhong. Yao., 17, 32 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Linezolid USP Related Compound D<br>Applications (5R)-3-[3-Fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-5-[[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]methyl]-2-oxazolidinone (Linezolid USP Related Compound D) is an intermediate in the synthesis of Linezolid Dimer (L466520), an impurity of the antibacterial agent Linezolid (L466500).<br>References Xu, Heteroatom, Chem., 19, 316 (2008); Wang, J.W., et al.: Lett. Org. Chem., 5, 336 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications Cefquinome (cas# 84957-30-2) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Spinosad is a broad spectrum insecticide and used as a reference standard. This compound is a mixture of Spinosyn A (S681953) and Spinosyn D (S681955). Useful in cannabis testing kits as a component of pesticide mixes (P698240).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Williams, et al.: Biocontrol Sci Technol. 13, 459 (2003); Salgado, V. L., et al.: Pest Biochem Physiol 60, 103 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Applications An antibacterial.<br>References Bauernfeind, A.: J. Antimicro. Chemother., 40, 639 (1997), Fukuda, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 42, 1917 (1998),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Mercapto-4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic Acid is used as a reagent for determination of hydroxylamine using fused gold nanoparticles immobilized on sol-gel film modified gold electrode.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Kannan, P., John, A.: Anal. Chim. Acta, 663, 158 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A macrolide compound which is known to have antibacterial activity, and is useful in the therapy of bacterial infections in mammals. Antibiotic.<br>References Broto, P., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 19, 71 (1984), Farrar, V., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 36, 3517 (1993), Clark, D., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 88, 807 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications Cefodizime is a third generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Cefodizime maybe useful in the treatment of otitis media, sinusitis and gynaecological infections, and for the prophylaxis or treatment of surgical infections.<br>References Barradel, L.B. et al.: Drugs, 44, 800 (1992); Kasai, K. et al.: Jap. J. Antibiot., 37, 1306 (1984);<br></p>

<p>Applications An carbapenem antibacterial.<br>References Shigemi, A., et al.: Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 34, 589 (2009), Miguet, L., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 52, 5926 (2009), Zhao, W., et al.: J. Med. Microbiol., 58, 1080 (2009), Sanbongi, Y., et al.: Microbiol. Immunol., 53, 361 (2009),<br></p>