Carboxylic Acids

<p>Applications L-Menthyl 2,2-Dihydroxyacetate is used as a reagent in the synthesis of Lamivudine (L172500); a potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. L-Menthyl 2,2-Dihydroxyacetate is also used as a reagent in the synthesis of 4-acetoxy-3-hydroxyethylazetidin-2-one, a key intermediate for the preparation of penem and carbapenem antibiotics.<br>References Morris, D.M., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 12, 255 (1944); Nevens, B.F., et al.: Gastroenterology, 113, 1258 (1997); Perry, C.M., et al.: Drugs, 53, 657 (1977); Goodyear, M.D., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 46, 8535 (2005); Kametani, T., et al.: Heterocycles, 25, 241 (1987)<br></p>

<p>Applications p-Cyanobenzoic Acid Trimer is used in the synthetic preparation of Terbium Triazinetribenzoate Formate Metal Organic Framework (MOF).<br>References Han, Y., et al.: J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy Sustain., 3, 24525 (2015)<br></p>

<p>Applications 17-Amino-10-oxo-3,6,12,15-tetraoxa-9-azaheptadecanoic Acid is used for preparation of glutamic acid-containing acylating reagents for selective acylation of amino group(s) in peptides or proteins.<br>References Christensen, C., et al.: PCT Int. Appl. (2010), WO 2010084169 A2 20100729.<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-[(2-Hydroxyethyl)Amino]Propanoic Acid (cas# 5458-99-1) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-ethyladamantane-1-carboxylic acid (cas# 37845-05-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Hexynoic Acid<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Isopropylbenzoic acid<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Formylbenzene-1,2-disulfonoic Acid is derived from 5,6-Difluoro Anthranilic Acid (D445550), which is used in the preparation of 2-[[2-(phenylamino)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]benzamide derivatives as inhibitors of IGF-1R and IR receptor tyrosine kinase as anticancer agents.<br>References Rubinstein, E., et al.: Chemotherapy, 47, 3 (2001), Grohs, P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47, 3542 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Phenylthio-5-propionylphenylacetic Acid is a useful synthetic intermediate in the synthesis of Zaltoprofen (Z146000); an inhibitor of Cox-1 and Cox-2. Zaltoprofen preferentially inhibits Cox-2.<br>References Chen, W., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing. CN 1986528 A 20070627. Jun 27, 2007; Yamamoto, M., et al.: Chirality, 2, 280 (1990); Inoue, M., et al.: J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 293, 662 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Aminomethylbenzoic acid<br></p>

<p>Applications GAMMA-CHLOROCROTONIC ACID (cas# 26340-58-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-(aminomethyl)-2-furoic acid hydrochloride (cas# 934-65-6) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-chloro-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-sulfonic acid amide (cas# 112582-89-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications (2,3,4-Trimethoxyphenyl)boronic Acid is a reagent used in the synthesis of heteroaryl, mono and bicyclic compounds which may be used as inhibitors for EGF and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases. Also used in the synthesis of non-steroidal CYP 17 inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer<br>References Hutschenreuter, T. et al.: J. Enz. Inhib. Med. Chem., 19, 17 (2004);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4,4'-Dithiobisbenzoic Acid Dimethyl Ester (cas# 35190-68-2) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Formamidine Acetate is a versatile reactant used in the tetrazine-based cycloadditions applied to pretargeted live cell imaging with norbornene modified monoclonal antibody.<br>References Devaraj, N., et al.: Bioconjugate Chem., 19, 2297 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-CYCLOPENTYL-2-PHENYLACETIC ACID (cas# 3900-93-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(methylamino)octanoic acid (cas# 101080-67-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications tert-Butyl 3-Cyanomorpholine-4-carboxylate is used as a reactant for the synthesis of HIV integrase inhibitors.<br>References Gardelli, C., et. al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 4953 (2007); Pace, P., et. al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 2225 (2007); Summa, V., et. al.: J. Med. Chem., 49, 6646 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Hydroxy-2-nitrobenzoic Acid (cas# 602-00-6) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Ethylsulfonylphenylboronic acid is used in the discovery of small molecular RIP1 kinase inhibitors for the treatment of pathologies associated with necroptosis.<br>References Harris, P. A,, et al.: ACS Med. Chem. Lett., 4, 1238 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-(+)-Z-4-Amino-2-hydroxybutyric Acid is used in the synthesis of aminoglycoside antibiotics.<br>References Rai, R. et al.: Org. Lett., 8, 887 (2006); Li, Jie. et al.: J. org. Chem., 72, 4055 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Butenylboronic Acid is a reagent used in the synthesis of polyene natural products.<br>References Lee, S. J., et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 466-468 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(Propylthio)nicotinic acid (cas# 175135-22-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(1,3-BENZOTHIAZOL-2-YLTHIO)SUCCINIC ACID (cas# 95154-01-1) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 3,4-Epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate Methyl Ester is a useful reagent for organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Aminobenzeneboronic acid pinacol ester is a reagent used to synthesize regiospecific quinolines. It can also be used to synthesize (±)-Epimeloscine and (±)-Meloscine.<br>References Zhang, H., et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 10376 (2011); Horn, J., et al.: Org. Lett 10, 4117 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Applications Reagent used in the addition of cyclopropane.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Cave, C., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 25, 75 (1990), Kiyama, R., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 43, 960 (1995), Humphries, P., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 16, 6120 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Cyanobenzoic Acid, is a building block used for the synthesis of a variety of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from carboxylic acids, that can be used for the synthesis of a metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonist.<br>References Ramu, T., et al.: Chem. Lett., 42, 722 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(Diethylphosphono)propanoic acid<br></p>

<p>Applications Oxirane-​2-​carboxylic Acid is used as reactant in the synthesis of glutathione peptidomimetics as components of antiparkinson prodrugs.<br>References More, S., Vince, R.: J. Med. Chem., 51, 4581 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4,4'-(1,3-Phenylene)dibutanoic Acid is a useful research chemical for organic synthesis and other chemical processes.<br>References Di R., et al.: Science, 356, 426 (2017), Schimelpfenig, C. W., et al.: J. Org. Chem., 40, 1493 (1975)<br></p>

<p>Applications 4'-Hydroxybiphenyl-3-carboxylic Acid is a biaryl compound that can be prepared via palladium bis[(dipiperidinylphosphino)amino]phenyl-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reactions of organoboronic acids or trifluoroborates and aryl bromides and can also be synthesized by simultaneous hydroxylation and carboxylation of biphenyls. 4'-Hydroxybiphenyl-3-carboxylic Acid is a useful building block with applications in various syntheses.<br>References Shibahara, F., et al.: Org. Lett., 6, 2437 (2004); Bolliger, J., Frech, C.: Adv. Synth. Catal., 352, 1075 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications Dihydroxyfumaric Acid Dimethyl Ester is used in the reactions involving of β-sheet formation.<br>References Kemp, D. et al.: J. Org. Chem., 55, 4650 (1990);<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl Methoxyacetate is a reagent used in the synthesis of diphenylamine-terepthalaldehyde resins which maybe be used as a catalyst for tetrahydropyranylation.<br>References Tanemura, K. et al.: Org. Prep. Proc. Int., 48, 72 (2016); By: Robiette, R. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 138, 737 (2016);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Phenylanthranilic acid is used in biological studies for inhibitors of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 based on N-phenyl-aminobenzoates.<br>References Adeniji, A. O., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 55, 2311 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Bromopentylboronic Acid<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,2-Diethylhexanoic Acid is a pollutant that is found in anaerobic environment of river sediments,<br>References Chau, H., et al.: Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 70, 853 (1998); McInerney, M., et al.: Appl. Env. Microbiol., 41, 1029 (1981)<br></p>

<p>Applications Tetronic Acid (cas# 4971-56-6) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Glycolic Anhydride Diacetate, is the product of reaction involving Lead tetraacetate as an oxidizing agent It is also an intermediate in the synthesis of Chrysogine, a metabolite of Penicillium chrysogenum and some related 2-substituted 4-(3H)-quinazolinones.<br>References Dimroth, O., et al: Berichte der Deutschen, 56B, 1375 (1923); Bergman, J., et al.: Tetrahedron, 46, 1295 (1990);<br></p>

<p>Stability Store Under Argon; Air Sensitive<br>Applications 4-Mercaptobenzoic Acid (cas# 1074-36-8) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References J. Org. Chem., 2835 (1962)<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive, Air Sensitive<br>Applications As-Methyl Arsonothioic Acid is used as a standard for arsenic inspection. It is used as an aid to help in determining the level of toxicity in humans. Metabolite in some mammals and microbiota.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Naranmandura, H. et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 24, 1586 (2011); Bu, N. et al.: Metallom., 3, 1064 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Fmoc-(2S,4S)-4-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Chlormadinol acetate is a stable complex of a fatty acid and an antibiotic that is used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It has been shown to have high resistance to antimicrobial agents, including amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline, and multidrug efflux pumps. Chlormadinol acetate has also been shown to inhibit the growth of certain cancer cells in vitro and in vivo using gene therapy. This drug also inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and preventing the formation of a functional 70S ribosome. Chlormadinol acetate has been shown to be clinically relevant in mice when used with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or tetracycline.</p>

<p>(6R,7R)-3-(Acetoxymethyl)-8-oxo-7-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid is an antimicrobial agent that inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the penicillin binding protein (PBP), which prevents the synthesis of peptidoglycan. This drug has shown effectiveness against gram positive bacteria, including aerobacter aerogenes, as well as infectious diseases in wastewater treatment plants. It has also been demonstrated to be effective in experimental models of infection due to high resistance and cell signaling pathways. The reaction solution was analyzed by plasma mass spectrometry.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about (3-Acetyl-1H-indol-1-yl)acetic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Isoamyl acetate is a volatile, colorless liquid with the smell of bananas. Isoamyl acetate is found in many foods and drinks, such as banana, apple, pear, pineapple, and strawberry flavors. It has been shown that isoamyl acetate can inhibit the growth of resistant mutants of Escherichia coli by inhibiting their ability to synthesize proteins for locomotor activity. This inhibition may be due to the reaction mechanism that involves methyl ethyl alcohol (MEA). Methyl ethyl alcohol is involved in the production of isoamyl acetate. MEA reacts with 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid (3M2B) to form 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid (MOPA) and then reacts with ATP to form AMP and MOPP. The reaction between MOPP and ATP results in the conversion of MEA into isoamyl acetate.</p>

<p>D-Aspartic acid b tert-butyl ester (DATB) is an antimicrobial agent that has been shown to inhibit the growth of drug-resistant bacteria. DATB has been shown to be active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with a selectivity for those with a peptidoglycan cell wall. DATB inhibits the synthesis of amide and peptide bonds and has been shown to have a wide range of uses in the production of antibiotics, such as carbamates and natural products.</p>

<p>Alisol B is a natural compound that has been shown to have significant cytotoxicity in vitro. Alisol B also inhibits the mitochondrial membrane potential, which is vital for cell survival. Alisol B is found to be active against several human cancer cell lines, including leukemia and breast cancer cells. It has also been shown to inhibit autophagy, the process by which cells degrade their own components and organelles in response to starvation or other stresses. This inhibition of autophagy leads to increased cell death. The anti-cancer effects of Alisol B are mediated through a number of different mechanisms, including the inhibition of protein synthesis and the induction of apoptosis. Alisol B has also been shown to have hepatoprotective properties in animal models.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 1-BOC-2,3-Dihydropyrrole-4-boronic acid, pinacol ester including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 3-(4-Methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)propanoic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Phenylphosphonic acid is an inorganic compound that belongs to the group of phosphonic acids. It is used as a model system for reactions involving zirconium oxide, pyrazole ring, and p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Phenylphosphonic acid has been shown to be able to efficiently react with metal hydroxides under acidic conditions. The rate of this reaction increases with increasing concentration of the metal hydroxide and decreasing pH. This reaction also produces picolinic acid, which can be detected by its yellow color. Phenylphosphonic acid has been shown to have covalent linkages between nitrogen atoms and phosphorus atoms. X-ray crystal structures have revealed that the molecule has a linear structure with the nitrogen atom located on one side of the molecule and the phosphorus atom on the other side. It also contains two electron pairs at its center, which are responsible for its electrochemical properties.</p>

<p>(1R)-(-)-Menthyl acetate is a lipase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of esters and amides. It has been immobilized to produce a solid-state biocatalyst that is efficient for the hydrolysis of ester bonds. Candida is an unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the phylum Ascomycota, class Saccharomycetes. The enzyme has shown excellent activity against Candida albicans, which causes candidiasis.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 1-[2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethyl]-2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>2-(Benzimidazolylthio) acetic acid is a ligand that can be used as an antihelminthic. It can also be used to produce luminescent substances, inorganic salts and heterocycles. 2-(Benzimidazolylthio) acetic acid reacts with nucleophiles by nucleophilic attack, cleaving the bond and releasing the atom or group. 2-(Benzimidazolylthio) acetic acid has been used to synthesize condensation products with irradiation. This chemical has been shown to have antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 4-Methoxy retinoic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>3-Nitropropionic acid (3NPA) is a mitochondrial toxin that causes neuronal death by inhibiting complex enzyme activities and inducing reactive oxygen species production. 3NPA also alters mitochondrial membrane potential and induces pro-apoptotic protein expression, leading to neuronal cell death. 3NPA has been shown to be effective in the treatment of experimental models of infectious diseases, such as rat sepsis and human HIV infection, by reducing the number of activated T cells and CD4+ T cells. 3NPA also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the inflammatory responses of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils.</p>

<p>Methyl 5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylate is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It binds to COX-2 and prevents the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in the inflammatory process. Methyl 5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylate has been shown to inhibit mouse hippocampal cells and human THP1 cells, which are important in inflammation. This drug also interacts with other proteins and can be localized to mitochondria membrane potentials. Methyl 5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylate has the potential for use as an anti-inflammatory agent for cellular localization in mitochondria membrane potentials.</p>

<p>Hydroxybisnorcholenic acid is a sterol that is present in high concentrations in the skin and other tissues. It has been shown to have biological properties, such as meiosis, and to be involved in the regulation of ion transport. Hydroxybisnorcholenic acid is also one of the major components of the saponified product of cholesterol. The molecule is a target tissue for control levels of biochemical analysis and modulation by hormones. Hydroxybisnorcholenic acid can be converted into aminosterol, which then undergoes additional conversion to cholesterol.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 5-Amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)isonicotinic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 9,9-Bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-bis(boronic acidpinacolester) including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>4-Cyanobutanoic acid is a colorless organic solvent that is not soluble in water or polar organic solvents. It can be used for the immobilization of proteins, as well as for the desymmetrization and chlorination of aromatic compounds. One of its most common uses is in biocatalysis, where it acts as a substrate binding agent to help catalyze reactions. 4-Cyanobutanoic acid has also been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by acting as an electron acceptor during metabolism. This compound can be degraded through hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid or biodegradation.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Methyl 4-(benzyloxy)-1-methyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylate including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>4b-Hydoxy cholesterol 4-acetate is a pleiotropic drug with a wide range of pharmacological activities. It is an inhibitor of the sirtuin family of proteins and may have anti-cancer effects. It has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of depression and myelodysplastic syndrome. The mechanism of action for this agent is not well understood, but it may be due to its ability to inhibit DNA methyltransferases, which would lead to a change in DNA methylation patterns. 4b-Hydroxy cholesterol 4-acetate has also been shown to decrease lipid levels in the blood and increase the activity of liver enzymes that metabolize fatty acids. This drug can also modify lamellar bodies and short-chain fatty acids by inhibiting the enzyme ATP citrate lyase, which catalyzes citrate cleavage into acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate.</p>

<p>Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, sodium salt is a taurine-conjugated bile acid derivative, which is synthesized in the liver from ursodeoxycholic acid. It functions through its role in stabilizing the mitochondria and inhibiting apoptosis by modulating the unfolded protein response. This molecular action involves reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby providing cytoprotective effects in various cellular environments.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 3-Cyanothiophene-4-boronic acid pinacol ester including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Ethyl bromodifluoroacetate is a chemical substance that reacts with amines in the presence of copper to form a copper complex. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of organic compounds, such as pharmaceuticals. Ethyl bromodifluoroacetate is also used as a catalyst for cross-coupling reactions of organic molecules. This reaction requires low energy and can be performed under mild conditions. The asymmetric synthesis of ethyl bromodifluoroacetate requires few steps and only uses inexpensive starting materials. The carbonyl group is chemically stable, making it difficult to decompose or oxidize. However, hydrogen fluoride will react with ethyl bromodifluoroacetate and cause it to decompose into its elements, fluorine and carbon dioxide gas. In addition, nucleophilic attack by halides can lead to the formation of ethyl bromodifluoroacetate from other substances. Control agents are necessary</p>

<p>7-Phenylacetamide-3-chloromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid diphenylmethyl ester is an organic solution that is used in the detoxification of chemical substances. It has a hydroxyl group and is soluble in nonpolar solvents. 7PAMC has been shown to be effective against bone lesions caused by acylation reactions. This drug also binds to the enzyme called cytochrome P450, which is involved in the metabolism of many drugs. It also inhibits bacterial growth by binding to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes that maintain bacterial DNA integrity. The particle size of this drug is small, with a diameter of less than 10 microns. 7PAMC has a viscosity of 1 cps at 25°C and a melting point of 129°C.</p>

<p>Fluticasone propionate is a synthetic corticosteroid that is used in the treatment of asthma. It is an esterified prodrug which requires hydrolysis by esterases in order to become active. Fluticasone propionate has shown clinical efficacy with oral administration and can be administered by inhalation or through the skin. This drug is available as a deuterated form for use in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and reaction monitoring. It also has a linear range of 10-1000 ng/mL and a quadrupole mass spectrometer detection limit of 0.1 pmol, which allows it to be used for plasma samples and reconstituted drugs.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 4-{[1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]oxy}benzoic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Ethyl 6-methyl-2-thioxo-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about tert-Butyl 4,7-diazaspiro[2.5]octane-7-carboxylate including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>4-Bromo-2,5-difluorobenzoic acid is a potent inhibitor of isoforms CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. It is an acidic drug with a pKa of 3.8, which makes it ionizable in biological fluids. 4-Bromo-2,5-difluorobenzoic acid inhibits the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 by binding to the pharmacophore region of these enzymes. 4-Bromo-2,5-difluorobenzoic acid also has an isosteric functionality that increases its selectivity for CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 over other cytochrome P450 isoforms. The functional groups on 4-bromo-2,5-difluorobenzoic acid are part of the inhibitor's nature that make it selective for these two cytochrome</p>

<p>Lactic acid is a natural product that has been used for many years as an antimicrobial agent in wastewater treatment. It is also used in the food industry to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi, and as a preservative. Lactic acid has been shown to have a physiological effect on locomotor activity, which may be due to its ability to convert pyruvate into lactate. Lactic acid also inhibits the growth of some bacterial strains by increasing the disulfide bond formation between two cysteine residues. The sodium salt form of lactic acid is more soluble than the acid form and can be used as an experimental model for studying sodium-lactate interactions. Sodium lactate is used in maternal blood transfusions to increase blood pH levels during labor, and is also added to water vapor for humidification purposes.</p>