Terpenoids

<p>Beta-Aescin (also known as€ beta-escin) is a mixture of saponins produced by the horse chestnut tree, Aesculus hippocastanum, with most published reports relating to the pharmacological properties that it shows. It is reported that beta-aescin is a safe and very tolerable drug in the treatment of post thrombotic syndrome and chronic venous insufficiency. Aescin shows promise in the treatment of arthritis and appears to have potential as an anti-cancer drug. In fact, beta-aescin is active on glioblastoma-initiating cells (GIC), which have the ability to initiate glioblastoma growth. Glioblastoma multiform is the most abundant primary tumor of the human nervous system. Beta-aescin was more efficient in diminishing GIC growth compared to present clinically used drugs.</p>

<p>Effusanin E is a specialized natural compound that falls under the category of secondary metabolites. It is derived from microorganisms, specifically isolated from bacterial sources, which include soil-dwelling bacteria known for their unique biosynthetic capabilities. This compound's mode of action primarily involves inhibiting the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria. It achieves this by disrupting vital bacterial processes, potentially targeting aspects of cell wall synthesis or protein production, although the exact mechanisms may vary and require further elucidation.</p>

<p>Saikosaponin A is a triterpene saponin, which is a bioactive compound extracted from the roots of the Bupleurum species, primarily Bupleurum falcatum. As a phytochemical, it interacts with cell membranes to exert its effects. Saikosaponin A is known to modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and influencing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, it can enhance immune responses by regulating T-cell proliferation and differentiation.</p>

<p>20(R)Ginsenoside Rh2 is a bioactive compound, specifically a ginsenoside, which is derived from the roots of Panax ginseng. This compound is categorized as a rare saponin, produced through the enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides found naturally in ginseng. Its mode of action involves modulating various cellular pathways, including signaling pathways related to apoptosis, inflammation, and immune responses. It has been shown to exert anticancer effects through induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, and disruption of cell cycle progression in cancer cells. Additionally, it may influence the immune system by enhancing or regulating immune cell activity.</p>

<p>Brusatol is a NRF2 inhibitor that has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Brusatol may have anti-cancer effects and can cause apoptosis in some cancer cells. It is a plant derived natural quassinoid.</p>

<p>Cineole, often referred to as eucalyptol, is a monoterpenoid and a cyclic ether that represents a key constituent of certain essential oils. It is primarily sourced from the leaves of Eucalyptus species, but also found in smaller quantities within other aromatic plants such as rosemary, sage, and tea tree. Cineole exerts its effects through a multifaceted mode of action, acting predominantly as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent. This is achieved by disrupting the lipid membrane of microbial pathogens, leading to their destabilization and eventual demise. Additionally, cineole modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby ameliorating symptoms associated with inflammation.</p>

<p>Triptophenolide is a bioactive compound, which is a diterpenoid lactone extracted from the plant Tripterygium wilfordii. This compound is characterized by its ability to modulate various molecular targets and pathways associated with inflammation and immune response. The mode of action of triptophenolide involves the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, a pivotal transcription factor that regulates genes involved in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, and survival. By disrupting NF-κB activity, triptophenolide effectively decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators.</p>

<p>Asiaticoside B is a natural saponin compound, which is extracted from the plant Centella asiatica. This compound predominantly acts through modulating collagen synthesis and activating fibroblasts, which are crucial for wound healing. Additionally, Asiaticoside B exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation at the cellular level.</p>

<p>Cryptotanshinone is a naturally occurring bioactive compound, which is an abietane diterpenoid sourced from the roots of *Salvia miltiorrhiza*, commonly known as Danshen. This compound exhibits a distinct mode of action characterized by its inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway, which is crucial in the regulation of gene expression involved in cell growth and survival. Furthermore, Cryptotanshinone demonstrates the ability to modulate various other molecular targets, such as the androgen receptor, rendering it valuable in the pharmacological landscape.</p>

<p>Intermediate in the mevalonate pathway for biosynthesis of vitamins E and K</p>

<p>Secondary plant metabolite with antimicrobial properties produced in response to plant infection and exposure to UV light. This diterpenoid phytoalexin is found in rice (Oryza sativa).</p>

<p>Hispidol is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, which is extracted from the Leguminosae family of plants. This class of compounds is characterized by its polyphenolic structure, contributing to its role within plant defense mechanisms. With an origin primarily in legumes, hispidol’s bioactive properties stem from its ability to interact with various enzymatic and receptor pathways.</p>

<p>Gedunin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound which is primarily found in the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) and other plants in the Meliaceae family.Gedunin works by inhibiting heat shock proteins (Hsp), which are involved in protein folding and stress responses in cells. It also triggers apoptosis in cancer cells and modulates inflammatory pathways to reduce inflammation.Gedunin is used for its anticancer, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. It has shown promise in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, effectively combating malaria parasites, exhibiting antimicrobial properties, reducing inflammation, and potentially benefiting neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's.</p>

<p>Asiaticoside is a natural glycoside product extracted primarily from the plant Centella asiatica. It is a triterpenoid saponin derived from this medicinal herb, which is well-regarded for its therapeutic properties in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. Asiaticoside operates primarily on a biochemical level by promoting collagen synthesis, enhancing angiogenesis, and modulating inflammatory responses. These actions are facilitated through the activation of key signaling pathways, including the TGF-β/Smad pathway, which plays a crucial role in cellular differentiation and proliferation.</p>

<p>A diterpenoid from Chinese medicinal plant Rabdosia rubescens with anti-inflammatory activity. It is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB and MAPK activation and suppresses the release of proinflammatory cytokines. It is also a covalent inhibitor of NLRP3, a sensor component of NLRP3 inflammasome. In a rodent model for cerebral amyloidosis, oridonin effectively prevented neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease-associated neuropathological changes. It reduced numbers of amyloid-β plaques in mice brain and reversed behaviour and social impairment.</p>

<p>Diosbulbin B is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone, which is derived primarily from the plant Dioscorea bulbifera, commonly known as "air potato" or "bitter yam." As a bioactive compound, Diosbulbin B demonstrates a mode of action that involves the induction of cytotoxicity in malignant cells, primarily through the disruption of microtubule dynamics, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.</p>

<p>**Acetoxyvalerenic acid** is a bioactive compound, which is a sesquiterpenic constituent derived from the roots of *Valeriana officinalis*, commonly known as valerian. This perennial flowering plant is indigenous to Europe and parts of Asia and has been historically utilized for its sedative and calming effects. Recent phytochemical studies have isolated acetoxyvalerenic acid as one of the active sesquiterpenoids contributing to these effects.</p>

<p>Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, which is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, including olives, apples, and medicinal herbs. It exhibits a wide range of biological activities primarily due to its interaction with cellular signaling pathways. Oleanolic acid exerts its effects by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation through the inhibition of key enzymes and the regulation of gene expression related to these pathways.</p>

<p>Volvalerenic acid is a sesquiterpene compound, which is a naturally occurring organic constituent found in the roots of Valeriana species, particularly Valeriana officinalis. This compound is primarily obtained through the extraction of these roots utilizing organic solvents and further chromatographic purification methods.</p>

<p>(20S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is a bioactive saponin compound derived from the root of Panax ginseng. It is a naturally occurring component in ginseng, a traditional medicinal plant extensively studied for its diverse health benefits. The mode of action of (20S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 primarily involves the modulation of cellular pathways, such as the inhibition of tumor growth through apoptosis induction and anti-angiogenic effects. Additionally, it interacts with various signaling molecules, leading to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activities.</p>

<p>Cycloartenol is a triterpenoid alcohol, which serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of sterols. It is primarily derived from plant sources, as it plays a central role in the sterol synthesis pathway in higher plants. The mode of action of cycloartenol involves its conversion into various phytosterols through enzyme-catalyzed reactions, a process that is crucial for the formation of membrane lipids and signaling molecules in plants.</p>

<p>Prosaikogenin A is a bioactive compound that belongs to the category of ginsenosides, which are saponins derived from the roots of the Panax ginseng plant. This compound is recognized for its significant pharmacological properties, primarily sourced from this traditional medicinal herb used extensively in East Asian medicine.</p>

<p>Dehydrocostus lactone is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a natural compound extracted from plants, notably from the roots of Saussurea lappa, a plant known for its therapeutic properties. This compound exerts its mode of action primarily through the inhibition of key inflammatory pathways, including the NF-κB pathway. By interfering with these pathways, dehydrocostus lactone can modulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects.</p>

<p>Dihydroartemisinin is an antimalarial agent, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin. Artemisinin is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone derived from the sweet wormwood plant, Artemisia annua. The mode of action of dihydroartemisinin involves the generation of free radicals within the parasite's cells. This process occurs when the endoperoxide bridge in its chemical structure reacts with iron, leading to oxidative damage and subsequent parasite death.</p>

<p>Ginsenoside Rb1 - 98% is a purified chemical compound, specifically a saponin, derived from the roots of Panax ginseng, a perennial plant native to East Asia. The compound belongs to the ginsenoside family, which constitutes the primary active components of ginseng.</p>

<p>Toosendanin is a bioinsecticidal compound, which is a natural product isolated from the bark of the Melia toosendan tree, also known as the Chinese Melia. The source of this compound lies in the Meliaceae family, known for its diverse array of bioactive phytochemicals.</p>

<p>Sterebin A is a natural sweetener, which is derived from the plant Stevia rebaudiana, a species native to South America. The primary source of Sterebin A is the leaves of this plant, which contain glycosides such as stevioside and rebaudioside. These glycosides interact with taste receptors on the tongue, providing a sweetness that is significantly more intense than sucrose, without the caloric content. The biochemical mechanism involves the binding of these compounds to specific receptor sites, simulating the perception of sweetness in humans.</p>

<p>Ursolic acid - 90% is a natural compound classified as a pentacyclic triterpenoid, which is derived predominantly from the waxy coating of apples, as well as other fruits and herbs such as rosemary and thyme. This highly concentrated form ensures a purity level suited for scientific research and application.</p>

<p>Natural diterpene; anti-microbial</p>

<p>Ginsenoside F11 is a saponin compound, which is a bioactive component derived from Panax quinquefolius, commonly known as American ginseng. This compound is extracted from the roots of the plant, where it naturally occurs as part of its complex phytochemical profile. Ginsenoside F11 acts through multiple biochemical pathways, primarily by modulating neurotransmitter systems and exhibiting antioxidant properties. It influences cellular mechanisms by interacting with specific receptors and enzymes, thereby affecting signal transduction processes.</p>

<p>Beta-Eudesmol is a sesquiterpenoid alcohol, which is a naturally occurring compound found in several essential oils extracted from plants, particularly those belonging to the genus Zingiberaceae. It is a major component in some aromatic species, manifesting as a colorless or pale yellow viscous liquid at room temperature.</p>

<p>Epibetulinic acid is a naturally occurring triterpenoid acid, which is a derivative of betulinic acid. This compound is primarily sourced from the bark of birch trees, specifically from the Betula genus. It is a pentacyclic compound characterized by its typical lupane skeleton. Epibetulinic acid is noted for its diverse biological activities, underscoring its potent mode of action as a modulator of various cellular pathways.</p>

<p>Erythrodiol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid alcohol, which is primarily derived from the hydrolysis of oleanolic acid, found predominantly in the leaves and fruits of the olive tree, Olea europaea. As a bioactive compound, it plays a significant role in various biological processes due to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties.</p>

<p>Manool is a diterpene compound, which is derived from natural plant sources, predominantly from the essential oils of certain coniferous trees. It exhibits a unique cyclic structure and is classified within the group of labdane diterpenes. Manool is extracted through steam distillation of the plant material followed by purification processes to isolate its active form.</p>

<p>Ginsenoside Rc is a bioactive compound, which is a triterpenoid saponin derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant. It possesses a unique mode of action through its interaction with cell membrane receptors, influencing various signaling pathways. Among its many effects, Ginsenoside Rc modulates immune response, exhibits antioxidant properties, and can regulate glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function.</p>

<p>Saikosaponin B2 is a naturally occurring triterpenoid saponin, which is a secondary metabolite primarily sourced from the roots of Bupleurum species. These plants are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, valued for their diverse pharmacological activities. The mode of action of Saikosaponin B2 involves modulation of inflammatory pathways, specifically through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduction of oxidative stress. It also exhibits potential in modulating immune responses and possesses hepatoprotective effects.</p>

<p>Ursolic acid - 98% is a naturally occurring triterpenoid compound, which is sourced primarily from the waxy coating of fruits, such as apples, as well as from several medicinal herbs like rosemary and holy basil. This compound is known to possess a variety of biological activities due to its molecular structure.</p>

<p>Gentiopicroside is a bitter iridoid glycoside, which is predominantly sourced from plants of the Gentianaceae family, such as Gentiana lutea. It acts as a natural compound with several biological activities emanating from its unique chemical structure. The mode of action of gentiopicroside involves modulating various enzymatic pathways and exhibiting antioxidant properties due to its ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.</p>

<p>Gibberellic acid A4 is a phytohormone and plant growth regulator, which is a diterpene acid derived from the fungal genus *Gibberella*. This compound functions by stimulating the production of enzymes that degrade cell wall components, allowing for cell elongation and division. Additionally, it influences the expression of genes related to growth and development processes.</p>

<p>Valencene is a sesquiterpene, which is a naturally occurring terpenoid hydrocarbon. It is primarily sourced from the essential oils of citrus fruits, particularly Valencia oranges. Its mode of action involves its volatile nature, which contributes to its distinctive, sweet, citrusy aroma. Valencene is often synthesized or extracted using advanced biotechnological methods, ensuring high purity and consistency.</p>

<p>Benzoylpaeoniflorin is a glycoside, which is a naturally occurring compound found in certain plants. It is primarily sourced from the roots of *Paeonia lactiflora*, a herbaceous plant commonly used in traditional medicine. The compound exerts its effects through several mechanisms, including the inhibition of inflammatory mediators and modulation of oxidative stress pathways. Benzoylpaeoniflorin acts by targeting specific signaling pathways that regulate inflammation and cellular stress responses, contributing to its therapeutic potential.</p>

<p>Ginkgolide A is a terpenoid lactone, which is a diterpene known for its presence in the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. As a bioactive compound, it is naturally sourced from this ancient plant, which has been utilized in traditional medicine for centuries. Ginkgolide A acts primarily as an antagonist of platelet-activating factor (PAF), thereby influencing a range of physiological processes. Its modulatory effects on neurotransmission and vascular function arise from its ability to inhibit PAF binding to its receptor, reducing platelet aggregation and improving microcirculatory flow.</p>

<p>Monotropein is a bioactive compound, which is an iridoid glycoside derived from natural sources such as plants in the Gentianaceae and Rubiaceae families. Its mode of action primarily involves anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways, exerting effects through modulation of specific molecular targets like NF-kB and various oxidative stress-related enzymes. These actions contribute to its efficacy in reducing inflammation and protecting against cellular oxidative damage.</p>

<p>Eupatolide is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a class of naturally occurring organic compounds. It is primarily derived from certain plants in the Asteraceae family, such as Eupatorium species. Eupatolide exhibits its biological effects through the modulation of various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, which plays a critical role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses.</p>

<p>Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside, which is a type of compound extracted primarily from the leaves of the Digitalis purpurea plant, also known as the common foxglove. This natural source provides digitoxin with its potent pharmacological properties.</p>

<p>Picrotin is a natural compound, which is derived from the Anamirta cocculus plant, commonly known as the Indian berry or fishberry. It belongs to the class of sesquiterpene lactones, which are known for their complex structures and bioactivity. The mode of action of picrotin primarily involves interactions with the central nervous system, although the exact molecular targets are not fully elucidated. Studies suggest that it may act as a GABA receptor antagonist, which can influence neurotransmitter activity.</p>

<p>Momordin 1c is a triterpenoid saponin, a type of secondary metabolite, extracted primarily from species of the plant genus *Momordica*, such as *Momordica charantia*—commonly known as bitter melon. This compound is characterized by its unique structure, which contributes to its biological activities.</p>

<p>Pseudolaric acid B is a diterpenoid acid, which is isolated from the roots and bark of the Pseudolarix amabilis, a tree native to China. This compound exhibits a complex mode of action, primarily disrupting microtubule dynamics, which interferes with cell division. Pseudolaric acid B targets the polymerization of tubulin, thereby inhibiting mitotic spindle formation and leading to cell cycle arrest. Its bioactivity has been extensively studied for its potential applications in both anti-fungal and anti-cancer therapies. In the context of cancer research, pseudolaric acid B is of particular interest due to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in tumor cells. As an anti-fungal agent, it has been shown to possess efficacy against various pathogenic fungi, offering potential utility in agricultural contexts as well. The multi-faceted mechanisms of action and broad application possibilities make Pseudolaric acid B a subject of ongoing research in pharmacology and biotechnology.</p>

<p>Ciwujianoside E is a natural compound, which is a saponin derived from the roots of *Eleutherococcus senticosus*, commonly known as Siberian ginseng. This plant is native to regions in Northeast Asia, and it belongs to the Araliaceae family. Ciwujianoside E is one of several bioactive constituents found in the root extracts, which are traditionally used in herbal medicine.</p>

<p>Isosteviol is a diterpenoid compound, which is a metabolite derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of stevioside, a glycoside found in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. Its mode of action involves modulation of various biological pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic effects. These actions are attributed to its ability to interact with specific cellular targets, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and improving insulin sensitivity.</p>