Terpenoids

A diterpenoid from Chinese medicinal plant Rabdosia rubescens with anti-inflammatory activity. It is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB and MAPK activation and suppresses the release of proinflammatory cytokines. It is also a covalent inhibitor of NLRP3, a sensor component of NLRP3 inflammasome. In a rodent model for cerebral amyloidosis, oridonin effectively prevented neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease-associated neuropathological changes. It reduced numbers of amyloid-β plaques in mice brain and reversed behaviour and social impairment.

Methyl lucidenate P is a natural triterpenoid compound, which is derived from various species of the Ganoderma fungus, particularly Ganoderma lucidum, known commonly as reishi or lingzhi. This compound is structurally characterized by the presence of a methyl ester group, contributing to its unique biochemical properties. Methyl lucidenate P acts by interfering with several cellular pathways, including apoptosis induction and angiogenesis inhibition, which are crucial for its potential anticancer activities. It disrupts cell proliferation and promotes programmed cell death in various cancer cell lines.

Beta-Caryophyllene is a bicyclic sesquiterpene, which is a natural product found in essential oils derived from various plants, including black pepper, cloves, and cannabis. This compound is characterized by its unique ability to selectively bind to cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), acting as a full agonist. Unlike typical cannabinoids, beta-Caryophyllene does not interact substantially with CB1 receptors, making it non-psychoactive.

Digitoxose is a deoxy sugar, which is an integral component of certain cardiac glycosides. These glycosides, such as digitoxin, are predominantly sourced from the leaves of the digitalis species, particularly Digitalis purpurea or Digitalis lanata. The sugar moiety, digitoxose, is critical for the glycoside's ability to exert its pharmacological effects through interactions with cellular components.

Eupatolide is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a class of naturally occurring organic compounds. It is primarily derived from certain plants in the Asteraceae family, such as Eupatorium species. Eupatolide exhibits its biological effects through the modulation of various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, which plays a critical role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses.

Artemisinin precursor

**Acetoxyvalerenic acid** is a bioactive compound, which is a sesquiterpenic constituent derived from the roots of *Valeriana officinalis*, commonly known as valerian. This perennial flowering plant is indigenous to Europe and parts of Asia and has been historically utilized for its sedative and calming effects. Recent phytochemical studies have isolated acetoxyvalerenic acid as one of the active sesquiterpenoids contributing to these effects.

Effusanin A is a specialized fungal metabolite, which is derived from fungal endophytes, particularly those originating from the genus Phyllosticta. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by interfering with microbial cell walls or membranes, thereby demonstrating significant antimicrobial properties. Its biochemical activity is primarily linked to its ability to inhibit the proliferation of various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi.

Monotropein is a bioactive compound, which is an iridoid glycoside derived from natural sources such as plants in the Gentianaceae and Rubiaceae families. Its mode of action primarily involves anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways, exerting effects through modulation of specific molecular targets like NF-kB and various oxidative stress-related enzymes. These actions contribute to its efficacy in reducing inflammation and protecting against cellular oxidative damage.

Natural diterpene; anti-microbial

(+)-Aromadendrene is a sesquiterpene, which is a type of hydrocarbon compound found in the essential oils of various plants, particularly those within the Myrtaceae family. This compound is primarily sourced from the leaves and branches of Eucalyptus species, where it contributes to the plant’s aromatic profile.

Gamma-Himachalene is a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, which is primarily sourced from the essential oils of certain plants, such as cedarwood. As a naturally occurring compound, its biosynthesis within the plant involves the cyclization of isoprenoid units, which gives rise to its unique chemical structure. This process is typically mediated by enzymes that facilitate the formation of various terpene compounds.

(-)-Vinigrol is a naturally occurring diterpenoid, which is originally isolated from the fungal species Virgaria nigra, known for its complex stereochemistry and unique structure. It functions as a bioactive compound with multiple mechanisms of action, including modulation of signal transduction pathways and inhibition of specific enzymes, contributing to its broad spectrum of biological activities.