Amino Acid Derivatives

<p>L-Histidine methyl ester dihydrochloride is used to prepare optically pure L-(+)-ergothioneine. This Thermo Scientific Chemicals brand product was originally part of the Alfa Aesar product portfolio. Some documentation and label information may refer to the legacy brand. The original Alfa Aesar prod</p>

<p>gamma-L-Glutamyl hydrazide</p>

<p>Endogenous opioid neurotransmitter that is an agonist at mu- and delta-opioid receptors</p>

<p>This Thermo Scientific Chemicals brand product was originally part of the Alfa Aesar product portfolio. Some documentation and label information may refer to the legacy brand. The original Alfa Aesar product / item code or SKU reference has not changed as a part of the brand transition to Thermo Sci</p>

NLS, cell-penetrating peptide containing 7 amino acids homologous to the SV40 T antigen, was capable of inducing the transport of several carrier proteins to the nucleus. The terminal cysteine permits the attachment of this peptide to any protein using a heterobifunctional crosslinking reagent. Coupling to plasmid DNA has also been realized by M.G.Sebastyén and coworkers. Heterodimerization of TAT and NLS yields an even more effective transfecting peptide.

<p>Bachem ID: 4051303.</p>

The peptide hormone osteocalcin is involved not only in bone formation, it also plays an important role in glucose metabolism and could regulate testosteron. In mice, only the completely decarboxylated form of the peptide shows the latter hormonal activities, whereas in humans, osteocalcin, partially decarboxylated osteocalcins, and the uncarboxylated peptide seem to be involved. Generally, obese individuals have been shown to have lower osteocalcin(s) levels than non-obese controls, and type 2 diabetic individuals have lower plasma osteocalcin than non-diabetic individuals.

Deamidation product of glucagon.

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) is synthesized by posttranslational processing of proglucagon in the intestine and pancreas and plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis. Among the different molecular forms, such as GLP-1 (7-36) amide and GLP-1 (7-37), the function of GLP-1 (1-37) has been unclear. GLP-1 (1-37) was shown to convert intestinal epithelial cells into insulin-producing cells. These observations turned GLP-1 (1-37) into a new promising therapeutic compound for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In animal models of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart failure, and myocardial infarction, GLP-1 has shown a remarkable cardioprotective activity.

<p>Bachem ID: 4068086.</p>

Peptide YY has been isolated from human colonic extracts. It is identical in sequence to porcine PYY except for two amino acid replacements.

Bombesin-like peptide from porcine spinal cord; exhibits a potent stimulant effect on smooth muscle of rat uterus. Neuromedin C microinjected into the amygdala inhibited feeding in rats.

Hymenistatin I (HS-I) exerts an immunosuppressive effect in the humoral and cellular immune responses comparable with that of cyclosporin A (CsA). Comparison of the influence of HS-I and CsA on cytokine production suggests that the mechanisms of the interaction with the immunological system are substantially different for the two compounds tested.

<p>Bachem ID: 4011476.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4015469.</p>

This peptide is the pp60 c-src carboxy-terminal phosphoregulatory peptide phosphorylated at Tyr⁵²⁷. The peptide fragment is involved in the regulation of kinase activity by binding intramolecularly or intermolecularly to the SH2 domain of the pp60 c-src protein.

Exendin-4 (exenatide), originally isolated from Heloderma suspectum venom, differs from exendin-3 by only 2 N-terminal amino acid substitutions. This polypeptide causes an increase in acinar cAMP without stimulating amylase release. Exendin-4 and glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide bind with similar affinity to the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. Moreover, exendin-4 is also considered for clinical use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

<p>Bachem ID: 4013891.</p>

C-Peptide 2 (rat) was shown to be effective in augmenting glucose utilization in streptozotocin diabetic rats.

Galanin-like peptide (GALP), first isolated from the porcine hypothalamus and subsequently also identified in rats and humans, is a 60 amino acid neuropeptide that unlike galanin, has a non-amidated C-terminus. Its amino acid residues (9-21) are identical to the biologically active N-terminal (1-13) fragment of galanin. In contrast to galanin which is relatively non-selective, receptor binding studies revealed that GALP had a high affinity for the galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) and a lower affinity for the GALR1 receptor. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that GALP stimulates food intake with a ten fold higher orexigenic activity than galanin and may also affect emotional state in the CNS.

PEG acrylate-based hydrogels have been modified with the RGD peptide YRGDS to improve their biocompatibility. YRGDS can be radioiodinated.

<p>Bachem ID: 4104812.</p>

Glucagon antagonist.

Amylin (20-29) (or hIAPP 20-29) forms fibrils that are ultrastructurally identical to amyloid fibrils seen in pancreatic islets. The region SNNFGAILSS appears to be the most important amyloidogenic sequence of hIAPP (human islet amyloid polypeptide).

Apelin-17 is an endogenous ligand of the human orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ, reported to act as a coreceptor of CD4 for human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. Apelin-17 and apelin-13 represent the predominant molecular forms of apelin present in the whole brain, hypothalamus, and plasma. Like apelin-13, apelin-17 exhibited a high activity on extracellular acidification rate and strongly inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in CHO cells expressing the human or the rat apelin receptor. The peptide might play a crucial role in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis by counteracting AVP (arginine vasopressin) actions through inhibition of AVP neuron activity and AVP release.

Suc-AAPR-pNA, a substrate for wild-type and K188D/D189K trypsins (Km = 32.8 mM respectively 50.8 mM).

Chromogenic substrate for gingipain K.

Chicken GnRH I and its isoform GnRH II were detected in the chicken hypothalamus.

Deamidation product of glucagon.

<p>Bachem ID: 4031199.</p>

Fragment of human leptin, an adipose tissue-derived protein encoded by the obese gene. Leptin has been implicated in the control of food intake, energy expenditure and reproduction. Additional roles in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis have been proposed.

One of the most potent pentapeptides having the same qualitative effects as the parent hormone gastrin I. The effect of this cholecystokinin agonist has been studied in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Pentagastrin is used as a diagnostic for the evaluation of gastric acid secretory function (pentagastrin test).

VSV-8, RGYVYQGL, corresponds to positions 52 to 59 of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) nucleoprotein which is expressed in the cytosol of cells infected by VSV. CTL response against VSV in H-2Kb mice is directed against this immunodominant peptide. VSV-8 forms a complex with murine MHC class I molecule H-2Kb, which is similar to human HLA class I.

The sequence RRPYIL is essential for neurotensin-NT receptor interaction.

Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRF-amide) is an octapeptide implicated in a variety of physiological functions, including nociception, cardiovascular responses, and neuroendocrine regulation.

<p>Bachem ID: 4089772.</p>

α-Methyl-proline restores normal levels of bone collagen type I synthesis in ovariectomized rats, used as models for human postmenopausal osteoporosis.

<p>Bachem ID: 4039552.</p>

IAPP 1-13 does not form fibrils, the region could be involved in the binding of amylin to membranes.

<p>Bachem ID: 4012268.</p>

Inhibitor of tryptophan 5-monooxygenase.