Phenylpropanoids

Ether phenol

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Aromatic ether

Ether alcohol phenol

Natural glycoside

Natural glycoside

Tartaric acid ester

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Compound with non-condensed furan ring

Natural glycoside

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Lactone

Lactone

Lactone

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Natural glycoside

Polyphenol

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Lactone

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Phenol alcohol

Lactone

<p>1-Caffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic compound, which is a type of organic substance commonly found in various plants. This compound is derived primarily from sources such as coffee beans, artichokes, and numerous fruits and vegetables, reflecting its widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom. As a chlorogenic acid, 1-Caffeoylquinic acid functions primarily as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.</p>

<p>Nepetoidin B is a natural compound, specifically a type of iridoid, which is isolated from plants belonging to the Nepeta genus, commonly known as catmint or catnip. These plants are well-known for producing a variety of iridoid compounds that have ecological roles, especially in plant-insect interactions. Nepetoidin B acts primarily as a natural repellent and deterrent against various insect species. Its effectiveness stems from its ability to interfere with the sensory receptors of insects, altering their behavior and reducing their interaction with the plant.</p>

<p>Butein is a chalcone compound, which is a naturally occurring flavonoid found primarily in plants such as Rhus verniciflua and other members of the Anacardiaceae family. It is characterized by its notable biological activities, particularly due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Butein exerts its effects through various modes of action, including the inhibition of specific enzyme activities like tyrosinase and cyclooxygenase, as well as the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.</p>

<p>Malabaricone A is a naturally occurring compound, which is a diarylnonanoid isolated from the fruits of Myristica malabarica, commonly known as the Malabar nutmeg tree. This compound exhibits diverse biological activities due to its unique chemical structure, primarily contributing to its mode of action as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Malabaricone A scavenges free radicals and modulates cellular pathways involved in the inflammatory response, making it a potential therapeutic candidate in the management of oxidative stress-related disorders.</p>

<p>Trans-Resveratrol-3,4'-disulfate is a sulfate conjugate of resveratrol, which is a natural polyphenolic compound. It is commonly derived from the metabolic processes involving resveratrol, a compound found in the skin of grapes, berries, and peanuts. As a metabolite, it is typically produced in the liver through sulfation, mediated by sulfotransferase enzymes. This conversion enhances the solubility and stability of resveratrol, potentially increasing its bioavailability compared to its parent compound.</p>

<p>Chicoric acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is primarily derived from chicory (Cichorium intybus) and echinacea (Echinacea purpurea). It serves as a secondary metabolite in these plants, contributing to their defense mechanisms. The mode of action of chicoric acid involves the inhibition of enzymes involved in the degradation of key cellular components, effectively reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory responses.</p>

<p>4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is primarily a derivative of chlorogenic acids found in various plants, notably within the Asteraceae family. It is naturally sourced from leaves, fruits, and other plant tissues where it plays a critical role in the plant's defense mechanisms. It functions through its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting significant antioxidant activity. This compound can inhibit oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus protecting cellular structures from damage.</p>

<p>Malabaricone B is a bioactive compound, which is a phenolic compound sourced from the seeds of the Myristica malabarica plant, commonly known as Indian bay leaf. This compound exhibits significant pharmacological activity, particularly in its ability to inhibit various inflammatory mediators.</p>

<p>1,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, specifically a type of caffeoylquinic acid, which is derived from various plant species including certain vegetables, fruits, and herbs. This compound is a result of biochemical synthesis within the plant, where it plays various roles, primarily in the defense mechanisms against pathogens and oxidative stress. The mode of action of 1,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid centers on its potent antioxidant capabilities. It scavenges free radicals, thus protecting cellular components from oxidative damage, and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties through modulation of inflammatory pathways. The compound's ability to inhibit specific enzymes and signaling molecules contributes to its therapeutic potential.</p>

<p>Dimethylcurcumin is a synthetic, small-molecule compound that is a derivative of curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol found in the spice turmeric. Curcumin is known for its various biological activities, but its clinical use is limited due to poor bioavailability. Dimethylcurcumin is chemically modified to enhance its stability and bioavailability, making it a more potent alternative.</p>

<p>4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde, which is commonly found as a major component of certain essential oils, such as those extracted from cinnamon bark. This compound is notable for its prominent role in biological and chemical processes, sourced chiefly from the bark of Cinnamomum species.</p>

<p>Hypophyllanthin is a lignan compound, which is a secondary metabolite derived from various species of the genus Phyllanthus. These plants are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and have been used in traditional medicine across cultures. The compound serves as an active constituent within the plant extract, contributing to its pharmacological properties.</p>

<p>Resveratrol is a natural phenylpropanoid of the family of stilbenoids and is present in red wines and certain foods. Resveratrol has been deeply studied for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. In Vero cells, resveratrol at 50 μM has shown to have the ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by 98% when added after infection. Featured reference paper: Rossi et al, 2021; Yang et al, 2021.</p>

<p>4’-Demethyldehydropodophyllotoxin is a semi-synthetic lignan, which is a refined and modified product from natural lignans found in certain plant species, particularly those in the genus Podophyllum. This compound undergoes a sophisticated extraction and synthesis process to enhance its biological activity and pharmacological properties.</p>

<p>Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; anti-cancer agent; HSP90 inhibitor</p>

<p>1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is naturally occurring in various plants, including artichokes and coffee. This compound is part of a larger group of chlorogenic acids that are esterified products of caffeic acid and quinic acid. The mode of action of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid involves its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting potent antioxidant activity. Additionally, it modulates signaling pathways involved in inflammation, contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects.</p>

<p>Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active phenolic compound found in honeybee propolis that has the potential to downregulate inflammation in mammals. Studies demonstrated that CAPE specifically inhibits the protein complex NF-κB - a key player in inflammation, associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, CAPE inhibits the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase and the production of nitric oxide by macrophages, also responsible for inflammation. By acting on T cells, CAPE can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the production of anti-inflammatory ones, leading to a less overwhelming immune response to allergens.</p>

<p>Coniferyl alcohol is a monolignol compound, which is a significant precursor in the biosynthesis of lignin, a major structural component of plant cell walls. It is primarily sourced from the metabolic pathways of various vascular plants, where it plays a crucial role in lignin polymerization. The mode of action involves its enzymatic conversion into lignin through oxidative coupling reactions catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases. This process contributes to the rigidity and impermeability of the plant cell walls, enhancing the plant's structural integrity and resistance to pathogens.</p>

<p>Podophyllotoxin is a potent antimitotic agent, which is derived from the roots and rhizomes of plants belonging to the genus Podophyllum, such as Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum emodi. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of microtubule assembly, leading to the disruption of mitotic spindle formation during cell division. This results in the arrest of cell proliferation, making it particularly effective against rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Demethoxycurcumin is a natural bioactive compound, which is a type of curcuminoid. It is derived from the rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, a member of the ginger family. Demethoxycurcumin is one of the primary components contributing to the characteristic yellow color of turmeric.</p>

<p>Sinapinic acid is a small, organic phenolic compound, which is derived primarily from plant sources, notably from the seeds of plants in the Brassicaceae family. It functions as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, where it facilitates the ionization and desorption of analytes. This process involves the transfer of energy from the laser to the sample via the matrix, resulting in the ionization of the analyte molecules for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis.</p>

<p>Anti-cancer agent; anti-oxidant; anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial</p>

<p>Malabaricone C is a bioactive compound which is extracted from the roots of trees belonging to the genus Myristica. These trees are well-known for producing a diverse array of secondary metabolites with unique biological activities. Derived primarily through careful extraction processes from these natural sources, Malabaricone C has been characterized by its distinct ability to modulate inflammatory pathways and exhibit antimicrobial properties. The compound is known to interfere with specific biochemical targets, potentially inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupting microbial cell mechanisms.</p>

<p>Neochlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound, specifically a type of polyphenol, commonly found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and coffee beans. It is derived from natural sources through the metabolism of chlorogenic acid pathways in plants. As a powerful antioxidant, neochlorogenic acid works by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in biological systems.</p>

<p>(+)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol is a lignan, which is a type of phenolic compound naturally occurring in a variety of plant species, including those in the families Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, and others. As a secondary metabolite derived from the oxidative coupling of coniferyl alcohol, it plays roles in plant defense and structural integrity.</p>

<p>3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is naturally found in various plant species, particularly in coffee and certain herbal plants. This compound serves as a secondary metabolite within these plants, contributing to their defense mechanisms against pathogens and environmental stress. The compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through its powerful antioxidant activity. By scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative stress pathways, it helps in protecting cellular components from oxidative damage.</p>

<p>3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamyl alcohol is a phenolic compound, which is a derivative of cinnamyl alcohol and known for its antioxidant properties. It is typically isolated from plant sources, especially those with rich secondary metabolite profiles such as certain herbs and spices. The compound functions by donating hydrogen atoms to free radicals, thereby neutralizing them and preventing oxidative stress on cells.</p>

<p>Sesamin is a lignan compound, which is a type of phytoestrogen, derived from sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum). It is a naturally occurring substance with potent biological efficacy. Sesamin functions primarily through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. It scavenges free radicals, thereby protecting cellular components from oxidative stress. Additionally, sesamin interacts with various metabolic pathways, modulating lipid metabolism and enhancing the body's anti-inflammatory response.</p>

<p>Chlorogenic acid is a derivative of caffeic acid and quinic acid; it has an antioxidant activity. Chlorogenic acid has been combined with gadolinium to develop a therapeutic and diagnostic nanodelivery system for MRI imaging. In a rat model of diabetes mellitus, chlorogenic acid counteracted the alterations in lipid profiles typical of type-2 diabetes, especially when administered in combination with tetrahydrocurcumin. In mice fed with a high-fat diet, the consumption of chlorogenic acid resulted in an anti-obesity action that lowered the blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In humans, it is readily absorbed in the intestinal tract.</p>

<p>Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone hydrate is a high-intensity sweetener, which is derived from the bitter flavonoids found in citrus fruits, particularly from the peel and pulp of oranges and grapefruits. It is produced through a chemical hydrogenation process that transforms neohesperidin into a non-caloric sweetener. This unique compound acts as a potent flavor enhancer by intensifying sweetness and masking undesirable flavors, such as bitterness.</p>

<p>E/E-Desmethoxycurcumin is a polyphenolic compound, which is a derivative of curcumin. It is sourced from the rhizome of the Curcuma longa plant, commonly known as turmeric. As a demethoxylated analog of curcumin, its structure contains one less methoxy group, allowing it to interact with biological systems in distinctive ways. The mode of action of E/E-Desmethoxycurcumin involves modulation of various cellular signaling pathways, including the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This makes it a subject of interest for its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.</p>

<p>3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, which is predominantly found in various plants and herbal sources such as artichokes, echinacea, and certain species of coffee. Its structure consists of quinic acid esterified with two caffeic acid moieties, making it a member of the chlorogenic acid family. This compound is well-recognized for its potent antioxidant properties, exerting its effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress within biological systems.</p>

<p>Rottlerin is a polyphenolic compound, which is a natural product derived from the plant species Mallotus philippensis. It is primarily isolated from the fruits or glands of this plant. Rottlerin operates as a selective inhibitor, notably targeting specific protein kinases such as PKC-delta (Protein Kinase C delta). It also affects various other cellular processes and pathways, offering a diverse range of biological effects.</p>

<p>Sinapaldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde, which is a secondary metabolite derived from lignin biosynthesis in plants. It is primarily sourced from lignin, a complex polymer found in the cell walls of various plants, often extracted through biochemical refinement processes from lignocellulosic biomass. The mode of action of Sinapaldehyde involves its function as an antioxidant, where it participates in redox reactions that mitigate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. Its structural characteristics enable it to interact with various biological molecules, contributing to its effectiveness in these reactions.</p>

<p>Cryptochlorogenic acid is an isomer of chlorogenic acid and is found in plants. Cryptochlorogenic acid is the major component of the extract of mulberry leaves that is traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus. In a diabetic model in rats, cryptochlorogenic acid alleviated symptoms, such as, blood glucose levels, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and iron content alterations. In vitro studies with RAW 264.7 macrophages, cryptochlorogenic acid showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by increasing both the cellular content of reduced glutathione, and the expression of superoxide dismutase activity, while inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2).</p>

<p>1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a bioactive compound, which is a type of caffeoylquinic acid. This compound is commonly found in various plant sources, including coffee, artichokes, and certain herbal extracts. It is part of a larger family of polyphenolic compounds that are notable for their diverse biological activities.</p>

<p>Echinacoside is a caffeic acid derivative naturally found in plants, such as, Echinacea angustifolia DC. Echinacoside belongs to the class of phenylethanoid glycosides. In vitro studies have revealed the mode of action of echinacoside in breast cancer cells; echinacoside suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway exerting anticancer activity (Tang et al, 2020). Echinacoside has been reported as beneficial for human health in terms of neuroprotection, cardioprotectiony, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic activity (Liu, 2018).</p>

<p>Isoliquiritigenin is a flavonoid compound, which is derived primarily from the root of the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza spp.). Known for its yellow coloration, isoliquiritigenin is a chalcone, a type of compound found in many types of fruits, vegetables, and other plants. This natural product is extracted and purified from plant sources for research and potential therapeutic applications.</p>

<p>Chlorogenic acid is a derivative of caffeic acid and quinic acid; it has an antioxidant activity. Chlorogenic acid has been combined with gadolinium to develop a therapeutic and diagnostic nanodelivery system for MRI imaging. In a rat model of diabetes mellitus, chlorogenic acid counteracted the alterations in lipid profiles typical of type-2 diabetes, especially when administered in combination with tetrahydrocurcumin. In mice fed with a high-fat diet, the consumption of chlorogenic acid resulted in an anti-obesity action that lowered the blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In humans, it is readily absorbed in the intestinal tract.</p>

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Natural glycoside

<p>Podophyllotoxone is a potent antimitotic compound derived from the rhizomes and roots of the Podophyllum plant, predominantly Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum hexandrum. It functions primarily by binding to and destabilizing microtubules, which are essential components of the cell division process. This action hinders the polymerization of tubulin, effectively arresting cells in the metaphase of mitosis, leading to the inhibition of cellular proliferation.</p>

<p>Sulfuretin is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, which is found in various plants, notably in the Heartwood of *Securinega suffruticosa* and *Rhus verniciflua*. It exerts its effects through various biological pathways, including the modulation of enzyme activities, antioxidant properties, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.</p>

<p>Maritimein is an advanced bioactive compound, which is isolated from specific marine organisms, particularly those inhabiting unique ecological niches. This marine-derived compound operates through complex biochemical pathways, often involving the modulation of cellular signaling and interaction with specific protein targets, which can lead to effects such as inhibiting enzymes or altering gene expression.</p>

<p>Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol is a lignan compound, which is a type of polyphenol. It is primarily sourced from plants, including species like conifers and other woody plants. The compound is notable for its ability to modulate various biochemical pathways, primarily through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Its mode of action involves scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzyme pathways, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation at the cellular level.</p>

<p>10Isovaleryloxy-8,9-epoxythymol-3-isovalerate is a bioactive compound, which is a naturally occurring derivative of thymol, often sourced from plant species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It exhibits noteworthy antimicrobial properties by interacting with microbial cell membranes, disrupting their integrity, and ultimately leading to cell death. This mechanism involves the compound's ability to penetrate the lipid bilayer, causing leakage of cellular contents and interfering with essential biological processes.</p>

<p>3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester is a specialized ester compound that belongs to the family of caffeoylquinic acids. This molecule is typically derived from plant sources, where it functions as part of the secondary metabolites with notable biochemical significance. It is often found in various plant species, notably those used in traditional medicine. The compound acts as a potent antioxidant due to its capacity to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress within biological systems.</p>

<p>Ethyl ferulate - Natural grade is a phenolic compound, which is derived from the esterification of ferulic acid, a compound commonly extracted from plant sources such as rice bran and oats. The mode of action of ethyl ferulate involves its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting potent antioxidant properties. Additionally, it is known for its anti-inflammatory effects, as it can modulate the expression of various inflammatory mediators, making it a valuable molecule in the context of cellular protection.</p>

<p>Cordifolioside A is a bioactive compound, specifically a natural glycoside, which is isolated from the plant Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as Guduchi. This plant is a significant source of various pharmacologically active constituents. Cordifolioside A functions primarily through immunomodulatory and antioxidant mechanisms, contributing to its therapeutic effects.</p>

<p>Purpureaside C is a natural compound, which is a type of iridoid glycoside. It is derived from plants belonging to the genus *Cistanche*, commonly found in dry and arid environments. These plants have been used in traditional medicine, providing a rich source for isolating various bioactive substances.</p>

<p>Myricoside is a glycoside compound, which is derived from the bark and leaves of the plant _Myrica rubra_, commonly known as the Chinese bayberry. This compound exhibits potential biological activities primarily due to its nature as a plant secondary metabolite with a specific chemical structure that fosters interactions at the cellular level.</p>

<p>Danshensu has antioxidant activity, can enhance HO-1 expression to suppress 6-OHDA-induced oxidative damage via PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathways.</p>

<p>Calceolarioside A is a phenylethanoid glycoside, which is a biologically active compound obtained from natural plant sources, specifically from species within the Calceolaria family. This compound exhibits significant antioxidant activity, primarily through its ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit oxidative stress. The mode of action involves the modulation of oxidative pathways, offering protective effects against cellular damage.</p>

<p>Methyl trans-p-coumarate 4-glucoside is a chemical compound, which is a glucoside derivative sourced primarily from plant materials. It functions by modulating biochemical pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation, as it may influence enzymatic activities and cellular signaling processes. This compound's glucoside linkage suggests it might undergo hydrolysis to release the active aglycon, facilitating its absorption and subsequent biological activity.</p>