Antibiotics

<p>Acetylspiramycin - Mixture of components is a derivative of spiramycin and is used as an antibiotic.</p>

<p>Ticarcillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which is an essential component of bacterial cell walls. Ticarcillin is used for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria, such as those in the respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and soft tissues. It can also be used to treat sepsis and meningitis. Ticarcillin has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae (e.g., Escherichia coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ticarcillin is not active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).</p>

<p>Ceftibuten dihydrate is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Orbifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Closantel sodium dihydrate is a salicylanilide antiparasitic agent with action on flukes, nematodes, and arthropods and is used for veterinary treatment of parasitic infections.</p>

Oritavancin diphosphate is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; streptogramin</p>

<p>Cephalothin sodium is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections and skin infections.</p>

Meropenem trihydrate has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as, some mycoplasma species. It inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBP), which impairs cell wall integrity, induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, and inhibits macromolecular synthesis in bacteria. It can be used to prevent bacterial growth after being exposed to meropenem through fluorescence imaging of human blood plasma. Meropenem trihydrate research studies showed a reduction of the allergen levels in patients with respiratory allergies or asthma, specifically dust mites, cockroaches, animal dander, pollen grains, etc. by inhibit allergen-induced sensitization of mast cells.

<p>Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Its source lies in its chemical synthesis, designed to inhibit bacterial enzymes necessary for DNA replication. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This dual inhibitory mechanism disrupts bacterial cell division and growth, leading to the eventual eradication of susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Pefloxacin mesylate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections, including urinary and respiratory tract infections.</p>

<p>3-Desacetylcefotaxime potassium is an antimicrobial agent that belongs to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics.It si an active metabolite of cefotaxime and effective against various bacterial infections</p>

<p>Inhibits chaperone protein HSP90; anti-proliferative; antineoplastic</p>

<p>Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used to treat breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers. It is an antitumor antibiotic that inhibits DNA topoisomerase II. DOX interferes with the topoisomerase II-mediated repair of DNA causing accumulation of mutations. It also leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which further damage DNA as well as proteins and membranes. However, the compound presents with a risk of developing cardiomyopathy as well as drug resistance. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has also been developed to treat breast and ovarian cancers, myeloma, and HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma.</p>

<p>Temocillin disodium is a beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Streptomycin sulfate is an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria by binding to the ribosomal subunit and interfering with protein synthesis. It is used in culture media for the production of human antibodies as well as in drug therapy for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus. Streptomycin sulfate has a high specific activity and low sensitivity, but it also has a low solubility in water. The active form of streptomycin sulfate is streptomycin A, which is produced by the addition of a phenyl ring to neomycin sulfate. In plant roots, streptomycin sulfate inhibits cyanogenic glycosides from being hydrolyzed into hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and benzaldehyde.</p>

<p>Cefadroxil monohydrate is a hydrated form of cefadroxil with similar action and applications as cefadroxil.</p>

<p>Rifapentine is a rifamycin antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription and is used for treating active and latent tuberculosis.</p>

<p>Natural diterpene; anti-microbial</p>

<p>Gamithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis and is used for treating respiratory infections in cattle, pigs, and sheep.</p>

(S)-6,7-Dihydro-2-nitro-6-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine ia slo known as PA-824. An anti-tuberculosis drug that affects both replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis via cell wall inhibition and respiratory poisoning..

<p>Cefsulodin sodium salt is a beta lactam antibiotic in the third-generation cephalosporin family that inhibits penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis.</p>

<p>Tilmicosin phosphate is a phosphate salt form of tilmicosin with similar action and applications as tilmicosin.</p>

<p>Tosufloxacin toluenesulfonate hydrate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections, particularly respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Validamycin A is an antibiotic and fungicide with action as a trehalase inhibitor, disrupting carbohydrate metabolism in fungi and is used for controlling fungal diseases like sheath blight in rice and damping-off in cucumbers.</p>

<p>Seco erythromycin is a derivative of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin, which originates from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. As a semi-synthetic compound, it retains the core lactone ring structure of erythromycin, but modifications in its chemical configuration confer distinct properties. Seco erythromycin operates by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. This action effectively halts bacterial growth by preventing the translocation of peptides and thus impairs protein assembly.</p>

<p>Omadacycline tosylate is a aminomethylcycline antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and skin infections.</p>

<p>Olaquindox is a quinoxaline derivative antibiotic with action on bacterial growth suppression in the gut and is used for promoting growth and controlling bacterial infections in livestock.</p>

<p>Azithromycin N-oxide is a macrolide antibiotic derivative and is used for research purposes. Its mode of action is similar to azithromycin.</p>

<p>Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used for the treatment of various bacteria infections. This drug is used in veterinary medicine and to treat animals with those infections. This drug works by inhibiting bacteria synthesis. It is a fluorinated synthetic analog of thiamphenicol.</p>

<p>Fluoroquinolone; gyrase inhibitor</p>

<p>Bacteriostatic; for treating multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis</p>

Anthracycline antibiotic with potent anti-tumoral activity. The compound interferes with DNA replication and RNA transcription since it intercalates between the base pairs of nucleic acids. It also inhibits the topoisomerase II, proteasome and generates free radicals, which leads to cell death of treated cells. Moreover, daunorubicin triggers apoptosis trough the stimulation of ceramide synthesis. It has been used as chemotherapy agent for the treatment of myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL).

<p>Inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; immunosuppressant</p>

<p>Exhibits antitumour activity against L1210 and P388 leukemias and B16 melanoma</p>

<p>Telavancin HCl is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and membrane integrity and is used for treating complicated skin infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by gram-positive bacteria.</p>

Ormetoprim is an antibacterial drug used in veterinary medicine to treat several bacterial infections in animals. This drug is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor and disrupts DNA and RNA synthesis in bacteria.

<p>Nonactin is a macrotetrolide antibiotic with action as an ionophore for potassium and ammonium ions and is used for research on ion transport and bacterial inhibition.</p>

<p>Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis and sepsis.</p>

<p>Danofloxacin mesylate is a mesylate salt form of danofloxacin with similar action and applications as danofloxacin.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide</p>

<p>Nifurquinazol is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic compound derived from the nitrofuran class of antibiotics. Its mode of action involves inhibition of bacterial enzymes critical for DNA and protein synthesis, thereby interfering with microbial cell replication and survival.</p>

<p>3’(6’)-Dehydroclindamycin phosphate is a semi-synthetic compound and a impurity of clindamycin. This in turn is prepared from lincomycin. It has antibacterial and antiviral properties</p>

<p>Protein synthesis inhibitor; tetracycline class</p>

<p>Cefotaxime sodium is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C obtained from the mold Acremonium. This compound functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, which it achieves through binding to and deactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. This action prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, primarily affecting rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase; inhibitor of protein synthesis</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall biogenesis; glycopeptide antibiotic</p>

<p>Tosufloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are enzymes that maintain the integrity of bacterial DNA. It binds to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA and inhibits protein synthesis, leading to cell death by inhibiting the production of proteins vital for cell division. Tosufloxacin has been shown to be effective against a variety of bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Lincomycin 2-Phosphate is a lincosamide antibiotic derivative with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections.</p>

<p>26-Hydroxyfusidic acid is a steroid antibiotic, which is derived from the Fusidium coccineum fungus. It exhibits its antibacterial effects by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Specifically, it targets the bacterial elongation factor G (EF-G), a critical component in the translocation step during protein elongation, ultimately stalling bacterial growth.</p>

<p>A fluoroquinolone antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This second-generation fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum of action and is more effective against Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>A thiopeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces actuosus. In addition, nosiheptide inhibits bacterial protein biosynthesis by acting during the elongation of the protein.</p>

Inhibitor of cell wall biogenesis; glycopeptide antibiotic

<p>Gentamicin C2a sulfate is one epimeric form of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin (a.k.a. gentamycin). Gentamicin interferes with the correct protein production in bacterial cells, by binding to the 16s rRNA at the 30s ribosomal subunit. Gentamicin is a natural mixture of four congeners, one of which is gentamicin C2a. Gentamicin is active against clinically relevant aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Gentamicin C2a has been shown to be biodegradable in the environment, to some extent.</p>

<p>Ertapenem sodium is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like intra-abdominal infections and pneumonia.</p>

<p>Inducer of DNA strand breaks; glycopeptide antibiotic, anti-neoplastic</p>

<p>Avibactam sodium is a β-lactamase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections in combination with ceftazidime. Its mode of action is similar to avibactam free acid</p>

<p>Netropsin dihydrochloride is a pyrrole-amidine antibiotic with action on AT-rich sequences of DNA to inhibit replication and is used for research on DNA-binding properties and antiviral activity.</p>

<p>2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol is a natural phenol produced by certain bacteria, used for its biocontrol properties against plant pathogens.</p>

<p>Enrofloxacin lactate is a synthetic antimicrobial agent, which is derived from the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics. It is sourced through chemical synthesis, wherein the base compound, enrofloxacin, is combined with lactate to enhance its pharmacokinetic properties, particularly solubility and bioavailability. Its mode of action is the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for DNA replication, transcription, and repair in susceptible bacteria. This interference ultimately leads to bacterial cell death, making enrofloxacin lactate a bactericidal agent.</p>

<p>Isochlortetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections in both humans and animals.</p>

<p>Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic that is used against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by binding the D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety of the peptidoglycan cell wall precursor, inhibiting the peptidoglycan synthesis and disrupting its cross linking. It also inhibits particle formation when it reacts with human plasma, which can lead to hemolysis and hemagglutination. The absorption spectrum for vancomycin hydrochloride shows maxima at 230, 260, 290, and 320 nm, which are characteristic for this compound. Vancomycin has been used in several studies for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.</p>

<p>Difloxacin HCl is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase inhibition and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Quinolone antibiotic; antimalarial</p>

<p>Cefpodoxime acid is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.</p>

Isepamicin Sulphate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.

<p>Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide that disrupts cell membrane potential and causes leakage from the cell. The antibacterial effects are limited to gram-positive bacteria since daptomycin can’t reach the outer membrane of gram-negative species. It is often used for infections cause by vancomycin-resistant enterococci and staphylococci.</p>

<p>Kanamycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is used to treat severe infections including sepsis and tuberculosis. It  is another selection agent commonly used to screen bacteria, such as, E. coli, but also suitable for yeast specie,s such as, P. pastoris and plastid transformation of tobacco.</p>

<p>Aureothricin is a dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic and is used for its antimicrobial properties. It inhibits transcription in bacteria, leading to growth inhibition</p>

<p>Antibiotic of tetracycline class; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Carumonam disodium is a monobactam antibiotic, which is derived from microbial fermentation processes. Its mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of susceptible Gram-negative bacteria. This binding inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Nitrofurantoin is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic chemical compound with bactericidal activity. Its source is synthetic, originating from the nitrofuran class of compounds. Nitrofurantoin's mode of action involves the inhibition of essential bacterial enzymes. It is reduced by bacterial flavoproteins to active intermediates, which subsequently alter or disrupt ribosomal proteins, DNA, and other vital macromolecules within bacterial cells, thereby inhibiting key metabolic processes.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase</p>

<p>Amoxicillin trihydrate is an aminopenicillin antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections such as respiratory infections and dental abscesses. Its mode of action is similar to amoxicillin, inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis</p>

<p>Rifamycin O is a rifamycin antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription and is used for treating tuberculosis and travelers' diarrhea.</p>

<p>Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating severe bacterial infections resistant to other aminoglycosides.</p>

<p>Flavomycin - 8% premix is an antibacterial feed additive with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for promoting growth and improving feed efficiency in livestock and poultry.</p>

<p>Ceftizoxime sodium is a sodium salt form of ceftizoxime with similar action and applications as ceftizoxime.</p>

<p>Ceftolozane sulfate is a cephalosporin antibiotic with action against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and is used for treating complicated urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>