Toxicology

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications An impurity in the synthesis of Erythromycin (E649950). An antibacterial.<br>References Zhang, L. et al.: J. Antibio., 64, 243 (2011); Koch, W.L., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 157 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Applications rac Efavirenz is a mixture of both enantiomers for Efavirenz (E425000), a nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Antiviral.<br>References Young, S.D., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 39, 2602 (1995); Hadaruga, D. et al.: J. Med Chem., 48, 2432 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Ethanolamine-13C2 Hydrochloride is the labeled analogue of Ethanolamine (E676500), which is used in the preparation of various pharmaceutical compounds and inhibitors. Ethanolamine-13C2, is also a 13C-labeled lipid precursor, used for the detection of phospholipid metabolism and the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine in T47D human breast cancer cells.<br>References Ronen, S. M., et al.: Magnetic Resonance Med., 25, 384 (1992); Lombardo, L. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 47, 6658 (2004); Egan, T.: J. Med. Chem., 43, 283 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Cefotaxime is an antibiotic with broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Labelled Ropivacaine (R675000). Anesthetic (local).<br>References Cederholm. I., et al.: Reg. Anesth., 19, 18 (1994), Johansson, B., et al.: Anesth. Analg., 78, 210 (1994), Oda, Y., et al.: Anesthesiology, 82, 214 (1995),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ofloxacin EP Impurity E<br>Applications Desmethyl Ofloxacin (Ofloxacin EP Impurity E) is a metabolite of Ofoxacin (O245750), a fluorinated quinolone antibacterial.<br>References Leysen, D., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, 1 (1989); Polk, R., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 27, 17 (1991); Todo, Y., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 42, 2049 (1994); Furuhata, K., et al.: Biol. Pharm. Bull., 21, 456 (1998); Monk, J.P., et al.: Drugs, 33, 346 (1987); Drlica, K., Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2, 504 (1990)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Clarithromycin 9-Oxime is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750), a macrolide antibiotic.<br>References Stephanic, V. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 54, 719 (2011); Chen, X. et al.: Zhong. Yao., 17, 32 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications D-p-Hydroxyphenylglycinamide is an activated side chain precursor and is an intermediate in the synthesis of 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2(1H)-pyrazinone (H951260), which is a potential impuritiy of the penicillins, ampicillin and amoxicillin, which have not been reported previously. 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2(1H)-pyrazinone impurity may be formed during the semi-synthetic preparation of these antibiotics or upon their degradation.<br>References Munro, A., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 67, 1197 (1978); Lebelle, M., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 31, 441 (1979); Gabor, E., et al.: PCT Int. Appl., WO 2004111241 A1 20041223 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Applications AICAR is a nucleoside analogue that is able to enter nucleoside pools and is able to significantly increase levels of adenosine during periods of ATP breakdown. Adenosine-regulating agents (ARAs) have been recognized for therapeutic potential in myocardial ischemia. Cardioprotective.<br>References Mullane, K., et al.: Trends Cardiovasc Med., 3, 227 (1993), Browne, G.J., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 279, 13, 12220 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Applications Triamcinolone Acetonide (T767165) impurity.<br>References Laurent, H., et al.: J. Steroid Biochem., 6, 185 (1975),<br></p>

<p>Applications Isopyridoxal Hydrochloride is an active vitamer of the B6 complex in humans, and a metabolite standard in the determination of all seven vitamin B6-related compounds. It is also a metabolite in a pyridoxine degradation pathway by soil bacteria.<br>References Edwards, P., et. al.: Clinica Chimica Acta: Int. J. Clin. Chem., 190, (1990); Lee, Y. C., et. al.: J. Bio. Chem., 261, (1986); Argoudelis, C. J.: J. Chromatogr. A, 790, (1998)<br></p>

<p>Applications Antitrypanosomal agent.<br>References Tettey, J., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 21, 1 (1999), Newton, P., et al.: Lancet Infect. Dis., 6, 602 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Gray, B.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 13, 988 (1978), Lorenz, L.J., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 9, 107 (1980), Hori, R., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 40, 646 (1988),<br></p>

<p>Applications Broad spectrum third generation cephalosporin antibiotic.<br>References Wise, R., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 14, 807 (1978), Muhtadi, F.J., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 11, 139 (1982),<br></p>

<p>Applications Micronomicin Sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with neuromuscular blocking activity.<br>References Matsukawa, S., et al.: Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 181, 471 (1997)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light and Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications A synthetic analogue of Prostacyclin (PGI2) used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), scleroderma, Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemia. It acts through elevation of cAMP by binding to the prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor). Iloprost inhibits the ADP, thrombin, and collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets with an ED50 of about 13 nM. In whole animals, iloprost acts as a vasodilator, hypotensive, antidiuretic, and prolongs bleeding time.<br>References Zamudio, T.P.: Arch. Cardiol. Mex., 77, 198 (2007); Lai, Y. et al.: Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 178, 188 (2008); Scorza, R. et al.: J. Rheutamol., 24, 1944 (1997); Melillo, E. et al.: Int. J. Microcircul. Clin. Exp., 15, 60 (1995);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Cyclopropanecarboxyl Carnitine Chloride is a salt derivative of Cyclopropanecarboxyl Carnitine (C179155), a metabolite of Cycloprate (C998970), an insecticide with ovicidal activity, in rats.<br>References Asano, S., et al.: Apl. Entomol. Zool., 17, 67 (1982); Asano, S., et al.: Nippon Oyo Dobutsu Konchu Gakkaishi, 23, 113 (1979)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Moxifloxacin EP Impurity B<br>Applications Moxifloxacin (M745000) impurity B.<br>References Langlois, M., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 37, 389 (2005), Salem, M., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 54, 1625 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Benzyl Trisulfide is a secondary metabolite of Petiveria alliacea, on erythrocyte elasticity, relaxation time and membrane morphol. An antibacterial and antifungal agent.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Mohandas, N., et al.: Semin. Hematol., 20, 225 (1983), De Sousa, J., et al.: Phytochem., 29, 3653 (1990),<br></p>

<p>Applications Bifenazate-d5 is the labelled analogue of Bifenazate (B383021), which is a selective miticide for the control of a variety of mite pests on crops. Used in Pesticide detection. Useful in cannabis testing kits as a component of pesticide mixes (P698240).<br>References Sipes, N.S., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 26, 878 (2013); Sbartai, I., et al.: Adv. Environ. Biol., 6, 2249 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Sodium Salt of Ampicillin, an orally active, semi-synthetic antibiotic; structurally related to penicillin. Antibacterial.<br>References Ivashkiv, E., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 2, 1 (1973), Campoli-Richards, D.M., et al.: Drugs, 33, 577 (1987), Sill, M. L., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 52, 1551 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Velpatasvir is a NS5A inhibitor in patients with hepatitis C (HCV) infection.<br>References Gane, E. J., et al.: Gastroenterol., 151, 448 (2016); Feld, J. J., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med. 373, 2599 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one Hydrochloride is an isothiazolinone based biocide and preservative used in personal care products. It is also implicated as an allergen. 2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one is also used for controlling microbial growth in water-containing solution.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Collier, P.J., et al.: J. App. Bacteriol., 69, 578 (1990); Smaoui, S., et al.: Biocontrol. Sci., 17, 135 (2012); Lodders, N., et al.: System. App. Microbiol., 35, 246 (2012); Felix, J.S., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 403, 2869 (2012); Chem. and Eng. News, p.22 Dec. 15, 2014<br></p>

<p>Impurity Entecavir EP Impurity A<br>Applications An epimeric impurity of the antiviral drug Entecavir (E558900).<br></p>

<p>Applications ent-Entecavir is an enantiomeric impurity of the antiviral drug Entecavir (E558900).<br>References Ruediger, E. et al.: Tetrahed. Lett., 45, 739 (2004): Bisacchi, G.S. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 7, 127 (1997);<br></p>

<p>Applications Napropamid is used as a pesticide.<br>References She-feng, J., et al.: Nanjing Nongye Daxue Xuebao, 35, 137 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Dimethyl Phosphate (D477600). Used in the synthesis of L,L- and L,D-di-myo-inositolphosphates.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Stieglitz, K., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 277, 22863 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications Chlorantraniliprole is a pyrazolylpyridine insecticide and an activator of insect ryanodine receptor. Used in Pesticide detection.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Lahm, G.P., et al.: Bioactive. Heterocyclic. Compound. Class., 251, (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Fosfomycin Tromethamine is used as an antibiotic compound in the treatment of urinary tract infections.<br>References Keating, G. et al.: Drugs, 73, 1951 (2013); Demir, T. et al.: Int. J. Infect. Dis., 17, e966 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Benzyloxyacetophenone is used in preparation of inhibitors of various proteins such as hepatitis C virus polymerase, glucosylceramide synthase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Deng, Y., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 19, 5363 (2009); Lee, L., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 274, 14662 (2009); Liu, Z., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 3755 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Applications Isotope labelled analog of Gamithromycin (G195000), a macrolide compound which is known to have antibacterial activity, and is useful in the therapy of bacterial infections in mammals. Antibiotic.<br>References Broto, P., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 19, 71 (1984), Farrar, V., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 36, 3517 (1993), Clark, D., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 88, 807 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Fusidic Acid EP Impurity H<br>Applications 11-Keto Fusidic Acid (Fusidic Acid EP Impurity H) is a metabolite of Fusidic Acid.<br>References Godtfredsen, W.O., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 9, 15 (1966), Perry, M.J., et al.: J. Antibiot., 36, 1659 (1983),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Cobicistat is a HIV protease inhibitor and has been coadministered with low-dose ritonavir (R535000) as a pharmacoenhancer, significantly increasing their plasma concentrations.<br>References Von, H., Exp. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 5, 557 (2012); Lepist, E.I., et al.: Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother., 56, 5409 (2012); Orr, S.T.M., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 55, 4896 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Oseltamivir-d5 Phosphate is the isotope labelled analog of Oseltamivir (O701000); an orally active inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase; converted in vivo to the active acid metabolite. Also an antiviral drug. It is a COVID19-related research product.<br>References Oliyai, R., et al.: Pharm. Res., 15, 1300 (1998); Kim, C.U., et al.: Med. Chem. Res., 8, 392 (1998); Hayden, F.G., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 341, 1336 (1999); Treanor, J.J., et al.: J. Am. Med. Assoc., 283, 1016 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Applications The (R,R)-enantiomer of Voriconazole. An antifungal (systemic). An ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Sanati, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 41, 2492 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Applications 7-Hydroxy-furo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-one is a derivative of 6-(5-Chloro-2-pyridyl)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-one (C379925) which is an impurity of Eszopiclone (E889150), a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent used as a treatment for insomnia.<br>References Gottesmann, C., et al.: Eur. J. Neurosci., 10, 409 (1998), Yoshimoto, M., et al.: Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 9, 29 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications Novel intermediate of Azithromycin that acts as antibiotic.<br>References Krajacic, M.B., et al.: J. Antibiot., 58, 380 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications rac Galaxolidone-d6 is the isotope labelled analog of rac Galaxolidone (G189005); a metabolite of Galaxolide (G189000/ G189001) which is a polycyclic musk (PCM) used as a fragrance ingredient in perfumes, soaps, cosmetics, body lotions, deodorants, and detergents.<br>References Mori, T. et al.: J. Health Sci., 52, 276 (2006); Chen Y. et al.: Flav. Frag. J., 21, 822 (2006); Martin, C., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 5395 (2007); Reiner, J., et al.: Chemosphere, 62, 867 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Labelled N-Demethyl Rifampicin (D231250). N-Demethyl Rifampicin is a metabolite of Rifampicin (R508000).<br>References Marsili, L., et al.: J. Antibiot., 37, 1209 (1984), Nikaido, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 37, 1393 (1993), Piddock, L., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 45, 159 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Applications An organophosphate pesticide that is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Yan, D. et al.: Zhong. Huan. Kex., 26, 364 (2006); Wood, S.J. et al.: Pest. Sci., 32, 485 (1991);<br></p>

<p>Applications A fat-metabolism stimulator.<br>References Plotzker, R., et al.: Am. J. Med. Sci., 283, 79 (1982),<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of Fulvestrant (F862500).<br>References Rao, P., et al.: J. Steroid Biochem., 25, 417 (1986), Wakeling, A., et al.: J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 43, 173 (1992), DeFriend, D., et al.: Cancer Res., 54, 408 (1994),<br></p>