Botanical Source

Nardosinone is an enhancer of nerve growth factor and possesses a wide range of pharmacological effects, including sedative, adaptogen-like, anti-depressive, anti-leukemic, anti-tumorous, and anti-trypanosomal activities. It has a wide spectrum of targets including PI3K,Akt,MEK,ERK, PKA, MAPK.

Artemisinic acid, is the immediate precursor of the semi-synthesis artemisinin, could be a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, high-quality and reliable source of artemisinin;and artemisinin is highly effective against multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium spp.

Pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin exhibit hepatoprotective activity mainly via SOD antioxidant mechanism, can prevent the hepatic injury in rats caused by D-galactosamine.

Eleutheroside E(EE) has anti-inflammatory and protective effects in ischemia heart, the beneficial effect of EE may provide an effective and powerful strategy to alleviate behavioral alterations induced by sleep deprivation, it may influence to immune-enhancing through increasing the physical endurance capacity and immune cell activation. EE significantly decreases the inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, cartilage damage, bone erosion of CIA mice, the generation of TNF-α and IL-6, the metabolism of drugs metabolized via CYP2C9 and CYP2E1.

Cycloastragenol(CAG), a triterpene aglycone derived from Radix astragali , can suppress the accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplet in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Nomilin has immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), cancer chemopreventive, antiangiogenic, anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Nomilin inhibits tumor-specific angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF, NO and proinflammatory cytokine profile and also by inhibiting the activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. It inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro by suppression of NFATc1 and MAPK signaling pathways, indicates that nomilin-containing herbal preparations have potential utility for the prevention of bone metabolic diseases.

Isochlorogenic acid A possesses the potent anti-hepatitis B activity and anti-HBV activity, could be achieved by its antioxidative property and induction of HO-1.

Qingyangshengenin is a a glycoside from the roots of Cynanchum otophyllum.

Isocucurbitacin B has significantly activities against HeLa and HT-29 human cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.93 to 9.73uM.

Schisanhenol has antioxidative effect on human LDL oxidation, may be through scavenging free radicals; it also has anti-apoptosis effect on BACSs, may be related to its inhibition of ROS generation. Schisanhenol can protect against adriamycin induced heart mitochondrial toxicity.

Platycodon D (PD) and D3 (PD3) isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum has been previously reported to show anti-inflammatory activities in rats, PD may stimulate TNF-α synthesis or inhibit degradation of TNF-α mRNA, suggest a dichotomous regulation of these important proinflammatory mediators by PD and PD3.

Calycosin, a major isoflavonoid isolated from Radix Astragal, induces angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures (HUVEC) in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo via the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 mRNA expression;it acts similar to other selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) to promote angiogenesis via activation of MAPK with the involvement of ERK1/2 and ER. , such as raloxifene and tamoxifen, by displaying selective potency and affinity to estrogen receptors ERa and ERb.

Linarin is a flavone glycoside in the plants Flos chrysanthemi indici, Buddleja officinalis, Cirsium setosum, Mentha arvensis and Buddleja davidii, possesses analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities.

Sinapine thiocyanate has antioxidant activities and is hepatoprotective in a dose-dependent manner, implies that Brassica rapa seeds could be developed as a functional food for hepatoprotection.

Chlorogenic acid has antioxidative activity, superoxide anion radicals, and radical scavenging activity.

Genkwanin has antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities, it enhances host immunity, decreases the inflammatory cytokine levels, and regulates the miR-101/MKP-1/MAPK pathway.Genkwanin may have anti-skin ageing activity, it can up-regulate the transcriptional activation of human type vii collagen gene promoter, stimulating the formation of anchoring fibrils at the basement membrane zone in skin contributed to preventing skin ageing; it also induces a decrease of melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity, it could as skin whitening agent in cosmetic preparations.

Isoforsythiaside, a novel phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Forsythia suspensa, has antioxidant effect and antibacterial activity, may be as the alternative antioxidants and antibacterial agents from natural origin.

Quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside, a potent inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme release, shows anti-inflammatory activity, can significantly inhibit arachidonic acid release from membranes.

Jervine exhibits cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines A549, PANC-1, SW1990 and NCI-H249, it induces COX-2 overexpression in human erythroleukemia cells. Jervine exhibits potent toxic effects against Colorado potato beetle.

Praeruptorin C (Pra-C), one of the principal bioactive components derived from the root of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn, has been widely used as an antioxidant and a calcium antagonist to treat diseases, Pra-C partially also protects cortical neurons by inhibiting the expression of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and regulating the Bcl-2 family.

Echinatin has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammary activities, it shows strong scavenging activity toward the ABTS + radical, it also inhibits the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-induced macrophage cells. Echinatin disturbs the mitochondrial energy transfer reactions and membrane permeability, at a low concentration cause deterioration of respiratory control and oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat liver mitochondria, inhibits DNP-ATPase activity while stimulating range latent ATPase activity.

Benzoylmesaconine (BEN, an aconitine derivative extracted from heated-Aconiti tuber) induces the generation of CD4+ T cells antagonistic to type 2 T cells (BEN-CD4+ T cells), the combination therapy of IL-12 (an inducer of type 1 T cell responses) and BEN (an inhibitor of type 2 T cell responses) may protect TI-mice from severe HSV-1 infection.

Asperulosidic acid has been recently used in chinese medicine as a useful drug against some tumors. It has anticlastogenic activity, since the anticlastogenic irridoids have an alpha-unsaturated carbonyl group, this structure is considered to play an important role in the anticlastogenicity. Asperulosidic acid can inhibit the seed germination and growth of seedlings of large crabgrass. Asperulosidic acid, and 6-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-O-octanoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose are effective in suppressing 12-O-tedtradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)- or epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cell transformation and associated AP-1 activity.

Limonin is a widely used dietary supplement, one of the most prevalent citrus limonoids, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)activity. It induced a down regulation of TLR-2 ,TLR-4,TNF-α, TNF-α/IL-10,NF-κB and caspase. It showed the potent inhibition of CYP3A4, with IC50 values of 6.20 μM (CYP3A4/testosterone) and 19.10 μM (CYP3A4/midazolam).

Wogonin is one major constituent of Scutellaria baicalensis, possesses potent anticancer activities , the activities are largely due to their abilities to scavenge oxidative radicals, to attenuate NF-kappaB activity, to inhibit several genes important for regulation of the cell cycle, to suppress COX-2 gene expression and to prevent viral infections.

Farrerol has antioxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic activities, it is a potential candidate for the intervention of endothelial-injury-associated cardiovascular diseases. Farrerol inactivates KEAP-1 or activates the Akt, p38 and ERK to facilitate the release of Nrf2 from Keap1 and subsequent reduces the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species via the induction of HO-1 expression. Farrerol can inhibit angiogenesis through down regulation of Akt/mTOR, Erk and Jak2/Stat3 signal pathway, and can inhibit IL-1β-induced inflammatory responses in osteoarthritis chondrocytes by blocking PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.