Étalons de l'industrie alimentaire

<p>Isomalt (Palatinitol) is a mixture of 1,6-mannitol glucopyranoside and 1,6-sorbitol glucopyranoside</p>

<p>HS024 is a highly potent melanocortin MC4 receptor antagonist, increases food intake, and blocks α-MSH- and MTII-induced hypotension and bradycardia in rats.</p>

<p>Dodecyl gallate (Progallin LA) is the ester of gallic acid and dodecanol. As a food additive, it is used as a preservative and antioxidant.</p>

<p>Applications Labelled Glycidyl Oleate. Used for preparation of Lysophosphatidic acid analogs as agonists of the edg2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor.<br>References Lee, M., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 271, 11272 (1996), Macrae, A., et al.: Mol. Brain Res., 42, 245 (1996), Hopper, D., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 42, 963 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Ethyl-anthraquinone can be used as a photoinitiator of crosslinking or degradation of polyethylene.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Zamotaev, P., et al.: Plasticheskie Massy, 9, 31 (1986); Litsov, N., et al.: Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 32, 1 (1991); Hwang, J., et al.: Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 135, 4469 (2001)<br></p>

<p>Applications Glycidyl Palmitate is used for preparation of lysophosphatidic acids which inhibit apoptosis.<br>References Mills, G.B., et al.: Nat. Rev. Cancer., 3, 582 (2003), Zhang, C., et al.: J. Exp. Med., 199, 763 (2004), Lee, C.W., J. Biol. Chem., 281 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Diisoundecyl Phthalate is a phthalate diester and has been investigate for its toxicology in male rats for risk assessment.<br>References Lu, C., et al.: Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 83, 168 (2009); Smith, J. H., et al.: Toxicol. Sci. 54, 312 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Naphthyl b-D-glucopyranoside (cas# 19939-82-3) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications rac-3-Hydroxypentanoic Acid is one of the fifteen organic acids that are prominent in the urine of a patient undergoing methylmalonic acidosis. rac-3-Hydroxypentanoic acid is also a useful synthetic intermediate that is used in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries.<br>References Kuhara, T. &amp; Matsumoto, I.: Biomed. Mass Spec., 7, 424 (1980); Rinaldo, P., et al.: Perspect. Inherit. Metabol. Dis., 7, 57 (1987); Tseng, H., et al.: Microb. Cell Fact., no Vol. given, 96 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications Isochlorgenic Acid is shown to provide antioxidant and DNA-protective activities.<br>References Xu, J. et al.: J. Agri. Food Chem., 60, 11625 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications N6-[2-(2-Furanyl)-2-oxoethyl]-L-lysine Dihydrochloride is a Lysine (L468915) derivative that is used as reference material in food analysis.<br>References Henle, T., et al.: Zeitschrift fuer Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung, 198, 66 (1994)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications It is one of the two carotenoids contained within the retina.<br>References Karrer, et al.: Helv. Chim. Acta, 13, 268 (1930), Hlubucek, et al.: J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1, 848 (1974), Maoka, T., et al.: Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 83B, 121 (1986),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3,heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic Acid is a standard for environmental testing and research. Identification of novel perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids in natural waters using accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Strynar, M., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 1162 (2015)<br></p>

<p>Applications A derivative of Genistein. Inhibitor.<br>References Whalley, J.L., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 8, 1569 (1998), Song, T., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 1607 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications A lignan isolated from the bark of Fagara plants and from sesame oil. Studies show that it has has multiple functions such as cholesterol-lowering and anti-hypertensive activities. It induces the expression of the gene for aldehyde dehydrogenase, an alcohol-metabolizing enzyme suggesting it regulates the metabolism of lipids, xenobiotics, and alcohol at the mRNA level.This compound is suitable for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH).<br>References Matsumura, Y. et al.: Biolog. Pharmac. Bull., 21, 469 (1998); Tsuruoka, N. et al.: Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 69, 179 (2005); Ide, T. et al.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1534, 1 (2001);<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Glycidyl Palmitate (G615950). Used for preparation of lysophosphatidic acids which inhibit apoptosis.<br>References Mills, G.B., et al.: Nat. Rev. Cancer., 3, 582 (2003), Zhang, C., et al.: J. Exp. Med., 199, 763 (2004), Lee, C.W., J. Biol. Chem., 281 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Di-n-Butylphthalate (DBP) (M525100) glucuronide metabolite.<br>References Shen, O., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 191, 9 (2009), Aylward, L., et al.: Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 55, 259 (2009), Beydon, D., et al.: Toxicol. in Vitro, 24, 71 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications PSA sorbent is useful in food residue cleanup removing food matrix interferences.<br>References F.J. Schenck, et al.: J. Chromatogr. A., 868, 51-61 (2000);F.J. Schenck, et al.: J. Sep. Sci. 25, 883-890 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Butylidenephthalide is a phthalide derivative useful for control of sensation disorder and olfaction disorder.<br>References Fujii, S., et al.: J. Exp. Med., 199, 1607 (2004), Kaisho, T., et al.: Trends Immunol., 29, 329 (2008), Yu, Y., et al.: Eur. J. Immunol., 39, 2482 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Methyl-3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-propanal is an aromatic aldehyde that was used in the investigation of human olfactory receptor 17-40 as an active part of a nanobiosensor.<br>References Laufersweiler, M.C., et al.: Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 62, 160 (2012); Larsson, L., et al.: Neurosci. Res., 71, 355 (2011); Nichols, A.S., et al.: Chem. Senses., 36, 781 (2011); Wakabayashi,M., et al.: Aroma. Res., 12, 154 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanol is a metabolite of bisphenol A (B519495). It works as an endocrine disruptor.<br>References Krishnan, A.V., et al.: Endocrinology, 132, 2279 (1993), Steinmetz, R., et al.: Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 9, 124 (1998); Kitamura, S., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 84, 249 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications Limetol, is the cyclized derivative of linalool (L465950), melanol, and other unsaturated alcohols, that was shown to give a product mixture that can be used in fragrance and perfumery industry.<br>References Klimánková, E., et al.: Food Chem., 107, 464 (2008); Nakamura, A., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 5480 (2009); Soni, A. et al.: Synth. Comm., 40, 74 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications 1,2-Diacetin is a derivative of Triacetin (T720850) which is used as a food additive and flavorings. Triacetin can be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products where it is used as a humectant, a plasticizer, and as a solvent. Triacetin can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent.<br>References Mouret, A., et al.: Green Chem., 16 (1), 269 (2014); Snejdrova, E., et al.: Inter. J. Pharma., 458, 282 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications Hydroxy tyrosol is a tyrosol (T947800) metabolite. It is also a strong anti-oxidant found in olive oil.<br>References Perez-Trujillo, M., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 9129 (2010), Gregus, P., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 53, 674 (2010), Garcia-Villalba, R., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 398, 463 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications An inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase.<br>References Karlsson, M., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 272, 27218 (1997), de Lago, E., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 70, 446 (2005), Romero, F., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 1058 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive, Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid is a derivative of Furan (F863650), which can be produced from biomass-derived sugars using catalytic processes. It is one of the most important chemical building blocks from biomass.<br>References Tong, X., et al.: Appl. Catal., A, 385, 1 (2010); Gupta, N., et al.: Green Chem., 13, 824 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications N,N-Diamylnitrosamine (cas# 13256-06-9) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone (cas# 14035-33-7) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Glycidyl Stearate is an acid-hydrolyzable ester derivatives as low calorie fat mimetics. It is used in frying oil, margarine, ice cream, milk substitutes and bakery. Carcinogenic substance.<br>References Swern, D., et al.: Cancer Res., 30, 1037 (1970), Miyamoto, M., et al.: Macromolecules, 30, 6067 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Applications Hydroxy Tyrosol 4-Sulphate Sodium Salt, is a metabolite of Hydroxy Tyrosol (H977000).<br>References Owen, R., et al.: Eur. J. Cancer., 36, 1235 (2000), Bakalbassis, E., et al.: Lipids, 36, 181 (2001), Nenadis, N., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 1874 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications T-2 Toxin Triol is a type-A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium, itself a metabolite of T-2 Toxin (T002980).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Steinmetz, W., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44, 4485 (2009), Vishwanath, V., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 395, 1355 (2009), Beyer, M., et al.: Mycotox. Res., 25, 41 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications 4’Hydroxy-7,8-dehydro Kavain is a metabolite of Kavain (K145490), shown in recent research to exhibit protective properties on anaerobic glycolysis, ATP content and intracellular calcium and sodium of anoxic brain vesicles.<br>References Gleitz, J., et al: Neuropharmacol., 35, 1743 (1997); Hashimoto, T., et al.: Phytomedicine, 10, 309 (2003); Mulholland, P.J., et al.: Brain. Res., 945, 106 (2002);<br></p>

<p>Applications Griseofulvin (G787500) derivative.<br></p>

<p>Applications (-)-Limonene is present in blood oranges which show inhibition of angiogenesis in human colon cancer cells. Extracted from the oils of Mentha spicata it shows antimicrobial activity.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Chidambara Murthy, K. et al.: Life Sci.,91, 429 (2012); Aggarwal, K. et al.: Flav. Frag. J., 17, 59 (2002);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Potential inhibitor of Monoacylglycerol Lipase.<br>References Cisneros, J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 5012 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications P-Phenyl-P-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-Phosphinic acid Ethyl Ester is a photoinitiator for UV curable coatings.<br>References Bauer, F., et al.: Prog. Org. Coat., 60, 121 (2007); Rouby, M., et al.: Eur. Polym. J., 31, 301 (1995); Iojoiu, C., et al.: Eur. Polym. J., 36, 2115 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Applications A pyrolysate of protein that exhibits potent mutagenic principles toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) and 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAαC) are two mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines formed during ordinary cooking.<br>References Sugimura, T., et al.: Mutation Research, 290, 43 (1993), Eisenbrand &amp; Tang: Toxicology, 84, 1 (1993)<br></p>

<p>Applications Potassium Sorbate acts as a potential antifungal agent when used in conjunction with polyethylene films. Also used as a corrosion inhibitor via corrosion mitigation.<br>References Alrabadi, N. et al.: Amer. Eur. J. Agri. Env., 13, 1497 (2013); Gelman, D. et al.: Corr. Sci., 82, 271 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications Dehydro Lercanidipine is the main metabolite of Lercanidipine (L179000), an antihypertensive. Lercanidipine impurity D.<br>References Hayase, N., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 83, 532 (1994), Nayler, W., et al.: J. Clin. Basic Cardiol., 2, 155 (1999), Mielcarek, J., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 24, 71 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Applications Succinic Acid was identified in essential oil from Saxifraga stolonifera and has antibacterial activity.<br>References Zhang, Z.: Xibei Nongye Xuebao, 25, 1536 (2016)<br></p>

<p>Applications Palmitic Acid is a common fatty acid found in plants and animals. The body converts excess carbohydrates into Palmitic Acid, thus Palmitic Acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis as well as a precursor for longer fatty acids.<br>References Jeffcoat, R. et al.: Lipids, 12, 469 (1977); Hudgins, L. et al.: J. Lipid Res., 41, 595 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Applications Triethoxy(octyl)silane is a hydrophobization agent used to limit coalescence in solid-stabilized emulsions.<br>References Arditty, S., et al.: Eur. Phys. J. E, 11, 273 (2003);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications (Z)-Fluoxastrobin is an isomer of Fluoxastrobin (F596000), Leaf-systemic broad-spectrum fungicide for use in cereal and food crops; member of methoxy-imiodihydro-dioxazines. Agricultural fungicide.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Milus, E., et al.: Plant Dis., 78, 697 (1994), D'Mello, J., et al.: Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 104, 745 (1998), Domijan, A., et al.: Food Addit. Contam., 22, 677 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications Glycerine Trioleate is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil which is used in the investigational treatment of asymptomatic patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD).<br>References Sassa, T., et al.: J. Lipid Res,. 55, 524 (2014); Macro, C., et al.: J. Inherit. Metab. Dis., 35, 899 (2012); Alexander, S., et al.: Expert Rev. Neurother., 8, 1367 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Labelled Paraquat Dichloride, a commonly used heribicide. Paraquat Dichloride is a fast-acting and non-selective viologen derivative that kills green plant tissue on contact. Studies suggest that there might be a possible link between Paraquat Dichloride and the development of Parkinson’s disease.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Heylings, J.R. et al.: Toxicology, 241, 1 (2007); Wibawa, W. et al.: Int. J. Agric. Biol., 11, 145 (2009); Franco, R. et al.: Chem.-Biol. Inter., 188, 289 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications Phenyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is a substance for the production of stable exenatide preparations for treating diabetes and obesity. Investigation of drug partition property in artificial sebum for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agent into the hair and sebaceous follicles. In vitro and molecular docking studies on the side chains of parabens as modulators of antiandrogenic activities.<br>References Valiveti, S., et al.: Int. J. Pharm.; Zhong, H., et al.: From Faming Zhuanli Shenqing (2009), CN 101366692 A 20090218; Ding, K., et al.: Env. Sci. Technol., 51, 6452 (2017)<br></p>

<p>Applications Metabolite of 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC). Found in hepatocyte, microsome, S9 fraction of human, dog, monkey, rat and mouse liver.<br>References Ekins, S., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos. 24, 990 (1996), Bock, K., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol. 66, 691 (2003), Naritomi, Y., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos. 31, 580 (2003).<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Glycyrrhizic Acid is a triterpene saponin used in the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation for its anti-inflammatory, antiulcerous and antiallergic effects.<br>References Marsh, L., et al.: Biochem. J., 63, 9 (1956), Kitagawa, et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 36, 3710 (1988),<br></p>

<p>Applications S-(-)-Norketamine Hydrochloride is the S-isomer and one of the main metabolites of ketamine (K165300), an anesthetic agent.<br>References Edwards, S.R., et al.: Life. Sci., 69, 2051 (2001); Zhao, X.C., et al.: Brit. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 74, 304 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Prototype of the family of naturally occurring cobalt coordination compounds knows as corrinoids. Analogs of vitamin B12 which differ only in the β-ligand of the cobalt are termed cobalamins. Synthesized almost exclusively by bacteria. Dietary sources include fish, meat, liver, and dairy products; plants have little or no cobalamins. Converted by the body into its bioactive forms, methylcobalamin and cobamamide, which serve as enzyme cofactors. Severe deficiency may result in megaloblastic anemia and/or neurological impairment.<br>References Rickes, et al.: Science, 107, 396 (1948); Kirschbaum, J., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 10, 183 (1981); Grasbeck, R., et al.: Clin. Biochem., 17, 99 (1984)<br></p>

<p>Applications 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran, is a toxic polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), detected in domestic meat and poultry. It can be used as purified standards for analytical, toxic, and biological studies of these environmental contaminants.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Huwe, J., et al.: Food Addit. Contam., 21, 182 (2004), Llobet, J., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 178, 117 (2008); Feil, V., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 6163 (2000); Safe, S. H., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 32, 68 (1984);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Labelled (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid. (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (Ethephon) is the most widely used plant growth regulator. Ethephon is often used on wheat, coffee, tobacco, cotton, and rice in order to help the plant's fruit reach maturity more quickly. The toxicity of Ethephon is actually very low, and any Ethephon used on the plant is converted very quickly to ethylene.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Brantley, B., et al.: J. Plant Physiol., 1428, 741 (1960), Ntui, V., et al.: J. Food Agricult. Environ., 5, 211 (2007), Vwioko, E., et al.: Biosci. Res. Communic., 21, 263 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(2-Fluorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone Hydrochloride is a related compound of Ketamine (K165300), an anesthetic.<br>References Sass, W.C., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 6, 297 (1977); Reich, D.L., et al.: Can. J. Anaesth., 36, 186 (1989);<br></p>

<p>Applications Heptadecanoic acid is a saturated fatty acid and occurs as a trace component of the fat in ruminants.<br>References Beare-Rogers., et al.: Pure. Applied. Chem., 73, 685 (2001);<br></p>

<p>Applications Pyridoxamine Dihydrochloride (cas# 524-36-7) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Rabeprazole EP Impurity A<br>Applications Rabeprazole Sulfone (Rabeprazole EP Impurity A) is a metabolite of Rabeprazole (R070500).<br>References Miura, M., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 62, 113 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Rabeprazole EP Impurity B<br>Applications Rabeprazole Sulfide (Rabeprazole EP Impurity B) is a metabolite of Rabeprazole (R070500).<br>References Yoshida, T., et al.: Biotech. Lett., 23, 1217 (2001), Miura, M., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 62, 113 (2006), Sheridan, R.P., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 3173 (2007), Ren, S., et al.: Arc. Pharm. Res., 31, 406 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications It is noteworthy that 1-(3-Chlorphenyl)piperazine (m-CPP), resulting from N-dealkylation of Trazodone, is a major circulating metabolite in humans common to several antidepressants including Trazodone, Nefazodone, and Etoperidone (1,2,3). The metabolite m-CPP is of significant interest because it has 5-HT2C agonistic and 5-HT2A antagonistic properties. It has also been suggested that m-CPP may contribute to the antidepressant efficacy of Trazodone.<br>References (1) Bo Wen, et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 36, 841 (2008) (2) Maes, M., et al.: J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 17, 358 (1997) (3) Fiorella, D., et al.: Psychopharmacology, 119, 220 (1995)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Safranal, is isolated from Saffron, and is primarily responsible for the aroma of saffron. It has also been shown to have anticonvulsant properties, acting as agonist at GABAA receptors. It is also possessing anticancer and antidepressant properties.<br>References Hosseinzadeh, H., et al.: Acta. Horticulturae, 650, 435 (2004); Hosseinzadeh, H, et al.: Phytomedicine, 14 (4), 256 (2007); Assimopoulou AN., et al.: Phytoherapy Res., 19 (11), 997 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications Taurine is an organic acid found in animal tissues and is a major constituent of bile. Taurine has many biological roles such as conjugation of bile acids, antioxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization and modulation of calcium signaling.<br>References Brosnan J. et al.: J. Nutrit., 136, 1636S (2006); Birdsall, T.C. et al.: Alt. Med. Rev., 3, 128 (1998); Foos, T.M. et al.: Neurochem. Res., 27, 21 (2002); Das, J. et al.: Pathophysiology, 15, 181 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications PEG-2 Hydrogenated Tallow Amine is a surfactants derived from animal fats with primary use as emulsifiers.<br>References Fu, X., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing., 4 (2018)<br></p>

<p>Applications Tetradecanedioic acid (cas# 821-38-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications β-Geranyl Acetate is found in essential oils such as Moroccan commercial essential oils which has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities; and in Salvia scabiosifolia from Bulgaria.<br>References Aazza, S., et. al.: Nat. Prod. Comm., 9, 587 (2014); Marchev, A., et. al.: J. Essential Oil-bearing Plants, 15, 908 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Caffeine-13C3 is a labelled analogue of Caffeine (C080100), a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a stimulant drug and a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants. In humans, caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant, temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Caffeine is a cardiac and respiratory stimulant; diuretic. Caffeine is toxic at sufficiently high doses.A study at Johns Hopkins University indicates that caffeine can improve pattern separation memory.<br>References Zubair, U.M., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 15, 71 (1986); Cherrah, Y., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 37, 1311 (1988);  Chem. and Eng. News p.34, Jan. 20, (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,7-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is a standard used in environmental testing and research and in the study of enthalpy of vaporization of ersistant organic pollutants.<br>References Sosnowska, A. et al.: Atmos. Env., 87, 10 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications Isotope labelled Ethylestrenol (E917830) is an anabolic steroid. Ethylestrenol is an illegal growth promoter used in livestock and are often tested for as part of a routine screening program for forbidden growth promoters.<br>References Van Puymbroeck, M. et al.: J. Chrom. B Biomed. Sci. Appl., 728, 217 (1999); Wekhe, S.N. et al.: J. Appl. Animal Res., 5, 119 (1994);<br></p>

<p>Applications Emodin occurs mostly as the rhamnoside (see Frangulin) in rhubarb root. Cathartic.<br>References Pan, X., et al.: Biochem. Eng. J., 5, 173 (2000), Srinivas, G., et al.: Eur. J. Pharmacol., 473, 117 (2003), Xiang, H., et al.: Chin. Pharm. J., 40, 96 (2005), Mokhtarani, B., et al.: Biochem. Eng. J., 38, 241 (2008),<br></p>