Antimicrobials

Treatment for leishmaniasis

Nadifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA synthesis and is used for treating acne vulgaris and bacterial skin infections.

Darunavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor used orally in the treatment of patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infection (Ghosh, 2007). It has also been shown to be effective against other infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus and SARS coronavirus. Metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes, darunavir is often administered together with ritonavir that prolongs its bioavaiability, giving a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 15 hours (Back, 2008). The effect of darunavir on natural compounds such as matrix proteins and toll-like receptor activity has also been studied via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments.

Amicetin is a type of antibiotic, which is derived from bacterial sources, specifically from Streptomyces species. It functions primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria, achieved through interfering with the aminoacyl-tRNA binding process on the ribosome. This mechanism disrupts the translation process, thereby preventing bacterial growth and replication.

Second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic

STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II is a targeted inhibitor for β-galactosidase producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II is triggered by the enzyme β-galactosidase which is produced by E.coli (EHEC), thermophilic lactic acid bacteria, and other coliform bacteria. STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II can help to selectively inhibit the growth of E. coli in complex bacterial cultures and can be used in microbiome studies, food control, environmental safety, hygiene, and clinical diagnostics. STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II is not compatible with some experimental conditions, e.g. pH indicators such as neutral red, indigo stains, and possibly H2S staining. STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II can be added as an enzyme-specific selective supplement to agar plates and as an enrichment agent to broth culture.

STAADIUMTM PeptiZide L-Ala is a targeted inhibitor for L-alanine aminopeptidase-producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUMTM PeptiZide L-Ala is triggered by the enzyme L-alanine aminopeptidase, an enzyme located in the bacterial cell wall and is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria. L-alanine aminopeptidase has not been experimentally detected in Campylobacter species, anaerobic bacilli, Gram-positive and Gram-variable bacteria. More details in the application notes document.

Sulbactam sodium is a beta-lactamase inhibitor with action on bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and is used for enhancing the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics.

Non-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase; anti-viral

Membrane pore-forming agent; H+, K+, Pb2+ ionophore; polyether antibiotic

Hexadecylphosphocholine, better known as miltefosine, belongs to the group of phospholipids. The long alkyl chain and a polar group of a molecule proved to be essential for antitumor activity, especially to cure breast cancer cells. The apoptotic process takes place in the plasma membrane, where molecules are inserted and then influence signaling pathways. Moreover, during preclinical studies hexadecylphosphocholine (He-PC) found to be highly effective in inhibiting the growth of chemically induced rat mammary carcinomas, and even a high percentage of the tumors regressed completely. The He-PC has many more applications such as antifungal agent, antiprotozoal drug, protein kinase inhibitor or immunomodulator. Even though miltefosine was originally developed in the 1980s as an anti-cancer agent, new studies have demonstrated activity against Leishmania parasites and neoplastic cells, and due to broad spectrum of antimicrobial effects, it is recommended as a first line treatment for free-living amebae infections.

Colistin sodium methanesulfonate is an antibiotic, which is a derivative of polymyxin E sourced from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa. Its mode of action involves disrupting the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids, leading to cell death.

Kanamycin B is a broad spectrum antibiotic active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, often used to treat eye infections. Compared to Kanamycin A, it exhibits stronger interaction with the acidic phospholipids.