Building Blocks

Versatile small molecule scaffold

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Thiodiglycolic anhydride is a synthetic reagent that is used in the synthesis of erdosteine. It also has been used in the synthesis of other products, such as magnetic particles for imaging and therapeutic uses. Thiodiglycolic anhydride can be used to synthesize erdosteine, which is a substrate for the enzyme hydroxylase and contains a hydroxy group in its structure. The hydroxyl group on erdosteine reacts with thiodiglycolic anhydride to form acrylonitrile, which then reacts with benzyl groups to form benzylthio-esters. These benzylthio-esters are then converted into acid transporters.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>4-Nitrophenylmethanethiol is a reactive molecule that reacts with dopamine D3, an important cytosolic protein, to form a stable covalent bond. This reaction was shown to be pH-dependent and the products were identified by x-ray diffraction data. The disulfide bond formed by this reaction is then reduced to the corresponding sulfhydryl group with sodium borohydride or hydroxide solution. 4-Nitrophenylmethanethiol also reacts with inorganic acid and sodium carbonate to form a molecule containing carbapenem, which is a model protein used in research on chemical reactions. 4-Nitrophenylmethanethiol reacts with chloride ions and phenyl groups to yield hydrochloric acid as the final product of the chemical reaction.</p>

<p>Dimethyl pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylate is an organic compound that is used as a precursor to make other chemicals. It is a pyridinedicarboxylic acid and it can be synthesized from the reduction of pyridine with sodium borohydride in ethanol. Dimethyl pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylate is also used in the production of acetaldehyde by way of hydrosilylation with chloride and chloroform. This chemical has been found to be useful for the synthesis of various drugs such as antiepileptics, antihistamines, antipsychotics, and antidepressants.</p>

<p>Nerol oxide is a natural compound and fragrance ingredient that has been shown to have anti-aging effects. Nerol oxide is an ester of citronellal, nerolic acid and ethyl decanoate. It is found naturally in orange blossoms and other citrus plants, as well as in lavender oil. Nerol oxide can be extracted from the plant material using solid phase microextraction. The chemical analyses of this extract reveal the presence of various fatty acids, including ethyl esters, fatty acids and their corresponding alcohols. These compounds are used to produce nerol oxide by polymerization with an initiator such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide at a neutral pH.</p>

<p>3,6-Dichloropicolinonitrile is a peroxide that is used in the synthesis of organic compounds. It is produced by the reaction of sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid with nitric acid as a catalyst. 3,6-Dichloropicolinonitrile has been shown to be more selective than other oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate. The product can then be purified by adding diacetate, which selectively reacts with the chlorine to form acetyl chloride and glycolic acid. The resulting mixture can then be distilled to produce 3,6-dichloropicolinonitrile in high purity. 3,6-Dichloropicolinonitrile can also be used in electrochemical methods for the synthesis of cyanides or biochemically for virulent products such as pesticides and organic solvents.</p>

<p>(Chloromethyl)cyclohexane is a synthase gene that is responsible for synthesizing the enzyme chloromethyl cyclohexane, which is used as a solid catalyst. The synthesis of (chloromethyl)cyclohexane from phenyl groups and liquid crystal composition has been demonstrated using expression plasmids and active oxygen. The compound inhibits inflammatory diseases by preventing the production of arachidonic acid, which is an inflammatory agent. This compound also inhibits the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in the release of histamine from mast cells. Pharmaceutical preparations that contain this compound are primarily used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

Versatile small molecule scaffold

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanone is an intermediate in the synthesis of polymers and polyesters. This compound is a reactive hydrogenation product which can be used to produce polymers with desired properties. The unsaturated side chain of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone reacts with borohydride to form a ketal. After being converted to the corresponding acid chloride, the 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone can be used for the synthesis of polyesters. This compound has also been shown to be an effective catalyst for producing β-unsaturated ketones from aldehydes and dienes.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>6-Bromo-2-methoxyquinoline is a versatile compound with various applications. It is commonly used as a disinfectant in ceramic compositions and research chemicals. Additionally, it has been found to have potential therapeutic benefits. Studies have shown that 6-Bromo-2-methoxyquinoline exhibits antioxidant properties and can inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators such as arachidonic acid and prostaglandins. Furthermore, it has been found to modulate potassium channels, which play a crucial role in cellular function. This compound also shows promise in the development of copolymers and other materials due to its unique chemical structure. With its wide range of applications, 6-Bromo-2-methoxyquinoline is an essential compound for various industries.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

FG-2216 is a peptide that activates the G protein-coupled receptor, leading to increased intracellular calcium. FG-2216 is a potent agonist of the GPRC6A receptor and has been shown to inhibit pain perception in animal models. FG-2216 has been shown to have no effect on ion channels and does not affect cellular proliferation or migration. FG-2216 may be useful as a research tool for studying the function of the GPRC6A receptor in animal models.

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Bromo-PEG3-azide is a PEG compound with two different functional groups (also known as heterobifunctional). Unlike homobifunctional PEG compounds (same functional group on both ends), this type of compounds are more versatile as have two different anchor points. Bromo-PEG3-azide is used as a linker and spacer to add a PEG moiety, via pegylation (a bioconjugation technique) to proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, small molecules and nanoparticles.</p>

<p>2-Bromo-3-hydroxy-benzaldehyde is a nitrate that has been shown to have anti-cancer properties. It inhibits the growth of cancer cells by binding to bromodomains in their DNA, thereby preventing transcription and replication. 2-Bromo-3-hydroxy-benzaldehyde also inhibits the production of nitric oxide, which may lead to an inhibitory effect on tumour angiogenesis. The stereoisomers of this compound are used as precursors for the synthesis of ammonium nitrate, which is used as a fertilizer and explosive. 2-Bromo-3-hydroxy-benzaldehyde is also used in organic synthesis as a precursor for acetylation or halide reactions with palladium complexes or halides.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>1-(Piperazin-1-yl)butan-1-one is a neoplastic cell growth inhibitor that inhibits the proliferation of myeloid, k562 and HL60 cells. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in vitro. 1-(Piperazin-1-yl)butan-1-one is an analog of piperazine, which is known to be a cytotoxic agent with anticancer activity. The mechanism of action is not known, but it may be due to its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis or its inhibition of protein synthesis.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>2-(Morpholin-4-yl)acetyl chloride hydrochloride is a fine chemical that is used as a building block for the synthesis of other compounds. It can be used in research and development, or as a reagent. 2-(Morpholin-4-yl)acetyl chloride hydrochloride has high purity and is easily soluble in water. This compound can be used as an intermediate to synthesize other compounds, or it can be used as a scaffold for the formation of complex structures.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>1,3-Dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl acetate is a reactive intermediate that can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of other organic compounds. It is synthesized by the reaction of an acid with an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a base. The rate of this reaction depends on the functional groups present in both reactants and their relative concentrations. This intermediate can be converted to another chemical compound through various reactions, including hydroxymethylation, decarboxylation and oxidation. This chemical has been used as a cocatalyst for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF).</p>

<p>6-Chloro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinol is an aldehyde that reacts with hydrazine to form a monoxide, which reacts with carbon monoxide to form a hydrazide.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>N-Carbethoxy-4-hydroxypiperidine is a drug substance that is a h1 receptor antagonist. It is used as an antihistamine to treat the symptoms of hay fever and other allergic reactions. N-Carbethoxy-4-hydroxypiperidine is available in two enantiomers, or mirror images, which are labelled S and R. The R enantiomer is more potent than the S enantiomer for inhibiting histamine h1 receptors. This drug has been shown to inhibit the growth of tuberculosis bacteria in cell culture and animal models, but not against Mycobacterium avium complex. N-Carbethoxy-4-hydroxypiperidine has also been shown to have significant antibacterial activity against Clostridium perfringens with minimal toxicity in mice.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethyl bromide is an adenosine receptor antagonist that can be used in cancer treatment. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by blocking the binding of adenosine to its receptors and inhibiting phosphodiesterase, which is an enzyme that breaks down the key cellular messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP). 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethyl bromide also inhibits the production of aphanorphine, a morphine analogue that has been shown to stimulate endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in cancer cells. This compound has been synthesised and tested on animal models with promising results.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Methyl 3-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate is a chiral molecule that belongs to the class of β-unsaturated ketones. It has been shown to interact with enzymes from horse liver, dehydrogenase and carbanion. Methyl 3-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate is unreactive under most conditions and does not react with other molecules. The compound can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of olefinic compounds.</p>

<p>2,5-Diethoxyterephthalohydrazide is an organic compound that has been used for the synthesis of linkers with various functional groups. It is a reactive intermediate in the synthesis of amines and compounds containing amine functional groups. 2,5-Diethoxyterephthalohydrazide has been shown to be stable under environmental conditions and can be used as a linker in organic solvents such as amines, alcohols or esters. This compound has also been shown to exhibit photocatalytic activity when irradiated by UV light. Techniques such as analytical chemistry and techniques can be used to characterize this compound's reactivity and stability.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>The chemical is a palladium-based complex that inhibits the activity of α4β7 integrin. It has been shown to be effective in prophylaxis and treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, and other conditions, such as congenital disorders. The compound has been shown to inhibit the growth of plants by causing phytotoxic effects.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>2-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxy-3-methylpyridine hydrochloride is a lead compound that belongs to the family of pyridine derivatives. It has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of bacterial RNA synthesis, with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM for Escherichia coli and 8 μM for Bacillus subtilis. 2-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxy-3-methylpyridine hydrochloride also inhibits the growth of Gram negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae. The compound binds to the nucleophilic site on ribosomes, which prevents the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids in protein synthesis. This leads to cell death by inhibiting protein synthesis, leading to cell division.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

Versatile small molecule scaffold

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

Versatile small molecule scaffold

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>2-Bromo-4-iodoanisole is an electrophilic intermediate that can be synthetically prepared by regioselective halogenations of 4-iodoanisole. It is also a substrate for sequential halogenations with bromine or iodine. The 2-bromo-4-iodoanisole reacts with aluminum to form an aluminate, which can be used as a catalyst in organic synthesis. 2-Bromo-4-iodoanisole has been shown to react with aromatic rings by electrophilically attacking the ring and adding a second bromine atom to the ring, leading to quenching of the molecule and formation of structurally diverse products.</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>Versatile small molecule scaffold</p>

<p>1,4-Cubanedicarboxylic acid is an organic compound that is a diacid. It has been shown to be an inhibitor of chloride secretion in the intestine, and can also decrease the rate at which hydrogen ions are released into the intestinal lumen. 1,4-Cubanedicarboxylic acid is also a cross-linking agent that can be used in organic solvents for large-scale synthesis. The optical properties of 1,4-cubanedicarboxylic acid have been studied using FTIR spectroscopy. This agent has been found to react with intramolecular hydrogen to form a six membered ring.</p>

<p>2-Chloro-2-(chlorodifluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-152a) is a chemical compound that belongs to the group of chlorofluorocarbons. It has been used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant. HFC-152a is an azeotrope with methyl ethyl ketone and ethyl ketone. It has also been reported to have properties as an ether, acetone, and difluoromethyl.</p>

<p>(S)-2-Bromobutyric acid is a chiral compound. It is an enantiomer of the biologically inactive (R)-2-bromobutyric acid. The (S)-enantiomer has been shown to exhibit biological activity, with a kinetic and detectable activity that are similar to those of the parent molecule. This compound can be used as a precursor for pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics, which would be useful in cases where bacteria have developed resistance to existing antibiotics. The dehalogenase enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of halogenated aromatic compounds in a way that produces an alcohol and hydrogen bromide. This reaction can be detected by changes in the chemical properties of the environment or by detecting changes in the optical rotation or fluorescence of the product.</p>

<p>Methyl 4-fluorothiophene-2-carboxylate is a fluorinated organic compound that is used as a model compound in polymer chemistry. It has been used to synthesize polymers with stepwise fluorination and diketopyrrolopyrrole moieties. This molecule also has optoelectronic properties and can be converted to a conjugated, monofluorinated, or difluorinated form by the addition of electron-withdrawing groups such as nitro or cyano groups. Methyl 4-fluorothiophene-2-carboxylate is an acceptor for electron transfer reactions.</p>

<p>2-(7-Amino-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)acetic acid is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes basic proteins. It is used to study the receptor binding of these proteins and their role in inflammatory diseases. 2-(7-Amino-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3,6-)acetic acid is an amino function that enhances the localization of cholinergic receptors at the apical membrane of epithelial cells. It also inhibits the efflux pump activity of bacteria, which may be useful for treating bacterial infections.</p>

<p>4-Hydroxyvaleric acid sodium salt is a hydrophilic, thermally sensitive substance that is used as an analytical reagent in toxicology. It is typically used as a screening agent for the detection of acetaldehyde and other aldehydes. 4-Hydoxyvaleric acid sodium salt reacts with acetone to form a clear solution and can be injected into a gas chromatograph using an injection method. The reaction between 4-hydroxyvaleric acid sodium salt and acetone produces an efficient method for the analysis of acetaldehyde. This chemical is often used by toxicologists and chemists to screen for the presence of acetaldehyde in blood or urine samples.</p>

<p>Flurbiprofen Related Compound A is a compound that inhibits the activity of serine proteases. It binds to the active site of the enzyme, preventing it from breaking down proteins in the body. Flurbiprofen Related Compound A binds to metal surfaces and is also used as a fluorescent probe for biological research. It has been shown to have optical properties and fluorescence properties, which are amplified by an amplifier.</p>

<p>L-Tyrosine ethyl ester hydrochloride is a non-protein amino acid that inhibits the activity of metalloproteases, which are enzymes that break down proteins. It has been shown to be effective against bowel disease and cancer by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines. L-Tyrosine ethyl ester hydrochloride also has anti-inflammatory properties and can be used in the treatment of depression and liver cirrhosis. This drug is an inhibitor of hydroxylase, which is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of melanin. It is a structural analogue to L-DOPA, which is used for Parkinson's disease. L-Tyrosine ethyl ester hydrochloride has been shown to have antihypertensive effects and can be used as a diuretic agent.</p>

<p>2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine is an antimicrobial agent that belongs to the chemical class of pyrimidine compounds. It inhibits bacterial growth by cross-linking with amino acids and nucleic acids in the cell wall, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. 2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine is also a cross-linking agent for polymers such as polyurethane and vinyl chloride. This compound has been shown to be effective against P. aeruginosa and other bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. 2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine reacts with water vapor or oxygen nucleophiles to form hydrogen chloride and amine groups. These reactions can be used for identification of this compound in the laboratory.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Tert-butyl N-(8-bromooctyl)carbamate including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyridin-4-one is an organic compound that can be synthesized by a cross-coupling reaction between a pyridine and chloroformate. The reaction mechanism involves nucleophilic addition of the amine to the electrophile followed by reductive elimination. This process leads to the formation of a tetrahydroquinoline skeleton with stereoselectivity. Tetrahydropyridin-4-one can also be synthesized from an iminium ion or an activated pyridinium salt. The resulting product will have a different skeleton because it was synthesized through different mechanisms.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 4-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)aniline including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Metal-chelating agent</p>

<p>Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is a polycyclic aromatic compound that can be found in coal tar. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antifungal properties. Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is produced by the human body as an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan. This compound can also be synthesized and used to treat chronic bronchitis, which is caused by excessive mucus production and inflammation of the airways. The reaction mechanism for pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is similar to that of other drugs that are used in respiratory therapy, such as aminophylline or acetylcysteine.</p>

<p>4-Methylenepiperidine hydrochloride is a synthetic, ethylene oxide derivative that is used as an antifungal drug. It is also used in the synthesis of other compounds and as a reagent in organic chemistry. 4-Methylenepiperidine hydrochloride can be synthesized by reacting ethylene with an alkoxide, followed by adding a metal halide such as organolithium reagents to form the desired product. The yield rate of this reaction is high and it is easy to perform on a large scale.</p>

<p>Leu-Leu-Leu-OH is a pentapeptide that is used in cancer treatment to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. It prevents the production of proteins and, as a result, cell division. Leu-Leu-Leu-OH has been shown to be effective against tumor cells with an antibody that binds to the surface of cells. The monoclonal antibody is taken up by the cancer cells through receptor mediated endocytosis, which leads to inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death.</p>

<p>N-alpha-Z-L-lysine methyl ester hydrochloride is a preparation that is used as a methyl ester. It is an ester of lysine and methyl chloride. This product has a molecular weight of 170.16 g/mol and the chemical formula CH3CONHCH2CH(NH)CO2CH3. The structural data has not been confirmed by X-ray crystallography, but it can be assumed to be in the form of a zwitterion. N-alpha-Z-L-lysine methyl ester hydrochloride can be used for the synthesis of peptides, which are building blocks for proteins and enzymes. N-alpha-Z-L-lysine methyl ester hydrochloride is also used in the production of certain kinds of drugs and organic acids such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).</p>

<p>4-Iodo-1-methylpyrazole is a reductive agent that is used in organic synthesis. It can be used as a reducing agent for the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols. 4-Iodo-1-methylpyrazole can be crystallized from diethyl etherate and blood. The product yield from this reaction is high, but it requires an oxidant such as trifluoride or plavix to react with the diacetates. 4-Iodo-1-methylpyrazole can also be synthesized by reacting allylsilanes with iodine gas in the presence of a base. This synthesis method produces 4-iodo-1-methylpyrazole in good yield and with little difficulty.</p>

<p>5-Iodo-2-nitrobenzoic acid is a fine chemical that is used as a building block in the synthesis of complex compounds and research chemicals. This compound has been shown to be an effective reagent for the synthesis of many different types of compounds. It can also be used as a reactant or intermediate in organic syntheses, such as those involving cross-coupling reactions. 5-Iodo-2-nitrobenzoic acid is a versatile building block that can be used in both simple and complex chemical reactions.</p>

1-Benzofuran-5-carbaldehyde is a synthetic compound that inhibits the enzyme ido1. It has been shown to have potent cytotoxicity, potent inhibition, and neurotrophic properties in a number of cell lines. 1-Benzofuran-5-carbaldehyde also exhibits inhibitory effects on the enzymes hydrolyzing dopamine, which is involved in the synthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine. The chemical structure of 1-benzofuran-5-carbaldehyde closely resembles that of dopamine and its derivatives, and can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

<p>4-Bromobenzaldehyde is a chemical compound that belongs to the group of aromatic compounds. It has been shown to have a potent stimulatory effect on locomotor activity in mice, which may be due to its ability to increase levels of epidermal growth factor and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the brain. 4-Bromobenzaldehyde can be synthesized from 2,4-dibromophenol and anhydrous copper chloride in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The reaction mechanism for this synthesis is believed to involve an intermediate enamine form of 4-bromobenzaldehyde, which can then undergo hydrolysis into 2,4-dibromophenol and benzaldehyde. This product is used as a reagent in organic synthesis because it can be used to form esters with trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid in high yield.</p>

<p>Organic intermediate</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 5-Bromo-2-fluoro-1,3-dimethylbenzene including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 3-Bromo-2-fluoro-6-methylpyridine including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 5-Bromo-2-dimethylaminopyridine including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>5-Bromo-2-iodopyridine is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. This drug also has a toxic effect on respiratory system cells, which may be due to its ability to induce apoptosis. 5-Bromo-2-iodopyridine interacts with DNA in a triazine ring and inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis. The drug binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit at a site that is different from that of rifampin and other antibiotics. The reaction is catalyzed by palladium at high temperatures and takes place in organic solvents such as chloroform or benzene. This synthetic process can be made more efficient by using inexpensive starting materials, such as bromine, iodine, and acetone, rather than expensive starting materials like platinum or gold salts.</p>

<p>4-Bromopyridine HCl is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H5BrN. It is an aromatic heterocycle and is used in organic synthesis as a coupling partner in cross-coupling reactions. The bromine atom of 4-bromopyridine is replaced by chloride, resulting in 4-chloropyridine. The chlorination reaction can be conducted using either hydrochloric acid or thionyl chloride. This process can be done on an industrial scale and the chlorinated product has been used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pesticides. The reaction mechanism for this substitution reaction involves a nucleophilic attack by chlorine on the pyridine ring at carbon atom 2 followed by displacement of hydrogen from the adjacent position on nitrogen atom 3. Acylation reactions are oxidation processes that involve conversion of carboxylic acids to acyl halides or acyl chlorides through treatment with acidified halogenating agents such</p>