Antibiotics

<p>Xenalamine is a synthetic compound of antiviral.</p>

Pentachloropseudilin inhibits Myosin-1 and speeds up TGF-β receptor turnover, suppressing TGF-β activity.

<p>Riodoxol is an antiviral agent that effectively affects the reproduction and maturation of viruses.</p>

<p>MptpB-IN-1: orally active, potent MptpB inhibitor; reduces drug-resistant tuberculosis.</p>

<p>AFK-108 is a fungicide agent.</p>

<p>Acyclovir monophosphate, a strong anti-HSV agent, inhibits viral DNA polymerase, blocking DNA synthesis and chain elongation.</p>

<p>Saquayamycin B, a glycoside, targets Gram-positive bacteria and both adriamycin-sensitive and -resistant P388 leukemia cells.</p>

<p>Epirubicin, a doxorubicin derivative, is an antineoplastic, inhibits topoisomerase, DNA/RNA synthesis, and Foxp3, reducing T cell activity.</p>

<p>Ferric citrate as a source of iron used in cell culture applications can provide iron with a less toxic form compared to free iron salts.</p>

<p>Pyrazofurin, a pyrimidine analogue, blocks cell growth and DNA synthesis by targeting UMP synthase &amp; orotate-phosphoribosyltransferase (IC50: 0.06-0.37 μM).</p>

<p>Niclosamide Monohydrate is used for the treatment of most tapeworm infections by inhibiting DNA replication.</p>

<p>Albitiazolium bromide is an antimalarial compound disrupting phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Plasmodium, transported via NPP and cation carriers.</p>

<p>Chitin synthase inhibitor 4: a CHS inhibitor with antimicrobial properties, potential fungicide.</p>

<p>CRK12-IN-1: strong inhibitor of CRK12, kills T.b. brucei &amp; T. congolense (EC50s: 1.3 &amp; 18 nM).</p>

Linogliride: a guanidine derivative, inhibits insulin release, and enhances glucose tolerance by blocking ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic beta cells.

<p>RMI 10874 is a tilorone analogue. Tilorone is an orally bioavailable antiviral agent.</p>

<p>BRD-8000.3 is a narrow-spectrum antimycobacterial targeting EfpA, inhibiting lipid transport in drug-tolerant Mtb and useful in structural and functional.</p>

<p>Abimtrelvir exhibited antiviral activity.</p>

<p>Alalevonadifloxacin HCl is a novel l-alanine ester prodrug of levonadifloxacin.</p>

<p>Rosaramicin, a lipid-soluble basic macrolide, is an antibacterial substance similar to erythromycin but with a better activity against Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Phenosulfazole is a potent antiviral agent which has the potential for the research of poliomyelitis virus [1].</p>

<p>FR900098, a fosmidomycin derivative, has potent antimalarial effects, targeting DOXP reductoisomerase and eradicating P. vinckei in mice at &gt;10 mg/kg.</p>

<p>Amcinafal is an active diol,and used against virus replication and interferon production.</p>

<p>Lincophenicol is an Escherichia coli ribosomal peptidyltransferase-catalyzed puromycin reaction inhibitor.</p>

<p>S 863390 is a renin inhibitor.</p>

Tunicamine is a reversible polyprenol-phosphate inhibitor.

<p>LY 186826 is an antibacterial agent with bicyclic pyrazolidinone properties.</p>

<p>Chitin synthase inhibitor 2 (2b) has an IC50 of 0.09 mM, K i 0.12 mM, shows in vitro antimicrobial activity and boosts fluconazole/polyoxin B.</p>

<p>SSJ-183 is a low-toxicity and orally available and anti-malarial drug with an IC50 = 7.6 nM against P. falciparum and no lethality at doses up to 2000 mg/kg po.</p>

<p>DDD01035881 is a anti-malarial drug that blocks parasite-to-mosquito transmission by targeting the Plasmodium vesicle membrane protein Pfs16.</p>

<p>Compound 5, an antiviral agent, effectively targets murine norovirus, with potential in infectious disease and oncology research.</p>

<p>Verticillin A, an apoptosis inducer, inhibits Leiomyosarcoma and Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor growth.</p>

<p>Pyrrofolic acid shows high anti-folate biological activity for S. faecalis.</p>

<p>Lipoxamycin hemisulfate (Lipoxamycin) is an inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase (IC50 = 21 nM) with antifungal activity.</p>

<p>Exeporfinium chloride(XF-73) is an antimicrobial agent that can weaken bacterial cell walls.</p>

<p>Linogliride fumarate, a guanidine derivative, stimulates insulin release by blocking ATP-sensitive K+ channels, enhancing glucose tolerance.</p>

<p>Ormetoprim (Ro 5-9754), an antibiotic approved for use in the United States, is used to prevent the spread of disease in freshwater aquaculture.</p>

Vidarabine phosphate is an adenosine monophosphate analog.

<p>4-((4-((4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoic acid is a sulfonamide compound that can be used as an anti infective agent [1].</p>

<p>Pafuramidine is an orally bioavailable prodrug of formamidine which was developed for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis.</p>

<p>Faropenem sodium hydrate is a hydrated form of faropenem sodium with similar action and applications as faropenem sodium hemipentahydrate.</p>

<p>Cefmenoxime hydrochloride is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating gynecological and obstetric infections.</p>

<p>Carnidazole (ME-108) shows antiprotozoal activity and can be used in studies about the treatment of Trichomonas infection.</p>

<p>Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite primarily produced by certain species of the fungi Aspergillus and Bipolaris. This compound exhibits its mode of action by interfering with DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, ultimately disrupting cellular processes. As a precursor to the well-known aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin shares a similar structure and exhibits carcinogenic properties.</p>

<p>Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a synthetically derived prodrug of ceftobiprole. Upon administration, ceftobiprole medocaril is rapidly converted into its active form, ceftobiprole, by the body's endogenous esterases. The mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the bacterial cell wall, leading to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and ultimately the death of the bacteria. This action is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.</p>

<p>Ceftriaxone sodium is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis and pneumonia.</p>

<p>Cyclosporin V is an immunosuppressant medication with action on calcineurin inhibition and is used for preventing organ rejection in transplants and treating autoimmune diseases.</p>

<p>Erythromycin C is a macrolide antibiotic, which is a type of product derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. It functions by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis through blocking translocation of peptidyl-tRNA. This mode of action effectively prevents bacterial growth and replication, making it a potent bacteriostatic agent.</p>

<p>Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea.</p>

<p>Clindamycin 3-phosphate is an antibiotic prodrug, which is a derivative of clindamycin. It is semisynthetic with a synthetic origin, derived by chemically modifying the natural compound lincomycin obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. The mode of action of Clindamycin 3-phosphate involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby interfering with the translocation step in protein elongation, ultimately leading to the suppression of bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Doxorubicin Impurity 2 is a chemical impurity of doxorubicin with no direct therapeutic action but used in research and quality control.</p>

<p>Nocardamine is a siderophore-based antioxidant, which is naturally derived from the soil-dwelling actinobacteria known as Streptomyces. Its primary mode of action involves the chelation of metal ions, effectively sequestering them and preventing metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions. By binding to iron and other transition metals, Nocardamine mitigates oxidative stress at a cellular level, which could otherwise contribute to cellular damage and dysfunction.</p>

<p>Sancycline hydrochloride is a tetracycline antibiotic, which is derived from the natural fermentation process of Streptomyces bacteria. The mechanism of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis by bindin directly to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site of the ribosome. This action effectively halts the growth of bacteria by impeding protein production, making it bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal.</p>

<p>Ceftibuten is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a beta-lactam class of antimicrobial agents derived from Acremonium, a genus of fungi. This product is synthesized to resist degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes, which are commonly produced by resistant bacteria, thereby maintaining its efficacy against a wide range of bacterial pathogens.</p>

<p>Clofoctol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic with activity against Gram-positive bacteria, used in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C1 pentaacetate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research and analytical applications.</p>

<p>Leptomycin B is a bacterial secondary metabolite, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces sp. This compound is a potent nuclear export inhibitor with a mechanism of action that targets and inhibits the export receptor CRM1 (Chromosomal Maintenance 1), also known as Exportin 1. By binding irreversibly to CRM1, Leptomycin B prevents the nuclear export of proteins and RNA, disrupting the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport essential for cell function.</p>

Antiviral agent 17, EC50 0.015 μM in human assay, effective against murine norovirus, may aid infectious/malignant disease research.

<p>Pefloxacin-d3 is a deuterated fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of pefloxacin utilized primarily for research purposes. This compound is chemically modified to include deuterium atoms, a stable isotope of hydrogen, thus offering unique properties essential for precise quantitative analysis in pharmacokinetic studies.</p>

<p>Nortopixantrone HCl (BBR 3438) is a novel 9-azacyclonopyrazole that shows antitumor activity in a human prostate cancer model.</p>

<p>Lumefantrine is an antimalarial compound with a mode of action that inhibits heme detoxification in Plasmodium parasites. It is used in combination with artemether for treating malaria.</p>

<p>Quinupristin, a macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotic, inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria.</p>

<p>Bleomycin A5 hydrochloride is an antineoplastic antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Its mode of action involves binding to DNA and inducing strand breaks through the generation of free radicals, specifically targeting deoxyribose units. This leads to the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division, ultimately resulting in cell death.</p>

<p>Trombodipine (PCA-4230) is a platelet aggregation inhibitor with antithrombotic activity and protection against Listeria monocytogenes.</p>

<p>Laidlomycin is an ionophore compound with a mode of action that disrupts ion gradients in bacterial cells. It is used as a feed additive to improve feed efficiency in cattle.</p>

<p>7-epi-Clindamycin 2-phosphate is a semisynthetic antibiotic derivative, which is sourced from chemical modifications of the natural antibiotic lincomycin. This compound operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It achieves this by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby obstructing the translocation steps in protein elongation.</p>

<p>14-Bromodaunorubicin HBr is a synthetic antitumor antibiotic derivative, which is a modified version of daunorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces peucetius. With the inclusion of a bromine atom at the 14th position, this compound is designed to enhance the antitumor efficacy and alter pharmacokinetic properties compared to its parent molecule.</p>

<p>Cefazolin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is an effective cephalosporin antibiotic against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Cefazolin is used in clinical isolates to inhibit the growth of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus, resistant microorganisms, and systemic inflammation. Some studies has shown good results to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) production in cell culture.</p>

<p>Hygromycin A is an antimicrobial compound isolated from the bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis within microbial cells. This compound disrupts the elongation phase of translation by binding to the ribosomal subunit, therefore impeding mRNA decoding during protein assembly.</p>

<p>Sisomicin sulfate is a sulfate salt form of sisomicin with similar action and applications as sisomicin.</p>

<p>Sulfadimethoxine sodium is a sulfonamide antibiotic with action on bacterial folate synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory and urinary tract infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Spiramycin I is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating toxoplasmosis and bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Monensin is a polyether ionophore antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of the bacterium *Streptomyces cinnamonensis*. It operates by disrupting ion transport across biological membranes, primarily by facilitating the exchange of sodium and potassium ions. This ionophore action alters the osmotic balance in target cells, leading to their destabilization and death, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria and certain protozoa.</p>

<p>Azidamfenicol inhibits ribosomal peptidyltransferase with a Ki of 22 µM. Azidamfenicol is a broad-spectrum chloramphenicol-like antibiotic.</p>

<p>4-Demethyl daunomycinone is an anthracycline derivative, which is a natural or semi-synthetic compound derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces*. It is primarily studied for its potential use in anticancer therapies, given its structural similarity to other well-known anthracyclines like daunorubicin and doxorubicin. These compounds are known to intercalate into DNA, thereby disrupting the function of DNA and RNA synthesis, leading to the inhibition of cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Doripenem is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating complicated bacterial infections like intra-abdominal infections and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C2 sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Curvularin is a secondary metabolite, which is derived from the fungal genus *Curvularia*. This compound is produced through the natural biosynthetic pathways of filamentous fungi, specifically isolated from strains such as *Curvularia lunata*. Curvularin exerts its biological activity primarily through modulation of microtubule dynamics, making it a significant subject of study in cell biology. It disrupts the polymerization processes, impacting the assembly and stability of microtubules, which are critical components of the cytoskeleton involved in cell division, intracellular transport, and structural integrity.</p>

<p>Flucloxacillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which is derived from the penicillin family. It is synthetically produced through chemical modification to enhance its stability against beta-lactamase enzymes. The mode of action of flucloxacillin involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, which in turn inhibits the transpeptidation or cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains. This action leads to cell lysis and ultimately, bacterial death.</p>

<p>Gusperimus trihydrochloride is a derivative of the antitumor antibiotic spergualin with immunosuppressant activity.</p>

<p>Pristinamycin IA (Mikamycin B) is a substrate for the P-glycoprotein and a cyclo-peptidic macrolactone antibiotic.</p>

<p>Myxopyronin A is an inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase.</p>

<p>Trovafloxacin: broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, blocks DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV and PANX1 channel (IC50=4μM).</p>

<p>Compound 6d (Antibacterial agent 159) is an antibiotic effective against impetigo and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), with no observed recurrence for CDI</p>

<p>Aranciamycin (Compound 1), an anthracycline antibiotic, exhibits collagenase inhibitory activity (IC50 3.7*10^-7 M) and can inhibit DNA synthesis in tumor cells</p>

<p>S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase is responsible for the reversible hydrolysis of SAH into adenosine and homocysteine. Inhibition of this enzyme leads to the accumulation of SAH within cells, thereby increasing the SAH to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) ratio and subsequently inhibiting SAM-dependent methyltransferases. (−)-Neplanocin A, a potent and irreversible inhibitor of SAH hydrolase (Ki= 8.39 nM), exhibits significant antitumor activity against mouse leukemia L1210 cells and holds broad-spectrum antiviral properties. Its efficacy notably surpasses that of the reversible inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin, especially in combating vesicular stomatitis, evidencing a higher potency with ID50 values of 0.07 μg/ml for Neplanocin A versus 0.3 μg/ml for 3-deazaneplanocin.</p>

<p>Calicheamicin (Calicheamicin γ1) is an antitumor antibiotic and is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. It also is a cytotoxic agent that causes double-strand DNA breaks.</p>

<p>β-Lactamase-IN-2 is an inhibitor of β-Lactamase with anti-microbial and anti-bacterial effects.</p>

<p>Oseltamivir acid methyl ester, a CES1-convertible neuraminidase inhibitor, serves as an antiviral prodrug.</p>

<p>N-Acetylpurinomycin is a selective agonist of CB2 receptor.</p>

<p>Rosoxacin (Acrosoxacin) shows antibacterial activities against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative bacteria including Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC90 = 0.03mg/ml).</p>