Enzyme

<p>Dimethylfraxetin (6,7,8-Trimethoxycoumarin) is a Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor(Ki：0.0097 μM)</p>

<p>3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Qingxintong) is an active constituent of Chinese medicine.</p>

<p>Tropolone, a metal chelator, possesses weak antioxidative and radical-scavenging properties and shows a strong affinity for ferric ion</p>

<p>Tetrahydropiperine (Cosmoperine) is a natural product derived from piperine, can be used to treat convulsion, epilepsy, relieve pain, and control insects.</p>

<p>Methyl rosmarinate, from Rabdosia serra, inhibits tyrosinase (IC50: 0.28 mM), α-glucosidase, MMP-1, and has antioxidant, antifungal properties.</p>

<p>Trifolirhizin exerts varying degrees of inhibition on tyrosinase-dependent melanin biosynthesis, and therefore, are candidates as skin-whitening agents.</p>

<p>SU-4942 is a modulator of tyrosine kinase signaling.</p>

<p>Mildronate (Meldonium) is an inhibitor of biosynthesis of L-carnitine by gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB) hydroxylase and as a competitive inhibitor of renal carnitine</p>

<p>Tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA) is a tertiary amine. It complexes with, and stabilizes, copper(I) to accelerate azide-alkyne cycloadditions.</p>

<p>Telotristat Etiprate (LX 1606 Hippurate) is an orally bioavailable, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) inhibitor with potential antiserotonergic activity.</p>

<p>Ethoxzolamide (L-643786) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.</p>

<p>U-104 (NSC-213841) is an effective carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor for CA IX( Ki=45.1 nM) and CA XII(Ki=4.5 nM).</p>

<p>2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (4-Methoxysalicylaldehyde) is an isomer of Vanillin, and a potent tyrosinase inhibitor, could be used to synthesis Urolithin M7.</p>

<p>compound EMAC10101d, bearing a 2,4-dichorophenyl substituent in position 4 of the dihydrothiazole ring, was the most potent and selective toward hCA II with an</p>

<p>Orthanilamide (Orthanilamide) is a molecule containing the sulfonamide functional group attached to an aniline.</p>

<p>Brinzolamide (AL-4862) HCl selectively inhibits carbonic anhydrase II, reducing IOP for glaucoma research. IC50: 3.2 nM.</p>

<p>3,4-Dimethoxyphenol (4-Hydroxyveratrole) is an active biochemical.</p>

<p>Fluorometholone Acetate (Oxylone acetate) is a synthetic corticosteroid, used in the treatment of steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the eye.</p>

<p>Nepicastat (SYN117) is a potent, BBB-permeable, selective DBH inhibitor with IC50s of 8.5/9 nM in bovine/human.</p>

<p>Benzylacetone (4-Phenyl-2-butanone) is an aromatic compound extracted from incense wood. Benzylacetone has appetite-enhancing and exercise-reducing properties.</p>

<p>4-(benzyloxy)benzene-1-sulfonamide is inhibitor of human recombinant CA-7.</p>

<p>XMD8-87 (ACK1-B19), a TNK2 inhibitor, strongly blocks TNK2 phosphorylation and mutations in tumors.</p>

<p>Nepicastat hydrochloride (RS-25560-197 hydrochloride) is a selective, orally active, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier.</p>

<p>1.</p>

<p>Methyclothiazide (Aquatensen) is a substituted benzothiadiazide, used to treat high blood pressure and fluid retention caused by various conditions including</p>

<p>XMD16-5 blocks TNK2, linked to advanced lung/prostate cancers and breast cancer metastasis in mice; disrupts signaling in several tumors.</p>

<p>Polmacoxib, a first-class NSAID, dual inhibitor of CA and COX-2, may hinder colorectal cancer growth in mice.</p>

<p>ZAP-180013 is an inhibitor of zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70,IC50 : 1.8 μM).</p>

<p>Methyl cinnamate, a tyrosinase inhibitor and a flavoring compound, has antimicrobial, antiadipogenic, vasorelaxant, and anti-inflammatory effects.</p>

<p>2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-5-sulfonamide is Carbonic anhydrase 12 (human) inhibitor.</p>

<p>Taxifolin (Dihydroquercetin) is a flavonoid in many plants such as Taxus chinensis, Siberian larch, Cedrus deodara and so on.</p>

<p>Dichlorphenamide (Diclofenamide) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.</p>

<p>2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM). 2-Ketoglutaric acid is an intermediate of the Krebs cycle. High-Quality, Low-Cost!</p>

<p>Benzolamide (CL 11366) inhibits carbonic anhydrase effectively and low-threshold calcium currents in hippocampal pyramidal neurons.</p>

<p>p-Fluoro-L-phenylalanine: TH substrate, studies enzyme regulation, binds E. coli L-leucine receptor, KD 0.26μM.</p>

<p>Guanoclor (VATENSOL) (INN), also known as guanochlor, is a sympatholytic drug. It is known to bind to non-adrenergic sites in pig kidney membranes.</p>

<p>Beta-Tocopherol has effects on human erythroleukemia cell (HEL) adhesion induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA).Cost-effective and quality-assured.</p>

<p>Applications Necroptosis is a regulated caspase-independent cell death mechanism that results in morphological features resembling necrosis. Necrostatin-1 is an inhibitor of RIP1 kinase that prevents the death of TNF-α-treated FADD-deficient Jurkat cells. Necrostatin-1 has been used to investigate the pathological importance of necroptosis in ischemic brain injury and myocardial infarction.<br>References Foresti, R., et al: J. Biol. Chem., 272, 18411 (1997); Cardenas, A., et al.: J. Neurochem., 74, 2041 (2000); Degterev, et al.: Nat. Chem. Biol., 1, 112 (2005); Hitomi, J., et al.: Cell, 135, 1311 (2008);<br></p>

<p>CDK2 is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family.</p>

<p>TPSAB1, namely tryptase alpha/beta-1, is a serine protease with trypsin­like activity.</p>

<p>HER3/ERBB3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag.</p>

<p>Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) is a key enzyme for energy generation of malarial parasites and is considered to be a potential antimalarial</p>

<p>Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 3 (ENPP3), a protein detected in the human uterus, has been found to play an important role in the development</p>

<p>PTGS2, also known as COX-2, is s component of Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS).</p>

<p>(R)-Trolox is a selective tyrosinase inhibitor used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.</p>

<p>Urokinase/uPA Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag.</p>

<p>Lipase 20 recombinantly expressed in P. pastoris comes in a spray-dried formulation. It has its pH optimum at 7-8. Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces catalyzing hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. Lipase 20 was shown to hydrolyze p-Nitrophenyl esters of butyrate (3 % activity compared to octanoate), octanoate (100 %), laurate (85 %), palmitate (52 %), stearate (29 %), arachidate (22 %) and behenate (8 %).</p>

<p>Elastase is a proteolytic enzyme that breaks down elastin</p>

<p>CS2 hydrolase (Carbon disulfide hydrolase; E.C. 3.13.1.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the following reaction:  CS2 + 2 H2O → CO2 + 2 H2S  thus converting carbon disulfide into hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.</p>

<p>Alpha Amylase (Amylase, α-Amylase, 1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, glycogenase, PPA; systematic name 4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.1, CAS Number [9000-90-2]) is an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of large polysaccharides into smaller fragments. Alpha amylase targets alpha bonds of 1→4 glycosidic linkages of poly- and oligosaccharides with three or more D-glucose units. One unit of Alpha Amylase will catalyze the hydrolysis of 1.0 μmol of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-α-D-maltotrioside to yield 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol per minute at 37°C. Porcine pancreatic Alpha Amylase is supplied as lyophilized, off-white to white powder, lyophilized from tris chloride and mannitol, pH 7.2. Activity is ≥70U/mL, specific activity ≥100 U/mg protein. Store at -20°C on arrival.</p>

<p>Lipase 08 recombinantly expressed in E. coli comes in a spray-dried formulation. It has its pH optimum at 6-8 and temp. optimum at 20-60°C. Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces catalyzing hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. Lipase 08 was shown to hydrolyze p-Nitrophenyl esters of butyrate (100 % activity), octanoate (60 %), laurate (7 %), palmitate (0.5 %), stearate (0.2 %), arachidate (0.1 %) and behenate (0.1 %).</p>

<p>Entorokinase (also known as enteropeptidase; EC 3.4.21.9) is a proteolytic enzyme (proteinase) that activates trypsinogen into its active form, trypsin. One unit of  Entorokinase will produce 1.0 nmole of trypsin from trypsinogen per min at pH 5.6 and 25 °C.</p>

<p>DNA ligase (ATP) is an enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) that ligates DNA strands, repairing nicks in double-standed DNA and coupling blunt-ended or cohesive DNA fragments. It requires 3′ hydroxyl and 5′ phosphate nucleoside ends for ligation and ATP as a cofactor.</p>

<p>ApStar Taq DNA Polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase, originally derived from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus. It operates by synthesizing new strands of DNA through the extension of primers in the 5' to 3' direction, utilizing a DNA template. This enzyme is specifically engineered to withstand high temperatures, making it ideal for the denaturation phases of PCR.</p>

<p>Alpha Amylase, powder, is an enzyme preparation that acts as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of starch, breaking it down into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose. This enzyme is derived from microbial or fungal sources, commonly via fermentation processes using strains of bacteria or fungi specifically optimized for enzyme production.</p>

<p>DNA polymerase is an essential enzymatic protein, derived from various organisms including bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, which plays a pivotal role in the replication and repair of DNA. This enzyme functions by adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in a template-dependent manner, ensuring the accurate duplication of the genetic material. It operates through a polymerization mechanism, where nucleotides are selected and incorporated complementary to the template strand, facilitating the elongation of the new DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Horseradish Peroxidase 01, rekombinant including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Lipase 12 recombinantly expressed in E. coli comes in a spray-dried formulation. It has its pH optimum at 6-7.5 and temp. optimum at &gt;60°C. Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces catalyzing hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. Lipase 12 was shown to hydrolyze p-Nitrophenyl esters of butyrate (60 % activity compared to octanoate), octanoate (100 %), laurate (51 %), palmitate (30 %), stearate (14 %), arachidate (0.2 %) and behenate (0.2 %).</p>

<p>Ribonuclease H from Escherichia Coli is the enzyme that breaks down RNA strand in RNA-DNA duplexes. It acts by cleaving the phosphodiester bonds of RNA and produces 3' hydroxyl and a 5' phosphate groups at the cleavage site. A common use of Ribonuclease H is to remove RNA template after reverse transcription reaction.</p>

<p>Lipase 67 recombinantly expressed in E. coli comes in a spray-dried formulation. It has its pH optimum at 7-8 and temp. optimum at 30°C. Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces catalyzing hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. Lipase 67 was shown to hydrolyze p-Nitrophenyl esters of butyrate (100 % activity), octanoate (37 %), laurate (3 %) and palmitate (0.2 %).</p>

<p>Lipase 13 recombinantly expressed in E. coli comes in a spray-dried formulation. It has its pH optimum at 6-8 and temp. optimum at 35-45°C. Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces catalyzing hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. Lipase 13 was shown to hydrolyze p-Nitrophenyl esters of butyrate (87 % activity compared to octanoate), octanoate (100 %), palmitate (44 %), stearate (21 %) and arachidate (2 %).</p>

<p>Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces. Lipases/esterases can be used as versatile tools in hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. The lipase from the yeast Y. lipolytica has a temperature optimum in the 30 - 40 °C range and pH optimum between pH 7 and 8.</p>

<p>Catalyst for signal development in immunoassays</p>

<p>Alpha-L-iduronidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that cleaves the non-reducing, terminal alpha-L-iduronic acid residues from polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. Alpha-L-iduronidase is involved in the lysosomal degradation of glycosaminoglycans and its deficiency leads to the accumulation of dermatan sulphate and heparan sulphate in tissues, a condition known as mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I). Alpha-L-iduronidase activity can be detected and quantified in an assay using a fluorogenic substrate 4MU-alpha-L-idopyranosiduronic acid. Alpha-L-iduronidase is also used in a 2-step assay for Hunter syndrome (MPS II) testing in combination with 4-MU-alpha-L-idopyranosiduronic acid 2-sulphate.<br>This enzyme is supplied as a 2 mg/mL aqueous solution in 25 mM sodium acetate, 150 mM NaCl, 50% glycerol, pH 5.0 from a bacterial source, recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli (see application notes for more details). Alpha-L-iduronidase is also available as lyophilisate (FA181881)</p>

<p>(R)-Mandelonitrile lyase (systematic name mandelonitrile benzaldehyde-lyase (hydrogen cyanide-forming), other names are D-oxynitrilase, D-alpha-hydroxynitrile lyase, (R)-oxynitrilase, oxynitrilase, mandelonitrile benzaldehyde-lyase, ydroxynitrile lyase; EC 4.1.2.10) is the enzyme that catalyzes the following reaction:mandelonitrile ⇌ hydrogen cyanide + benzaldehydeOne unit of (R)-mandelonitrile lyase will convert 1.0 μmol of mandelonitrile per minute under optimal conditions.</p>

<p>o-Glycosidase (O-Glycanase, endo-a-acetylgalactosaminidase, endo-a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase; EC 3.2.1.97) is an enzyme that specifically removes N-acetylgalactosamine disaccharides, that were attached to serine's or threonine's side-chain oxygen (hence o-Glycosidase). One unit of o-Glycosidase will hydrolyze 1.0 mmole of of substrate per minute at 37 °C and pH 5.0.</p>

<p>PAIRED PRODUCTS AVAILABLE:</p>

<p>Lipase 04 recombinantly expressed in E. coli comes in a spray-dried formulation. It has its pH optimum at 6-7 and temp. optimum at 60-70°C. Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces catalyzing hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. Lipase 04 was shown to hydrolyze p-Nitrophenyl esters of butyrate (100 % activity), octanoate (68 %), laurate (2 %), palmitate (2 %), stearate (2 %), arachidate (2 %) and behenate (2 %).</p>

<p>Lipase CR 03 is an industrial-grade enzyme product that is derived from microbial sources, specifically engineered for robust and efficient catalytic activity. The enzyme is extracted utilizing advanced fermentation techniques that capitalize on the prolific nature of specific strains known for lipase production. Its mode of action involves the hydrolysis of ester bonds in triglycerides, converting them into free fatty acids and glycerol. This catalytic process is critical in various biochemical pathways and industrial reactions.</p>

<p>Lipase immo Kit 01 is an advanced biochemical tool designed for the immobilization of lipase, an enzyme commonly sourced from microorganisms. This innovative kit utilizes a sophisticated immobilization matrix to enhance enzyme stability and reusability. By binding the enzyme to a solid support, the kit facilitates repeated and continuous use in various reactions without significant loss of activity.</p>

<p>Test sample of Cymit Quimica's Phospholipase D 040 Halal and Kosher Food grade bulk enzyme (EPLD840.6). With one of the most competitive activity rates on the global market and manufactured in Europe, this enzyme is perfect for use in food, diagnostic, therapeutic and nutraceutical industries worldwide.  Phospholipase D is an enzyme that is expressed in almost all types of organisms and whose activity can be harnessed to synthesize critical raw materials, for example phosphatidylserine. Phosphatidylserine has shown itself to be an important functional ingredient in reducing cognitive dysfunction and dementia in the field of nutraceuticals. As a Halal and Kosher food grade enzyme, Cymit Quimica's Phospholipase D is an excellent candidate for a diverse variety of food industry applications. Furthermore our enzyme can be used in diagnostic assays, creating first-class drug delivery systems and APIs. Product is a lyopholised solid</p>

<p>Peroxidase 013 belongs to the class of the heme-family peroxidases and can be utilized for catalyzing oxidation/epoxidation of unsaturated C-C bonds, N- or S-oxidation, ether cleavage and alcohol/aldehyde oxidation reactions. The Peroxidase 12 has a temperature optimum in the 20 - 40 °C range and pH optimum between pH 5 and 8.</p>

<p>Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid</p>

<p>Sialic acid aldolase - crystalline is a purified enzyme product, which is typically derived from microbial sources, such as certain bacteria, that have evolved to metabolize sialic acids. This enzyme catalyzes a reversible aldol reaction between sialic acid and pyruvate, facilitating the cleavage or formation of sialic acid from N-acetylmannosamine and pyruvate. By breaking the carbon-carbon bond in sialic acid, sialic acid aldolase plays a critical role in the degradation and biosynthesis pathways of sialic acid, which are key factors in numerous biological processes.</p>

<p>Creatinine amidohydrolase (also sometimes reffered as creatininase, EC 3.5.2.10) is an enzyme that catalyses the following reaction: creatinine + H2O ⇌ creatine  One unit of creatinine amidohydrolase will produce 1.0 µmole of creatine at pH 7.5 and 37 °C.</p>

<p>Lipase 56 recombinantly expressed in E. coli comes in a spray-dried formulation. It has its pH optimum at 8 and temp. optimum at 40-50°C. Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces catalyzing hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. Lipase 56 was shown to hydrolyze p-Nitrophenyl esters of butyrate (79 % activity compared to octanoate), octanoate (100 %), laurate (51 %), palmitate (29 %), stearate (15 %), arachidate (0.2 %) and behenate (0.1 %).</p>

<p>The main protease Mpro is a key protein in the lifecycle of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Mpro cleaves the viral polyproteins at the C-terminal end of a glutamine residue in recognition sequences containing Leu-Gln-(Ser, Ala, Gly) motifs (Rut et al, 2020).  As SARS-CoV-2 MPro has no closely related homologues in humans, it represents an attractive drug target (Ullrich and Nitsche, 2020). In summary, the Mpro protease is a chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease, requires homodimerisation for proteolytic activity, cleaves the viral polyproteins in 11 distinct sites, exclusively after a glutamine residue. A fluorogenic substrate for Mpro assays is Ac-Abu-Tle-Leu-Gln-AMC.The protein amount or better its concentration in solution is quantified using either A280 (absorption at 280 nm with its specific absorption coefficient) or using the Bradford assay (uses the dye Coomassie Brilliant Blue). Both of these methods quantify the total amount of protein in a sample, no matter what the oligomerization state is.</p>

<p>Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) is a protease that hydrolyses proteins by cleaving the peptide bond at the carboxyl side of the positively charged amino acid (Lysine or Arginine). Trypsin belongs to a family of serine proteases, as it has a serine in its active site. Trypsin can be inhibited by using trypsin inhibitor Alpha 1 Antitrypsin.</p>

<p>α-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that hydrolyzes α-1,4-linked D-glucose residues (e.g. in starch or oligosaccharides)  to produce α-D-glucose. One unit of α-Glucosidase will release 1.0 µmole of p-nitrophenol from the chromogenic substrate mimic 4-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside per minute at pH 6.8 and 37 °C.</p>

<p>Lysozyme, lyophilized powder, min 45000 FIP U/mg, is an enzymatic product derived primarily from egg white. It is a versatile and potent enzyme known for its ability to hydrolyze the β(1-4) glycosidic bonds in the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. This mechanism of action is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria due to the accessibility of their peptidoglycan layer.</p>

<p>Carboxypeptidase P (EC 3.4.17.16, also Membrane Pro-Xaa carboxypeptidase, microsomal carboxypeptidase) is a C-terminal exopeptidase, that preferentially cuts at C-terminal amino acid next to proline: ~-Pro-X → ~-Pro + X.</p>

<p>Phospholipases D belong to the family of esterases and act on phosphatidylcholine in the plasma membrane to release phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. Phospholipases D can be used as versatile tools in hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation reactions for industrial, chemical and food applications.</p>

<p>Sucrose phosphorylase (sucrose glucosyltransferase, disaccharide glucosyltransferase, systemic name Sucrose:orthophosphate α-D-glucosytransferase; EC 2.4.1.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the following reaction:sucrose + Pi ⇌ D-fructose + α-D-glucose-1-phosphateOne unit of Sucrose phosphorylase will produce 1.0 μmole of D-fructose per minute in the presence of sucrose and phosphate under optimum conditions.</p>

<p>Lipase 70 recombinantly expressed in E. coli comes in a spray-dried formulation. It has its pH optimum at 6-8 and temp. optimum at 35-45°C. Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces catalyzing hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. Lipase 70 was shown to hydrolyze p-Nitrophenyl esters of butyrate (100 % activity), octanoate (62 %), laurate (15 %), palmitate (4 %), stearate (3 %), arachidate (2 %) and behenate (0.2 %).</p>

<p>Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces. Lipases/esterases can be used as versatile tools in hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. Immobilized lipases can be utilized in various reaction types, and are optimal for all reactions in organic solvents or solvent-free systems.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, liquid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Lipases belong to the family of esterases and naturally act on triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces. Lipases/esterases can be used as versatile tools in hydrolytic reactions, esterifications and transesterification reactions in industrial and food applications. The immobilized Lipase 070 has a temperature optimum at 45 °C and pH optimum between pH 5 and 8, and is covalently immobilized on a polymer resin. Immobilized lipases can be utilized in various reaction types, and are optimal for all reactions in organic solvents or solvent-free systems.</p>