Iridioids

Ajugol analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Shanzhiside methylester analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Nuzhenide analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

Amarogentin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Hastatoside analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Valtrate analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

GL3 analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

Genipin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Oleuropein analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Harpagide analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Loganin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Geniposide analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Harpagoside analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Swertamarin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Gentiopicroside analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Loganic acid analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Catalpol analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Agnuside analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Verbenalin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Sweroside analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Ligustroside analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

Aucubin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Oleuroside analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

<p>Catalpol (Catalpinoside) is an iridoid glycoside with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hepatitis virus effects.</p>

<p>Ajmalicine (Raubasine): Blocks α1-adrenoceptor, non-competitive nicotine receptor inhibitor (IC50=72.3 μM), anti-hypertensive, sedative.</p>

<p>Plumieride inhibits plant growth, combats dermatophyte fungi, and has antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects.</p>

Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside with a wide range of biological activities, including pancreas-protective, chondroprotective, antispasmodic, liver-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-algesic as well as anti-tumor activities. Aucubin prevents neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats with diabetic encephalopathy, it also has protective effects on H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Aucubin may improve obesity-induced atherosclerosis by attenuating TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses. Aucubin suppresses hepatitis B viral DNA replication in vitro.

Loganin is a non-competitive inhibitor of BACE1 with IC50 of 47.97 μM an also inhibits AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 3.95 μM and 33.02 μM, respectively. Loganin has neuroprotective, anti-amnesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects, it also exhibits protective effects against hepatic injury and other diabetic complications associated with abnormal metabolic states and inflammation caused by oxidative stress and advanced glycation endproduct formation. Loganin can attenuate neuroinflammatory responses through the inactivation of NF-κB by NF-κB dependent inflammatory pathways and phosphorylation of MAPK in Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cells, and can protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK 1/2 MAPKs in SH-SY5Y cells.

Shanzhiside methylester, the principle effective iridoid glycoside from the analgesic herb Lamiophlomis rotata , reduces neuropathic pain by activating spinal GLP-1 receptors and subsequently stimulating microglial β-endorphin expression via the p38 MAPK signaling; stimulation of the endogenous β-endorphin expression may be a novel and effective strategy for the discovery and development of analgesics for the long-term treatment of chronic pain.

Melittoside may have antioxidant activity.

Standard reference

Daphylloside, and asperuloside can be suggested as endoplasmic reticulum stress regulators.

Ajugol shows some trypanocidal potential against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC50 values 29.3–73.0 ug/ml).

Morroniside has therapeutic effects on diabetic angiopathies, renal damage, lipid metabolism and inflammation and bone resorption. Morroniside can notably protect the brain from damage induced by focal cerebral ischemia which might be related to morroniside antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties in the brain.Morroniside can decrease the level of cycloxygenase(Cox) and it may be the mechanism of morroniside on inhibiting the platelet aggregation induced by ADP in rabbits.

Geniposidic acid, one of the main active ingredients in Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Rubiaceae), has anti-atherosclerotic effects, can protect vascular endothelium and reverse plaque formation in an atherosclerotic model.

Ddeacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester can lower the blood glucose level in normal mice.

Geniposide, a major iridoid found in fruit, is widely used in Asian countries for its anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities, the anti-apoptotic activities is due to its modulation of and -related factors (p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3) in LPS-induced mouse mastitis.

Agnuside has anti-arthritic activity, it also shows inhibition of vascular permeability and leukocyte migration in vivo.It inhibited an array of pro-inflammatory mediators (PGE(2) and LTB(4)) and T-cell-mediated cytokines (IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17).

8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methylester (ND01), an iridoid glucoside compound, was isolated from the leaves of Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo, ND01 has potential against cerebral ischemic injury, and its protective effect on oxygen–glucose deprivation-induced injury might be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca 2+ elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvement of mitochondrial energy metabolism.

Cornuside has immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities, it has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties. Cornuside can treat myocardial I/R and protect the liver from CCl₄-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses.

Picroside II has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-virus and other pharmacological activities. It has potent anti-apoptotic activity against renal I/R injury by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, it can protect the ischemic kidney against renal fibrosis and improve the neurological function of rats upon cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Picroside II enhances nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells by amplifying a down-stream step of MAP kinase in the NGF receptor-mediated intracellular MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathway.

Sesamoside is a main chemical ingredient iridoid glycoside from Lamiophlomic rotata , has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in animal studies.

Picroside I is a hepatoprotective agent which is reported to be antimicrobial and used against hepatitis B. It has antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, it may be the valuable anti-invasive drug candidates for cancer therapy by suppressing Collagenases and Gelatinases. Picroside I can enhance basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)-, staurosporine- or dbc-mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells.

Catalpol, an iridoid glucoside, has been reported to inhibit apoptosis of neuron and endothelial cells; the pretreatment of H9c2 cells with catalpol can be against H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis, and the protective effect of catalpol involves the mitochondrial-dependent caspase pathway and is associated with increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax expression.

Loganic acid( 0.7% solution) has a strong intraocular pressure (IOP)-hypotensive effect, it exhibits both sides effect on superoxide generation. Loganic acid also has protective effects on atherosclerosis risk factors in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, it shows significant anti-inflammatory effects decreasing TNF-α and IL-6 activity in serum.