Terpenoids

(+)-Cembrene is a diterpene hydrocarbon, which is a naturally occurring compound primarily found in marine organisms such as soft corals. This compound is characterized by its complex cyclic structure, which is a hallmark of many terpenoids known for diverse biological activities. The source of (+)-Cembrene is often the soft coral species, where it functions as a part of the organism's chemical defense system, deterring predators and inhibiting microbial growth.

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Lanatoside B is a cardiac glycoside, which is a type of compound obtained from the leaves of the Digitalis lanata plant, commonly known as woolly foxglove. This compound belongs to a class of organic substances known for their potent effects on the heart's contractile capability. The primary mode of action of Lanatoside B involves inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase enzyme in cardiac tissues. This inhibition leads to an increase in intracellular sodium concentration, which subsequently boosts calcium ions available for myocardial contraction via the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism.

Verbenone is a semiochemical product, which is a terpene compound sourced from the fragrant essential oils of certain plants, such as members of the Verbena genus. It acts as an anti-aggregation pheromone that disrupts the behavior of specific insect species. By mimicking natural signals in the environment, Verbenone inhibits the congregation and settling of pests like bark beetles.

Isolated from leaves of some peppers; potent and selective activator of TRPA1

(-)-trans-Pinocarveol is a bicyclic monoterpene alcohol, which occurs naturally in a variety of essential oils, typically extracted from coniferous trees and some aromatic plants. As a chiral compound, it features a unique molecular configuration, often isolated from the Pinaceae family or synthesized via dihydroxylation of pinene derivatives.

Lanatoside A is a cardiac glycoside found in the plant "Lantana camara" and other plants of the family Verbenaceae. Lanatoside A is structurally characterized by an oxygenated hydroxyl group at C-3, which is present in the natural compound secoisolariciresinol. It has been shown to have inhibitory effects on enzymes involved in congestive heart failure such as myosin light chain kinase and serine/threonine protein kinase. Lanatoside A also has been shown to have immunomodulatory properties and may be beneficial for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The enzyme activities are inhibited by lanatosides at low pH values (pH 5-6) but not at high pH values (pH 7-8).

Pseudolaric acid A beta-D-glucoside is a bioactive compound, which is a natural product derived from Pseudolarix amabilis, a species of tree native to certain regions of China. It belongs to the diterpenoid family, known for their diverse structural features and significant biological activities. This compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through interactions with cellular pathways, modulating specific enzymatic activities and receptor responses, which can lead to varying effects at the cellular and molecular levels.

20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh1 is a bioactive compound, which is a secondary metabolite extracted from Panax ginseng, a medicinal plant widely utilized in traditional medicine. This ginsenoside functions by modulating various cellular pathways, interacting with nuclear receptors and signal transduction molecules, thus influencing immune responses, anti-inflammatory activities, and neuroprotective mechanisms.

Dehydroandrographolide succinate is a pharmacological agent derived from the diterpenoid lactone, andrographolide, which is found in the plant *Andrographis paniculata*. This compound exhibits its mode of action primarily by modulating inflammatory pathways, including inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These actions contribute to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.

(-)-trans-Myrtanol is a type of monoterpenoid, classified as a terpene alcohol. It is primarily derived from essential oils found in various plants, including those in the coniferous and Lauraceae families. Myrtanol is a chiral compound, and its stereochemistry is vital for its biological activities.