Nucleosides and Nucleotides

<p>Applications 2,4-Diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (cas# 56-06-4) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications Abacavir-d4 is deuterium labeled Abacavir (A104990). Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br>References (1) Jackson, A., et al.: Antivir Ther. 17, 19 (2012) (2) Yuen, G. J., et al.: Clin Pharmacokinet. 47, 351 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Applications 1’-epi-Cladribine is an impurity of Cladribine (C557500), a substituted purine nucleoside with antileukemic activity.<br>References Seto, S., et al.: J. Clin. Invest., 75, 377 (1985), Piro, L.D., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 322, 1117 (1990),<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of Capecitabine.<br>References Arellano, M., ET AL.: Br. J. Cancer, 77, 79 (1998), Budman, D., ET AL.: J. Clin. Oncol., 16, 1795 (1998), Khanna, R., et al.: Cancer Res., 60, 4725 (2000), Charasson, V., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 30, 731 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Floxuridine. Antiviral; antineoplastic.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Harris, M., et al.: Biophys. J., 4, 203 (1964),<br></p>

<p>Applications ent-Entecavir is an enantiomeric impurity of the antiviral drug Entecavir (E558900).<br>References Ruediger, E. et al.: Tetrahed. Lett., 45, 739 (2004): Bisacchi, G.S. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 7, 127 (1997);<br></p>

<p>Applications Isotope labelled Melamine (M208703), which forms synthetic resins with formaldehyde. It remains largely non-metabolized in male Wistar rats with 90% of the administered dose excreted in the urine (1,2) and thus acts as a non-protein nitrogen food additive found in milk (3). Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), environmental, and food contaminants.<br>References 1. Mast, R. et al.: Food Chem Toxicol. 1983 Dec;21(6):807-10.2. Smith, J. et al.: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;125(2):296-308.3. Anirudhan, T. et al.: Food Chem. 2017 Jul 15;227:85-92.<br></p>

<p>Applications Dapagliflozin Tetraacetate is a derivative of Dapagliflozin [D226255], a sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor.<br>References Kasichayanula, S. et al.: Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 13, 47 (2011); Bernhardson, D. et al.: Org. Proc. Res. Dev., 18, 57 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications (1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-C-[4-Chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)hydroxymethyl]phenyl]-D-glucitol is an impurity of the drug Dapagliflozin (D185370), a sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor.<br>References Kasichayanula, S. et al.: Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 13, 47 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 4-[(2-Chloroethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine is a metabolite of Melphalan (M216900); an antineoplastic.<br>References Ross, W.C.J., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 13, 969 (1964); Donelli, M.G., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 18, 760 (1966); Furner, R.L., et al.: Cancer Treat. Rep., 64, 559 (1980)<br></p>

<p>Applications Influenza viral neuraminidase inhibitor; structural analog of the sialic acid. Antiviral.<br>References Woods, J.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 1473 (1993), Pegg, M.S., et al.: Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 32, 851 (1994), Monto, A.S., et al.: J. Am. Med. Assoc., 282, 31 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications A lactone (cyclic ester) of D-gluconic acid used as a used as a sequestrant, an acidifier, or a curing, pickling, or leavening agent.<br>References Jacob, M. et al.: Food Hydrocoll., 25, 928 (2011); Li, J. et al.: J. Sci. Food Agric., 91, 38, 2011;<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Adenosine-3’,5’-cyclic Monophosphate is an Adenosine (A280400) derivative useful as anticancer agent.<br>References Keast, R., et al.: Pharma. Res., 19, 1019 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Uridine, a nucleoside; widely distributed in nature. Uridine is one of the four basic components of ribonucleic acid (RNA)<br>References Lorine, P., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 178, 439 (1949); Grakoui, A., et al.: J. Virol., 63, 5216 (1989); Strauss, J., et al.: Microbiol. Rev., 58, 491 (1994); Lin, Y., et al.: Virology, 292, 78 (2002);<br></p>

<p>Applications Etravirine is a novel HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor useful in treatment of HIV infection.<br>References Scholler-Gyure, M., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 48, 322 (2008), Thakur, A., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 43, 471 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Baquiloprim is an amiopyrimidine antibacterial synergist with high activity and slow elimination. Baquiloprim has a better half-life than trimethoprim.<br>References Zhi-hui, H., et al.: Anhui Nongye Kexue, 41, 2503 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A cofactor in enzymatic acetyl transfer reactions. It is the source of the phosphopantetheine group that is added as a prosthetic group to proteins such as acyl carrier protein and formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase.<br>References Strickland K.C. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 285, 1627 (2010); Elovson J. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 243, 3603 (1968);<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Hydroxy-2,4,5-triaminopyrimidine, Sulfate (cas# 35011-47-3) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A vitamin needed to synthesize DNA, conduct DNA repair and methylate DNA, it also acts as a cofactor in biological reactions involving folate.<br>References Xu, L., et al.: Mol. Pharm., 7, 1311 (2010), Everette, J., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 8139 (2010), Alshatwi, A., et al.: Food, Chem., Toxicol., 48, 1881 (2010), McKay, D., et al.: Nut. J., 9 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Didanosine EP Impurity E<br>Applications 2',3'-Anhydroinosine (Didanosine EP Impurity E) is an impurity of the antiviral drug 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine (D440950).<br>References Rao, D.V.N. et al.: J. Pharmac. Biomed.Anal., 45, 516 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 9-Oxofolic Acid is a derivative of Folic Acid (F680300) which is a vitamin needed to synthesize DNA, conduct DNA repair and methylate DNA. Folic Acid also acts as a cofactor in biological reactions involving folate.<br>References Xu, L., et al.: Mol. Pharm., 7, 1311 (2010), Everette, J., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 8139 (2010), Alshatwi, A., et al.: Food, Chem., Toxicol., 48, 1881 (2010), McKay, D., et al.: Nut. J., 9 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Peramivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor used to treat influenza by preventing virus release from cells.</p>

<p>Applications A vitamin needed to synthesize DNA, conduct DNA repair and methylate DNA, it also acts as a cofactor in biological reactions involving folate.<br>References Xu, L., et al.: Mol. Pharm., 7, 1311 (2010), Everette, J., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 8139 (2010), Alshatwi, A., et al.: Food, Chem., Toxicol., 48, 1881 (2010), McKay, D., et al.: Nut. J., 9 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications Acetoguanide is a degradation product of the sulfonylurea herbicide Iodosulfuron.<br>References Pramauro, E., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 1790 (1993); Rouchard, J., et al.: Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 85, 103 (2003); Brigante, M., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 5347 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications A Lamivudine (L172500) intermediate.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Chang, C., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 267, 13938 (1992), Jeong, L., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 36, 181 (1993).<br></p>

<p>Applications 5′-Deoxy-5′-(methylthio)adenosine (Methylthioadenosine) may be used as a substrate to study the specificity and kinetics of 5′-methylthioadenosinephosphorylase (MTAP) (EC2.4.2.28), a tumor suppressor gene expressed enzyme that supports the S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and methionine salvage pathways. Methylthioadenosine is used in studies on bacterial quorum sensing pathways that envolve enzymes such as 5′-Methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase (MTAN).<br>References Pegg, A., et al.: Biochem. J., 115, 241 (1969), Olopade, O., et al.: Cancer Res., 53, 2410 (1993), Hartmann, S., et al.: Clin. Chem., 52, 1127 (2006), Penner, N., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 52, 534 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Amino-7-(chloromethyl)pteridin-4(1H)-one is the impurity F of Folic acid (F680300) as per EP monograph.<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A vitamin needed to synthesize DNA, conduct DNA repair and methylate DNA, it also acts as a cofactor in biological reactions involving folate.<br>References Xu, L., et al.: Mol. Pharm., 7, 1311 (2010), Everette, J., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 8139 (2010), Alshatwi, A., et al.: Food, Chem., Toxicol., 48, 1881 (2010), McKay, D., et al.: Nut. J., 9 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Methylpterin is a derivative of Folic Acid (F680300) which is a precursor of coenzymes involved in metabolism of various nucleotides and nucleic acids.<br>References Dantola, M.L. et al.: Photochem Photobiol Sci., 9, 1604 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Abacavir - In House Impurity<br>Applications Abacavir Sulfate (Abacavir - In House Impurity) is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br>References (1) Jackson, A., et al.: Antivir Ther. 17, 19 (2012) (2) Yuen, G. J., et al.: Clin Pharmacokinet. 47, 351 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Applications 6,7-Dimethylpterin, a derivative of Folic Acid (F680300) is used as a biomarker for a non-invasive cancer diagnosis. Also can function as chromophores in light sensitive proteins allowing for analysis of target cells.<br>References Kritskii, M.S. et al.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk., 380, 408 (2001); Gamagedara, S. et al.: Clin. Chim. Acta., 412, 128 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Stability We have observed that this material decomposes steadily over time. Use immediate<br>Applications L-Tetrahydrofolic Acid is a folic acid derivative and coenzyme involved in the metabolism of amino and nucleic acids. We have observed that this material decomposes steadily over time. Use immediately upon receipt.<br>References Prinz-Langenohl, R., et al.: Brit. J. Pharmacol., 158, 2014 (2009), Martin, H., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 402, 137 (2010), Dasarathy, J., et al.: Am. J. Clin. Nut., 91, 357 (2010), Karas-Kuzelicki, N., et al.: Clin. Biochem., 43, 37 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications A constituent of nucleic acids. It was isolated from yeast nucleic acid.<br>References Parrou, J., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 248, 186 (1997), Phipps, A., et al.: Xenobiotica, 28, 527 (1998), Mohler, R., et al.: Anal. Chem., 78, 2700 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) is a central component of energy storage, metabolism, and signal transduction in vivo. It serves as a precursor for ATP and, in this capacity, is utilized in a wide number of cellular processes, including respiration, biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division.<br>References Knowles, J.R., et al.: Annual Reviews of Biochemistry 49, 877-919 (1980); Klingenberg, M., et al.: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1778(10), 1978-2021 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications An antineoplastic.<br>References Hertel, L.W., et al.: Cancer Res., 50, 4417 (1990), Abbruzzese, J.L., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 9, 491 (1991), Ruiz, V.W.T., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 46, 762 (1993),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications 10-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro Folic Acid Disodium Salt is the disodium salt of F701085, which is a Folic Acid (F680300) derivative. Folic Acid is a vitamin needed to synthesize DNA, conduct DNA repair and methylate DNA, it also acts as a cofactor in biological reactions involving folate.10-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro Folic Acid Disodium Salt is also used in the diagnosis and prevention and therapy of cerebral folate dificiency in relation to formation of folate receptor autoantibodies and treatment with reduced folate and antioxidants.<br>References Slieker, L.J., et al.: Mol. Pharmacol., 25, 294-302 (1984); Xu, L., et al.: Mol. Pharm., 7, 1311 (2010); Everette, J., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 8139 (2010); Alshatwi, A., et al.: Food, Chem., Toxicol., 48, 1881 (2010); McKay, D., et al.: Nut. J., 9 (2010)Ramaekers, WO 2006119589, (2006)<br></p>

<p>Canagliflozin hemihydrate (TA 7284) treats type 2 diabetes by blocking SGLT2, leading to glucose excretion in urine.</p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A tryptamine derivative, a neurotransmitter agonist.<br>References Creveling, C. R., et al.: Mol. Pharmacol., 11, 211 (1975),<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Menthol is used for oral gel patch or film containing herb extracts or Chinese medicine, fruit extract, spearmint, and menthol for smoking cessation.<br>References Ikaheimo, I., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 46, 287 (2000), Gillet, Y., et al.: Lancet, 359, 753 (2002), Turos, E., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2002, 12, 2229 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications Favipiravir is used for the treatment of advanced Ebola virus infection in a small animal model. Favipiravir suppressed the replication of Zaire Ebola virus and prevented a lethal outcome in 100% of the animals. Based on the studies, Favipiravir can be a candidate for the treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. It is a COVID19-related research product.<br>References Oestereich, L., et al.: Antiviral Res., 105, 17 (2014); Baranovich, T., et al.: J. Virol. 87, 3741 (2013); Chem. and Eng. News p.8, Dec. 1 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Folinic acid (Leucovorin) is a biofolic acid that can be used in the treatment of methotrexate, often in combination with Methotrexate (MTX) to reduce MTX-</p>

<p>Impurity Fluorouracil EP Impurity A<br>Applications Barbituric Acid (Fluorouracil EP Impurity A) is a parent compound of barbiturate drugs. Unsubstituted barbituric acid has no hypnotic properties.<br>References Luo, Y., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 53, 3846 (2010), Tomasic, T., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 45, 1667 (2010), Gilbert, A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 20, 636 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications An oral antiviral drug used in the treatment of hepatitis B infection. A guanine analogue that inhhibits all three steps in the viral replication process.<br>References Innaimo, S.F., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 41, 1444 (1997), Honkoop, P., et al.: Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 12, 683 (2003), Chang, T.-T., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 354, 1001 (2006),<br></p>