Biochemicals and Reagents

<p>Applications Glycolithocholic-2,2,4,4-d4 Acid (CAS# 2044276-16-4) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Vinylphenol, 10 wt.% In propylene glycol (cas# 2628-17-3) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Carbamyl-L-glutamic Acid has been shown to have protective effects against ammonia intoxication and is used in the treatment of acute hyperammonemia.<br>References Paik, W.K. et al.: Life Sci., 15, 1189 (1974); O'Connor, J.E. et al.: Eur. J. Pediat., 148, 540 (1989); Lee, J.H. et al.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Chem., 248, 391 (1998);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Fluoropyrimidine nucleotides as probes of RNA structure using 19F-NMR spectroscopy.<br>References Metzler, W., et al.: J. Magn. Reson., 76, 534 (1988), de Dios, A., et al.: Science, 260, 1491 (1993), Kulinski, T., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 278, 38892 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Carboxyfluorescein-N-hydroxysuccinimide Ester is one of the most popular green fluorescent probe used for labeling peptides, proteins and nucleotides. It was used as a reagent in the determination of the intracellular pH in bacteria.<br>References Breeuwer, P., et al.: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 178 (1996);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is a derivative of sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine (G598700) and can be used as a biomarker in biological studies.<br>References Bowers, J., et al.: J. Chromatogr. B, 966, 154 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled metabolite of Malachite Green in seafood products. A labelled triphenylmethane dye with fungicidal and limited antiseptic activity. The term Malachine green applies to the oxalate as well as the chloride. Harmful if swallowed. Avoid release to the environment.<br>References Carter, S.G., et al.: J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 7, 7 (1982), Saikan, S., et al.: J. Chem. Phys., 79, 4154 (1983), Clemmensen, S., et al.: Arch. Toxicol., 56, 43 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Stability Air Sensitive<br>Applications (E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylaldehyde (cas# 4206-58-0) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Dihexadecyldimethylammonium Chloride is used in hair cosmetic as a emulsion agent.<br>References Guimaraes, J. P. D., et al., PCT Int. Appl. (2020), WO 2020257889 A1;<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Labelled Cholesterol (C432501). Cholesterol is the principal sterol of the higher animals. Cholesterol was found in all body tissues, especial in the brain, spinal cord, and in animal fats or oils. Cholesterol is the main constituent of gallstones.<br>References Rosin, Z., et al.: Physiol. Chem., 124, 282 (1923), Schoenheimer, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 105, 355 (1934), Gemant, et al.: Life Sci., 1, 233 (1962), Johnson, K., et al.: 4, 457 (1964),<br></p>

<p>Applications An uridine derivative as therapeutic agent for treating allergy, cancer, infection and autoimmune disease.<br>References Fu, M., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 271, 9982 (1996), Thornalley, P., et al.: Biochem. J., et al.: 344, 109 (1999), Munter, T., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 15, 1549 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications Potent crosslinking inhibitors.<br>References Sloan, J., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 274, 23740 (1999).<br></p>

<p>Applications Reactive Red 195 is an azo dye used in the textile industry to enhance the colour of a variety of fabrics.<br>References Ma, W. et al.: Chinese J. Chem. Eng., 24, 175 (2016);<br></p>

<p>Applications TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ACRYLATE (cas# 2399-48-6) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications A sulfhydryl cross-linking reagent.<br>References Loo, T., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 276, 40, 36877 (2001)<br></p>

<p>Applications p-SCN-Bn-NOTA is a bifunctional chelating agent.<br>References Sarkar, S., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 61, 385 (2018)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Mutilin, is used to perform biological studies with focus on antimicrobial activity. This complex is also a reagent in the production of pleuromutilin derivatives.<br>References Helmut, E., et al.: J. Antibiot., 29, 923 (1976)<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose (cas# 447-25-6) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Potassium p-Nitrophenyl Sulphate (cas# 6217-68-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications A non-essential amino acid found in food sources and dietary supplements. Its conjugate base D-aspartate has potential use as a a therapeutic agent in the treatment of schizophrenia-related symptoms.<br>References Errico, F. et al.: J. Neurosci., 28, 10404 (2008); Denu, J.M. et al.: Biochem., 34, 3396 (1995); Chen, P.E. et al.: Mol. Pharmacol., 67, 1470 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Amino-nicotinonitrile<br></p>

<p>Applications Erythrosin B is an organoiodine compound that is a useful biological stain. Suggested to be effective in vital exclusion staining in monolayer culture. Dyes and metabolites.<br></p>

<p>Applications Metoprolol Fumarate (cas# 119637-66-0) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Food Red No. 102 is an artificial coloring food additive. Dye. Dyes and metabolites, Environmental Testing<br>References McCann, D. et al.: Lancet. 370, 1560 (2007); Kim, Y. et al.: Text. Res. J., 71, 318 (2001);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Hydroxysuberic Acid is a derivative of sebacic acid (S211410) a urinary metabolite that has been identified as an anti-fatigue biomarker.<br>References Ma, C. et. al.: J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 105, 84 (2015)<br></p>

<p>Applications Teneligliptin Hydrobromide (2:5) is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that is used to treat type 2 diabetes. It is eliminated via excretion, and has a half-life of 24.2 hours in the human body.<br>References Goda, M. &amp; Kadowaki, T.: Drugs Today, 49, 615 (2013); Kishimoto, M.: Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes., 6, 187 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Busan 85 is a useful intermediate that has been used in the synthetic preparation of sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as antitumor agents.<br>References Supuran, C.T.; et al.: Bioorganic Med. Chem., 9, 703 (2001)<br></p>

<p>Applications Isotope labelled 17β-Estradiol (E888000), which is the major estrogen (1) secreted by the premenopausal ovary (2).Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), environmental, and food contaminants.<br>References 1. Salole, E. et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. 1986 15, 23 283-3182. Lievertz, R. et al.: Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1987 May;156(5):1289-93.<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications L-Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized by the human body under normal physiological conditions if a sufficient quantity of methionine is available. L-Cysteine is commonly used as a precursor in the food and pharmaceutical industries. L-Cysteine is used as a processing aid for baking, as an additive in cigarettes, as well as in the preparation of meat flavours.<br>References Hui, N. et al.: Meat Sci. Appl., 74 (2001); Kiviharju, K. et al.: J. Biotechnol., 117, 299 (2005); Pecivova, P. et al.: J. Sci. Food Agric., 90, 1681 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Pigment Green 7 (CAS# 1328-53-6) is an organometallic pigment used in tattoo inks and plastics.<br>References Persechino, S., et al.: Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 206, 547 (2019); Ivleva, N. P.; et al.: Nachr. Chem., 63, 46 (2015); Tavanaie, M. A.; Dyes and Pigments, 114, 267 (2015)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 2-Chloro-1,4-phenylenediamine Sulfate<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A potential inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase.<br>References Wolcott, T.G., et al.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 57, 709 (1974), Knowles, P.F., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 114, 139 (1981),<br></p>

<p>Applications A sterol, similar to cholesterol and is a substrate for the sterol 27-hydroxylase enzyme in the bile salt synthetic pathway. The accumulation of this compound in urine can manifest as jaundice or, in more extreme cases, is a sign of Xanthomatosis.<br>References Honda, A., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 276, 34579 (2001), Krasowski, M., et al.: Mol. Endocrinol., 19, 1720 (2005), Mast, N., et al.: Biochem., 45, 4396 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine Dihydrochloride, is structurally similar to Benzidine (B121000), and thus is considered a carcinogen. It can be used in the production of azo dyes. Dyes and metabolites, Environmental Testing<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Min, Zh., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxic., 26, 741 (2013); Rainer, F., et al.: Mutation Research, Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 691, 27 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 3-Indolepropionic-d2 acid is deuterium labelled 3-Indolepropionic acid (I627170). 3-Indolepropionic acid is a deamination product of Tryptophan (T947200) that protects the hippocampus (studied in gerbils) from ischemic damage and oxidative stress. It’s ability to protect the neurons in this way is attributed to its potent antioxidative effects. 3-Indolepropionic acid is also hypothesized to have protective effects on the thyroid gland.<br>References Hwang, I., et al.: J. Neurosci. Res., 87, 2126 (2009); Karbownik, M., et al.: J. Cell. Biochem., 95, 131 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications An amine reactive homobifunctional crosslinking reagent. Used to crosslink ß-endorphin to opioid receptors.Spacer Arm: 13.0 Angstroms<br>References Zarling, D.A., et al.: J. Immunol., 124, 913 (1980), Howard, A.D., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 260, 10833 (1985), Bouizar, Z., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 155, 141 (1986)<br></p>

<p>Applications (2S,4R)-4-Hydroxy-L-glutamic Acid is a metabolite of Glutamic acid (G596960).<br>References Hampson, D., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 274, 33488 (1999), Jensen, A., et al.: Eur. J. Pharmacol., 397, 247 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Applications Urolithin A is a major metabolite of ellagitannin and exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.<br>References Ishimoto, H., et. al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 5901 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications Coronene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in smoked fish and was examined for potential toxic and carcinogenic effects.<br>References Mihlca, G. L., et al.: J. Agroliment. Process. Technol., 17, 392 (2011); Zitka, O., et al.: Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7, 908 (2012); Rogge, W.F., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 401, 3069 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Applications Ecamsule can be used in biological study and cosmetic use of polyhydroxy fullerene sunscreen active agents and compositions.<br>References Krishna, V., et al.: PCT Int. Appl., WO 2017136809 A1 20170810 (2017)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Sodium 2-Methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate (CAS# 15058-19-2) is a useful reagent for preparing thiazoline and oxazoline substrates for FMN-containing oxidase domains of epothilone synthetase and bleomycin synthetase.<br>References Schneider, T. L., et al.: Biochemistry, 42, 9722 (2003)<br></p>

<p>Applications A sulfhydryl crosslinking reagent.<br>References Casale, G., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9, 1037 (1996), Misra, A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 17, 3749 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications Abacavir-d4 is deuterium labeled Abacavir (A104990). Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br>References (1) Jackson, A., et al.: Antivir Ther. 17, 19 (2012) (2) Yuen, G. J., et al.: Clin Pharmacokinet. 47, 351 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Applications UDP-3-O-[R-3-Hydroxymyristoyl]-N-[R-3-hydroxymyristoyl] Glucosamine Tris Salt is the salt version of [2(R),3(R)]-P'-[2-Deoxy-3-O-(3-hydroxy-1-oxotetradecyl)-2-[(3-hydroxy-1-oxotetradecyl)amino]-α-D-glucopyranosyl] Ester Uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) (CAS 90293-60-0) which can be used in biological study for reconstruction of metabolic network in bovine mammary gland tissue. Potent drug or API metabolite.<br>References Wang, C., et al.: Mol. Biol. Rep., 39, 7311-7318 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-(-)-Canadine is a protoberberine alkaloid which potently block functional KATP channels natively expressed on midbrain dopamine neurons. Canadine is used for treatment of degenerative diseases or conditions associated with KATP channel signaling. (S)-(-)-Canadine has a strong central nervous system-depressing activity and is used in the preparation of tetrahydroprotoberberine derivatives as new antipsychotic agents.<br>References Sun, H. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 21, 856 (2013); Deeb, O., et al.: Chem. Biol. Drug Des., 76, 255 (2010); Sun., et al.: Br. J. Pharmcol., 158, 1302 (2009); Duchowicz, P., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 14, 5876 (2006); Yamahara, J. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 24, 1909 (1976)<br></p>

<p>Applications Phosphorylethanolamine is used in the synthesis of Sphingomyelin, a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membrane.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Myller, A.T. et al.: Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 1616 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications A standard used to determine epoxidized soybean oil in foods.<br>References Castle, L., et al.: J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 7, 6, 1183 (1988)<br></p>

<p>Applications Danshensu increases production of collagenin Detroit 551 cells and attenuates the α-MSH-stimulated melanin production of B16 cells. Danshensu may be used as active ingredients in would healing, cosmetic treatments or treating hyperpigmentation.<br>References Chen, Y., et. al.: Molecules, 19, 2029 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled metabolite of Cholesterol (C432501).<br>References Marx, J., et al.: Science, 294, 508 (2001), Plosch, T., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 277, 33870 (2002), Lund, E., et al.: J .Biol. Chem., 278, 22980 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol present in vegetable oils.<br>References Mottram, H., et al.: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 11, 1240 (1997)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3’-Deoxyguanosine is a derivative of guanosine, a ligand which may be complexe with enzymes such as purine nucleoside phosphorylase and receptors. Potential anti-amoebic agent.<br>References Gaubert, G. et al.: Biochimie., 81, 1041 (1999);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-​Oleoyl-​1-​stearoyl-​sn-​glycero-​3-​phosphocholine is used in the assembly of various supported lipid bilayers.<br>References Wu, H-L., et al.: J. Chem. Phys., 144, 154904/1-154904/9 (2016);<br></p>

<p>M02739 - Phosphoenolpyruvate, tricyclohexylammonium salt</p>

<p>Applications Isopar G (cas# 90622-57-4 ) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications o-Anisidine, is a highly toxic environmental pollutant and digestive system carcinogen. It is also a toxin that has been identified to be present in cigarettes.Environmental toxin on US EPA Toxic Release Inventory list (TRI) list.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Coggins, C.R.E. et al.: Inhal. Toxicol., 23, 41 (2011); Dracinska, H. et al.: Neuroendorinol. Lett., 27, 9 (2006); Naiman, K. et al.: Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 31, 36 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Glycylproline was found to exhibit anti-ischemic effects on the metabolism of neuroactive amino acids and indices of energy turnover in the neocortex of rats after experimental brain ischemia.<br>References Bashun, Z.N., et al.: Neurochem. J., 7, 39 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications Hepes<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ursodeoxycholic Acid EP Impurity D<br>Applications Ursocholic Acid (Ursodeoxycholic Acid EP Impurity D) is an Ursodeoxycholic Acid (U850000) impurity.<br>References Ward, A., et al.: Drugs, 1984, 27, 95 (1984), Sama, C., et al.: Clin. Drug Invest., 13, 192 (1997), Nobilis, M., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 24, 937 (2001),<br></p>

<p>Applications β-Sitosterol and β-sitosteryl-β-D-glucoside were isolated as analgesic constituents from the leaves of Mentha cordifolia Opiz.<br>References Tanaka, et al.: J. Biochem., 17, 483 (1933), Nigro, N.D., et al.: J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 69, 103 (1982),<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled L-Citrulline. An amino acid, first isolated from the juice of watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris Schrad., Cucurbitaceae. Used in the treatment of asthenia.<br>References Kurtz, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 122, 477 (1938), Rajantie, J., et al.: J. Pediatr., 97, 927 (1980), Carpenter, T.O., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 312, 290 (1985),<br></p>

<p>Applications Isoleucine-d10 (mixture of diastereomers) (CAS# 29909-02-2) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound and can be used in gas liquid chromatography.<br>References VandenHeuvel, W., et.al., J. Chromatogr., 50, 405-412, (1970);<br></p>

<p>Applications (E)-Guggulsterone acts as an α-glucosidase inhibitor also known as a hypolipidemic agent.<br>References Yang, D. et al.: J. Lipid Res., 53, 529 (2012); El-Mekkawy, S. et al.: Nat. Prod. Res., 27, 146 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine (cas# 5874-90-8) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Magnolol is the bioactive phytochemicals found in Magnolia officinalis (1). Magnolol has been used to treat anxiety, cough, headache and allergies (2). It also inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-*induced ICAM-1 expression in human lung epithelial cells.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References (1) Amorati, R., et al.: J Org Chem. (2015) 80:10651-9.(2) Wu, C., et. al.: Inflammation (2014) 37:1957-67<br></p>

<p>Applications A polyphosphate analogue of the nucleoside uridine used in the preparation of potent and selective agonists at the G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors.<br>References Pendergast, W. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 11, 157 (2001);<br></p>

<p>Applications (9Z,11E) Methyl Ester 9,11-Octadecadienoic Acid is a fatty acid methyl ester that can be found in olive leaves and in suet oil.<br>References Jiang, J., et al.:Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 2864 (2015); Xie, Pu., et al.: Linchan Huaxue Yu Gongye, 34, 97 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications Permanent Yellow Rn (cas# 6528-34-3) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Found in animal organs, yeast, patatoes, coffee beans, tea. This drug can be used to relax and widen certain breathing passages of the lungs. It is also found that a large number of derivatives have adenoside receptor antagonist properties.<br>References Mueller, C. et. al: Handbook Exp. Pharmacol. 200,151(2011)<br></p>

<p>Applications Disperse Blue 373 have adverse effect on soil and water environment and is a major mutagen in environmental system. This dye is released by textile industry<br>References Watanabe, T., et al.: Env. Sci (Tokyo, Japan), 12, 356 (2005);Carneiro, P.A., et. al.: J. Hazardous Mat., 174, 694 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid (EET) has antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties and play a role in the maintenance of renal vascular function. N,​N'-​dicyclohexylurea (DCU) increased release of 14,15-EET when the cells were stimulated with a calcium ionophore.Also, it is derived from Arachidonic Acid &gt;97% (A765000), which is an essential fatty acid and a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Arachidonic Acid occurs in liver, brain, glandular organs, and depot fats of animals, in small amounts in human depot fats, and Arachidonic Acid is also a constituent of animal phosphatides.<br>References Zhao, X., et al.: J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 15, 1244 (2004); Fang, X., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 276, 14867 (2001); Kurosawa, T., et al.: J. Cell. Physiol., 219, 606 (2009); Mazalli, M., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 5028 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Palmitoyl-rac-glycerol is a biomarker of metabolic responses to hepatotoxicants and carcinogens.<br>References Broadhurst, D., et al.: Metabolomics, 2, 171 (2006), Shi, J., et al.: Nat. Biotechnol., 25, 930 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications A substrate for cytochrome CYP2B6.<br>References Kabumoto, H., et al.: Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem., 73, 1922 (2009), Maresca, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 53, 335 (2010), Si-Ahmed, K., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 51, 225 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 4-Methylumbelliferyl β-D-Glucuronide is a substrate for glucuronidase. Also used as a test for coliform bacteria in water.Fluorescence: max. Abs. 316nm; max. Em. 375nm; e x 10-3: 12<br>References US Federal Register, 57, 24744 (1992)<br></p>

<p>Applications Synthetic retinoic acid receptor-α/β-selective retinoid. Antineoplastic.<br>References Hashimoto, Y., et al.: Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 79, 473 (1988), Mizojiri, K., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 47, 59 (1997), Shinjo, K., et al.: Int. J. Hematol., 72, 470 (2000), Sanda, T., et al.: Leukemia, 19, 901 (2005),<br></p>