Building Blocks

<p>Applications Purine (cas# 120-73-0) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Tetramethylurea is an excellent solvent for organic substances, in particular aromatic compounds.<br>References Lüttringhaus, A., et al.: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 3, 260 (1964)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,4,6-Tribromophenyl Acetate (cas# 607-95-4) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Sodium 4-chlorophenoxyacetate (cas# 13730-98-8) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Hydroxymethyluracil (cas# 4433-40-3) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Penten-1-yne is used in the preparation of aliphatic and terminal alkynes.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications Sodium Acrylate is the acid form of Acrylic Acid (A191350); which is an antibacterial agent.<br>References Kind, T., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 363, 185 (2007), Spratlin, J., et al.: Clin. Cancer Res., 15, 431 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications A fluorescent sulfhydryl reagent that can form excited-state dimers which emit at longer wavelenghts than the lone excited fluorophore.<br></p>

<p>Applications Temsavir is a Fostemsavir (CAS# 864953-29-7) intermediate and an antiviral agent. It is an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor.<br>References Landry, I., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 60, 2782-2789 (2016);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 4-Pyridoxic Acid, a catabolite of vitamin B6 (P991735), is a water-soluble B-group vitamin that can be used as a urinary diagnostic biomarker for determining the nutritional status of these vitamins.<br>References Shibata, K., et al.: J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 59, 178 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane is used in the preparation of Silicone coated Celgard-2400 for the adhesion of canine platelets and leucocytes.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Chawla, A.S.: Biomaterials, 2, 83 (1981)<br></p>

<p>Applications Tryptophol is a metabolite formed in the liver after disulfiram treatment that induces sleep in humans. It is also a secondary product of alcoholic fermentation.<br>References Cornford, E.M., et al.: J Clin Invest, 63, 1241-1248 (1979)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Genetic incorporation of a metal-ion chelating amino acid into proteins as a biophysical probe.<br>References McRee, D., et al.: J. Struct. Biol., 125, 156 (1999), Wang, L., et al.: Science, 292, 498 (2001), Ioerger, T., et al.: Methods Enzymol., 374, 244 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications 1,2-Hexanediol is used in the synthesis of sulfamidates which lead a simple route into β-amino acids. Also used in the controlled growth of GE nanowires.<br>References Nicolaou, K. et al.: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 41, 834 (2002); Lotty, O. et al.: J. Mat. Chem. C., Mat. Optic. Electro. Devices., 1, 4450 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,2':6',2''-Terpyridine (cas# 1148-79-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Methyluridine can be used in biological and analytical studies of comprehensive profiling of ribonucleosides modification by affinity zirconium oxide-​silica composite monolithic column online solid-​phase microextraction - mass spectrometry analysis.<br>References Jiang, H., et al.: J Chromatogr A, 1462, 90 (2016)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Hydroxybenzeneethanol can be used to synthesize cyclic products and organoaluminim oligomers. Inelastic electron tunnelling spectra of 2-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol adsorbed on thin-film aluminium and magnesium oxide has been investigated.<br>References Ziemkowska, W., et al.: Main Group Met. Chem., 21, 105, (1998); Brown, N., et al., Spectrochim. Acta A, 48, 939 (1992)<br></p>

<p>Applications A silicon based compound that can be used to create potentially biocompatible materials. Used as a monomer in the synthesis of long chain polysiloxane structures. Used in the methylation of mercury(II) salts.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Radeva, E. et al.: J. Optoelec. Adv. Mat., 11, 1432 (2009); Gandhiraman, R.P. et al.: Plama Proc. Polym., 11, 1432 (2009); Watanabe, N. et al.: Ecotoxic. Env. Safety, 11, 174 (1986);<br></p>

<p>Applications Budesonide (B689490) epimer S. Budesonide 22R epimer is more active than 22S epimer. Used as an antiinflammatory agent.<br>References Ryrfeldt., A., et a.: J. Steroid Biochem., 10, 317 (1979), Roth, G., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 69, 766 (1980), Clissold, S.P., et al.: Drugs, 28, 485 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile is an intermediate in the synthesis of Alogliptin (A575425), an oral antihyperglycemic agent that is a selective inhibitor of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Antidiabetic agent.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Lai, Z., et. al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 83, 547 (2014); Lynn, F., et al.: Diabetes, 50, 1004 (2001); Trumper, A., et al.: J. Endocrinol., 174, 233 (2002); Vollmer, K., et al.: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 94, 1379 (2009)<br></p>

<p>Applications dl Homocysteine Thiolactone Hydrochloride (cas# 6038-19-3) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br>Chemical Name: dl Homocysteine Thiolactone Hydrochloride (cas# 6038-19-3) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 9-Bromophenanthrene is a halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that has been seen to have a room temperature phosphorescence that can be induced by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in the presence of cyclohexane; however, trace Fe(III) causes a decrease of the RTP emission.<br>References Chai, H., et. al.: Anal. Lett., 43, 711 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications 8-Bromo-1-octene, is a building block used for the synthesis of more complex pharmaceutical compounds, such as Dithienogermole (DTG) derivatives with varying alkyl chain lengths and pendant functionalities.<br>References Zong, K., et al.: Org. Lett., 15, 1032 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Bromo-1-hexanol is a useful synthetic intermediate. 6-Bromo-1-hexanol is used as a reagent in the preparation of nitric oxide-donating analogues of Sulindac (S699215), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has the ability to prevent colon cancer.<br>References Nortcliffe, A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 22, 756 (2014); Pasricha, P., et al.: Gastroenterology, 109, 994 (1995); Yamamoto, Y., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 274, 27307 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Bromonapthalene is used in the preparation of N-aryl imidazoles and diaryl ethers. Also used in the preparations of glutathione peroxidase-like antioxidant activity of diaryl diselenides.<br>References Ghorbani-Vaghei, R. et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 54, 7095 (2013); Mugesh, G. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 839 (2001);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Hydroxymandelic Acid (cas# 17119-15-2) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, is used as an extraction solvent to determine various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples though dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction along with GC-MS (gas chromatography- mass spectrometry).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Rezaee, M., et al.: J. Chromat. A., 1116, 1 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-(Bromomethyl)pyrene (cas# 2595-90-6) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Bromocyclobutane<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Impurity Albendazole EP Impurity G / Fenbendazole EP /Impurity B / USP Fenbendazole Related Compound B<br>Applications Methyl [5(6)-chlorobenzimidazole-2-yl]carbamate is an impurity for Fenbendazole (F246750), an anthelmintic (Nematodes). (Albendazole Impurity H)<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Baeder, C., et al.: Experientia, 30, 753 (1974), Van der Put, E., et al.: J. Immunol., 173, 818 (2004), Frasca, D., et al.: J. Immunol., 175, 6633 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications DL-α-Methylbenzylamine is used as a starting material to prepare pure (R)-Pipecolic acid (P479751) and (S)-Proline (P755995). DL-α-Methylbenzylamine is also a potential phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase inhibitor.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Fadel, A. &amp; Nabil, L.: J. Org. Chem., 72, 1780 (2007); Fuller, R., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 16, 101 (1973)<br></p>

<p>Stability Air sensitive, Light Sensitive<br>Applications trans-Methyl-2-butenal is a reagent used in the synthesis of a cell adhesion inhibitors Peribysin E analog. Also used in the preparation of thiolactomycin-based KasA inhibitors in the treatment of tuberculosis.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Handore, Ki. et al.: Org. Lett., 15, 1894 (2013); Kapilashrami, K. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 288, 6045 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications (3-Methyl-2-butenyl)triphenyl-phosphonium Bromide (cas# 1530-34-3 ) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications (R)-2-Methylbutyric Acid is a metabolite of Ethyl (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate (Ethyl tiglate), an important aroma compound in apples.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Ikeda, Y., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 258, 9477 (1983), Schumacher, K., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 4496 (1998), Beuerle, T., et al.: Lipids, 34, 375 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Methylcatechol is a potent inducer of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in vitro and in vivo.<br>References Kaechi, K., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 272, 1300 (1995); Hanaoka, Y., et al.: J. Neurol. Sci., 122, 28 (1994)<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate (cas# 23426-63-3) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol is a reagent in the synthesis of heteroarylmethoxyphenylalkoxyiminoalkylcarboxylic acids as leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors.<br>References Kolasa, T. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 43, 690 (2000); Brooks, C., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 2629 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Applications 4,4'-Methylene-d2-dianiline (CAS# 215590-72-0) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(1-Methylethyl)benzoic Acid is used in the synthesis of quinuclidine benzamides as agonists for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Also used in the synthesis of nifuroxazide analogues showing antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus.<br>References Bodnar, A. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 48, 905 (2005); Masunari, A. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 15, 4229 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Methylformanilide is an aromatic reagent used in the synthesis of dye-sensitized solar cells. Also used in the synthesis of potent tyrosinase inhibitors.<br>References Meyer, T et al.: J. Org. Chem., 77, 3704 (2012); Nihei, K. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 14, 681 (2004);<br></p>

<p>Applications Mono-Ethyl Malonate-1,2,3-13C3 (cas# 1189981-54-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl 3-Hydroxybenzoate (cas# 19438-10-9) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Monomethyl Suberate was used in the synthetic preparation of Prostaglandin E1 (P838600), a primary prostaglandin and a peripheral vasodilator.<br>References Rodriguez, A., et al.: Euro. J. Org. Chem., 10, 2655 (1999); Longmuir, K.J., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 167, 213 (1987);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-(5-Methyl-3-isoxazolyl)benzenesulfonamide is used in the preparation of isoxazolecarboxylic acid derivatives as agricultural fungicides.<br>References Gomes, J.R.B., et al.: Tetrahedron, 61, 2705 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Methylmaleimide is an electron deficient olefin that acts as a thiol-blocking reagent in living human cells. N-Methylmaleimide also has the ability to undergo free-radical homopolymerization, and is used as a model for resins that contain the maleimide functional group.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Sandreczki, T. &amp; Brown, I.: Macromolecules, 23, 1979 (1990); Shibata, A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 18, 2246 (2008); Yin, J. &amp; Liebeskind, L.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, 5811 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-hydroxy-5-iodobenzoic Acid is a reagent in various organic chemical reactions leading to pharmaceutical compounds. It is involved in the synthesis of labelled benzamide analogs for tumor imaging as well as the synthesis of the dye, Congo Red, for biological analyses.<br>References Tu, Z. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 3194 (2007); Sellarajah, S. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 47, 5515 (2004);<br></p>

<p>Applications N,N-Dimethylthioformamide<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Chloro-2-methyl-1-propene has been used in the synthesis of 2-S-substituted pyrimidines as antimetabolites of nucleic acid precursors for cancer therapy.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Kaldrikyan, M.A., Melik-Ohanjanyan, R.G.: Hayastani Kimiakan Handes, 67, 321 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,7-Dimethylanthraquinone (cas# 3286-01-9) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br>References Kuo, D., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 52, 839 (2000), Zagotto, G., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 16, 354 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Cyclopentyl chloride (cas# 930-28-9) is a useful research chemical.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications 5,6-Dimethylbenzotriazole Hydrate is a UV stabalizer typically seen in industrial and household chemicals.<br>References Lai, H. et al.: Env. Toxicol. Chem., 33, 761 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene is used in the identification of Novel p38α MAP Kinase Inhibitors. It is also used in the Identification of 1,5-Naphthyridine derivatives as a novel series of potent and selective TGF-β type I receptor inhibitors.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Gill, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 48, 414 (2005); Gellibert, F., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 47, 4494 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Phenylalanine, the stereoisomer of L-Phenylalanine (P319415) has been used in the synthesis of Schaeffer’s acid analogues as important structures in tuberculostatic design. They exhibit the ability to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis type II dehydroquinase.<br>References Schmidt, M. et al.: ChemMedChem., 8, 54 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,​3-​Cyclopentenopyridine is used as reactant/reagent for ruthenium-mediated dual catalytic reactions of isoquinoline via C-H activation and dearomatization for isoquinolone.<br>References Wang, T., et al.: Adv. Synth. Catal., 358, 2751-2758 (2016)<br></p>

<p>Applications An analogue of Carbamazepine (C175840). The toxicity of Cyheptamide in mice and rats is very low, and anticonvulsant activity is marked. Carbamazepine and Cyheptamide have certain stereochemical features in common with Phenytoin.<br>References Platt, D.S., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 18, 429 (1969), Kraml, M., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacology, 20, 2327 (1971),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylethylamine is a widely used as an intermediate and starting reagent for organic synthesis.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Spulak, M., et al.: Tetrahedron., 69, 1705 (2013); Vaid, R.K., et al.: Synthesis., 44, 2231 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane-2-oxide is used in the synthesis of α-naphthylphosphorylcholine as a method to detect phospholipase C activity.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Durban, M. et al.: Eur. J. Lipid. Sci. Tech., 105, 633 (2003);<br></p>

<p>Applications Cyclopentanone-2,2,5,5-d4 (CAS# 3997-89-5) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(2-Chloroethoxy)acetyl Chloride (cas# 39229-33-9) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylacetamide is N,M-dialkyl amide used as an organic catalyst in the preparation of phosphorylated thiosemicarbazide.<br>References Yanchuk, N.I. et al.: Zh. Obshch. Khim., 62, 1284 (1992); Yanchuk, N.I. et al.: 35, 568 (1994);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Aspartame EP Impurity C<br>Applications L-Phenylalanine (Aspartame EP Impurity C) is an essential amino acid. L-Phenylalanine is biologically converted into L-tyrosine, another one of the DNA-encoded amino acids, which in turn is converted to L-DOPA and further converted into dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. L-Phenylalanine is produced for medical, feed, and nutritional applications such as in the preparation of Aspartame. Neuroprotective product.<br>References Hollunger, G. et al.: Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., 34, 391 (1974); Bagchi, S.P. et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 26, 900 (1977);<br></p>

<p>Applications Phytosphingosine is a natural anti-microbial compound and it is involved in several cellular processes such as cell differentiation and anti-inflammation.<br>References Chuong, C., et al.: Exp. Dermatol., 11, 159 (2002), Bustin, S., et al.: J. Mol. Endocrinol., 29, 23 (2002), Kim, S., et al.: Mol. Med., 12, 17 (2006), Pavicic, T., et al.: Int. J. Cosmetic Sci., 29, 181 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (cas# 3140-73-6) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications (E)-1-Phenyl-1-butene was used to study olefin oxidation by cytochrome P-450. It can be used to synthesize nonracemic allylic amines. It can also be used to prepare aryl oxiranes by direct epoxidation.<br>References Liebler, D., et al.: Biochem., 22, 5482 (1983); Liang, C., et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 343 (2008); Imuta, M., et al.: J. Org. Chem., 44, 1351 (1979)<br></p>

<p>Applications Phenylboronic Acid is a compound used in organic synthesis of various pharmaceutical goods.<br>References Ainley, A.D., et al.: J. Chem. Soc., 2171 (1930);<br></p>

<p>Applications Salicylanilides are compounds of varying biological activity ranging from anti-inflammatory agents to antiviral and antimicrobial agents.<br>References Chen, C. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 57, 8072 (2014); Kratky, M. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 22, 4073 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Phenylacetimidamide hydrochloride (cas# 2498-46-6) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Piperonylic Acid is a compound closely mimicking the structure of transcinnamic acid involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway in plant physiology.<br>References Schalk, M. et al.: Plant Physiol., 118, 209 (1998);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Chloro-4-methyl-1-pentene affects the surface modification of Kevlar stitch threads on mechanical interfacial properties of carbon fiber and bismaleimide stitched composites.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Ai, T., et al.: Fuhe Cailiao Xuebao, 24, 34-39 (2007)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Cyclohexenylcarboxylic Acid has been found to be an oxidizable, nongrowth substrate and induces the metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and benzoic acid in a strain of Pseudomonas putida. 3-Cyclohexenylcarboxylic Acid has been used as food for cultures of Streptomyces sp.  KCTC 11604BP fkbO deletion mutant to make 32-dehydroxy-FK506, a FK506 analogue containing a non-natural starter unit.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Blakley, E.R., Papish, B.: Can. J. Microbiol., 28, 1324 (1982); Ban, Y.H., et. al.: Mol. bioSystems, 9, 944 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide is used in the synthesis of Vildagliptin (V305000), an oral anti-diabetic drug, and its impurities (H971380) (Impurity A).<br>References Kumar, N., et al.: J. Pharmaceut. Biomed.,119, 114 (2016); Deng, Y., et al.: Lett. Org. Chem., 11, 780 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-(Phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinamine is used in the preparation of 4-substituted coumarins as novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used in the treatment and various therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer’s disease. It is also used in the synthesis of nicotinamide derivatives as anti-angiogenic agents.<br>References Razavi, S. et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 64, 252 (2013); Choi, H. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23, 2083 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications S-Propyl N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamate was shown to exhibit tuberculostatic activity and as well as pesticidal activities.<br>References Konecny, V., et al.: Agrochem., 7, 3 (1967); Baker, K., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 284, 215 (1998),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Cyanuric Chloride is extensively used in the preparation of the triazine-class pesticides and herbicides. Cyanuric chloride is also used as a precursor to dyes and crosslinking agents due to the reactive chlorine atoms towards nucleophilic substitution reactions. Cyanuric chloride derivatives possess a large spectrum of activities as antibacterial and anticancer agents.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Deng, H.F., et al.: J. Medn. Chem., 55, 7061 (2012); Dubey, V., et al.: Chem. Biol. Drug. Design., 80, 598 (2012); Okita, W.B. et al.; Biotechnol. Bioeng., 27, 632 (1985); Malinauskas, A.A. &amp; Kulys, J. J.; Biotechnol. Bioeng., 20, 769 (1978)<br></p>