Oligosaccharides

Gala1-3Gal-HSA is a modified glycan with three terminal alpha-galactoside units. It is synthesized by the modification of Gala1-3Gal (saccharide) with HSA. This product is also fluorinated, methylated and click-modified. The chemical name for this product is 3-[(2S,3S)-2,3-bis[(carboxymethyl)amino]propyl]-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-[(carboxymethyl)(hydroxyethyl)]-.

1,5-a-L-Arabinoheptaose is a sugar that is found in the cell walls of bacteria. The chemical modification of this sugar has been studied extensively. The modification of this sugar with methyl groups and click chemistry has been shown to alter its properties, such as binding affinity and solubility. This modified sugar can be used for glycosylation reactions or custom synthesis. 1,5-a-L-Arabinoheptaose is also available in high purity and with a custom synthesis.

GQ1b ganglioside (ammonium salt) has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with two sialic acids (NeuAc) linked α2,3/α2,8 to the inner galactose residue, two sialic acids (NeuAc) linked α2,3/α2,8 to the terminal galactose residue, and ceramide linked β to position 1 on the reducing terminal glucose residue (Ledeen, 2009). Anti-GQ1b ganglioside antibody is associated with Miller Fisher syndrome and is also found in patients with related conditions that may share the same pathogenic mechanism, such as, Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis. Thus, the measurement of anti-GQ1b antibody in suspected cases of Miller Fisher syndrome is a useful diagnostic marker (Paparounas, 2004). It has been found that GQ1b ganglioside contributes to synaptic transmissions and synapse formation. Low concentrations of GQ1b ganglioside, evoked dopamine (DA) release from laboratory tissues (Chen, 2018).

Lacto-N-tetraose-BSA is a carbohydrate that contains four monosaccharides. It has been shown to be an autoantibody in patients with myasthenia gravis and can cause muscle weakness by binding to the muscle protein, actin. Lacto-N-tetraose-BSA has also been found to bind with nerve tissue and may be involved in the development of sclerosis. This carbohydrate is also negatively charged and agglutinates red blood cells. When used for immunofluorescence, it shows a strong reaction against glycoconjugates on the surface of neurons and nerve tissue. Lacto-N-tetraose-BSA binds specifically to bovine serum albumin (BSA) containing antibodies, which are produced by immune cells called B cells. The binding sites are located on the outer part of the molecule, near the sugar residues.

Blood group B trisacchharide-APE-HSA is a synthetic carbohydrate that inhibits the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. The methylation of saccharides and polysaccharides can be accomplished by the addition of an amine to the 3′ hydroxyl group. In this reaction, the sugar is attached to a protein carrier (e.g., human serum albumin) via an amide bond, which prevents its degradation by proteases in the body. The modification of saccharides and polysaccharides is also accomplished through click chemistry, which is based on copper catalysis. This process involves attaching two functional groups through a copper-mediated reaction, forming a new carbon-carbon bond. Modification of saccharides and oligosaccharides can be accomplished using either chemical or enzymatic methods. Sugar modification can be achieved using high purity enzymes that have been custom synthesized for specific purposes (e.g., glycosylation). Carbohydrate modification can

Immobilised on Fractogel with glycosylamine formation of the monosaccharide

6'-Sulpho Lewisx-BSA is a complex carbohydrate that contains a saccharide moiety with a sulfated Lewisx epitope. It has been synthesized using click chemistry and modified with methylation and fluorination to yield the desired structure. The carbohydrate is of high purity and can be used in research as a model for glycosylation and glycosidic linkage. The carbohydrate also has properties that are analogous to those observed in glycoconjugates, such as antibodies and lectins.

Lewis A tetrasaccharide-BSA is a synthetic oligosaccharide complex carbohydrate. It is a high purity custom synthesis that has been modified with click chemistry, methylation, and fluorination. Lewis A tetrasaccharide-BSA is a glycosylated polysaccharide that has been shown to have antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus. This product can be used in research as a model for studying the structure of glycoproteins, including their interactions with other molecules in biological systems.

Pinoresinol diglucopyranoside is a natural compound found in Chinese herb. It has been shown to have an anti-atherosclerotic effect, which may be due to the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Pinoresinol diglucopyranoside also inhibits collagenase activity in vitro and reduces inflammation in vivo. The molecular mechanism of this compound may involve the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, which is responsible for immune responses to bacterial products. Pinoresinol diglucopyranoside has been shown to inhibit the transcription and polymerization of DNA by binding to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, respectively.

3'-Sialyllactose-GEL is a custom synthesis of a complex carbohydrate. It has CAS No. and is a polysaccharide that has been modified by methylation, glycosylation, and click modification. 3'-Sialyllactose-GEL is a high purity product with fluorination. It is synthetic and has a molecular weight of 1,000 Daltons.

NA3 N-glycan is a base that forms glycosidic bonds with other molecules. It has been shown to be pharmacologically active in tissues and has a safety profile. NA3 N-glycan is metabolized by the serine protease, which cleaves it from its glycosylated protein. The resulting molecule lacks a reactive group, which prevents it from forming toxic reactions with other molecules. NA3 N-glycan has been used for pharmacokinetic modeling and for mass spectrometric measurements of proteins in human serum and plasma.