Oligosaccharides

An α-anomer, obtained by crystallization at low temperature, can be dehydrated to stable form above 130°C or an unstable (hygroscopic) form at lower temperatures. An example of the applications for α-Lactose monohydrate is in dry powder inhalers.  These are devices that deliver medication to the lung in the form of a dry powder generating an aerosol directly from the drug powder or mixture, using an excipient such as lactose monohydrate.

Trehalose-6,6'-dibehenate (TDB) is a novel synthetic lipid that has been shown to have beneficial effects in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. This compound may act as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling and TLR4-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines. TDB also inhibits HIV infection by interfering with CD4+ T cell function and decreasing the number of CD4+ cells in the gut. In addition, TDB has been shown to be effective against lps-induced inflammatory response in cell culture.

1,4-β-D-Xylobiitol is a monosaccharide that is synthesized by the glycosylation of β-D-xylose. It is an important component of complex carbohydrates found in plants and animals. Xylobiitol can be modified with methylation or Click chemistry to produce 1,4-β-D-xylopyranosiduronic acid and 1,4-β-D-xylopyranuronic acid respectively. In addition, it can be fluorinated to create 1,4-β-D-fluoroxylobiitol and modified with saccharide or oligosaccharides to produce 1,4-[α]-,1,3-[α]- or 1,3-[β]-linked xylobiitols. Xylobiitol can also be modified with polysaccharides to form xylanolybioside conjugates in which GlcUA residues are linked

Lactose is the principal sugar in human and most other mammalian milks, ( 4-O-(beta-d-galactopyranosyl)-d-glucopyranose). Lactose undergoes mutarotation; it is a reducing sugar and is significantly less soluble in water than sucrose. Lactose is much less sweet than sucrose (at ~1% about 0.15 (sucrose=1). The enzyme lactase (beta-galactosidase), which is present in the small intestine, catalyzes hydrolysis of lactose to form glucose and galactose. Anhydrous lactose is an excipient, filler, diluent, and bulking agent in a wide variety of pharmaceutical tablets, capsules, powders and other preparations. Lactose also has applications as a nutrient and multi-functional ingredient in infant formulae, geriatric, dietetic and health foods.

Chitinases are enzymes that hydrolyze chitin, a polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of insects, fungi and other invertebrates. Chitohexaose is a sugar that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. It is a carbohydrate with six acetyl groups attached to it. When this sugar reacts with ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) in an acidic environment, it produces N,N',N'',N''',N'''',N''''',N''''''-heptaacetylchitoheptaose. This reaction system can be used as a chitinase preparation for investigating the biological effects of chitohexaose. The magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to study the reaction system and revealed that the product is a hexamer with six acetyl groups on each monomer.

1,2-a-1,2-a-D-Mannotriose 1-O-propylamine acetate salt is a synthetic oligosaccharide.

Di-N-acetyl-D-lactosamine (DNL) is a sugar that is found in the mammalian tissues and can be used as a lectin to specifically bind to glycoproteins. It has been shown to have specificities for enteritis, and can be used to detect or analyze the sequences of oligosaccharides. DNL has been immobilized on silica gel, which was then reacted with lectins, such as concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin. This process allows for the detection of high-mannose-type oligosaccharides.

Inhibitor that targets cellulase enzymes engaged in the degradation of cellulose.

Produced from starch by transglycosylation-15 a-(1,4) linked glucose residues

Sialylfucosyllacto-N-tetraose is a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) and is present in lower concentrations than 2′-fucosyllactose. Sialylfucosyllacto-N-tetraose contains both nitrogen and sialic acid in its chemical structure. It has been demostrated that sialylfucosyllacto-N-tetraose in the HMO pool acts as a prebiotic, protects against infections and inflammation, modulates the immune system, supports brain development, and reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (Wiciński, 2020).

4-O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-[UL-13C6]glucopyranosyl)-D-ribitol is a custom synthesis of an oligosaccharide, monosaccharide, and polysaccharide. It is a high purity and CAS No. custom synthesis with a high degree of modification. This product has been synthesized by methylation and glycosylation for use in the study of the structure and function of complex carbohydrates. The fluorination was done to the saccharide to give it the desired properties for use in various applications.