Flavonoids and Polyphenols

Applications A natural phenolic compound. Potent anti-tumor agent having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Induces apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibits phorbol ester-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Reported to inhibit production of inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Potent inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase and IκB kinase. Inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase. Easily penetrates into the cytoplasm of cells, accumulating in membranous structures such as plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope.Curcumin is currently being examined as a possible therapeutic for the treatment of Alzheimers disease. Neuroprotective. Dyes and metabolites.
References Srinivasan, et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 5, 448 (1953), Tu, B., et al.: J .Cell Biol., 164, 341 (2004), Xu, G., et al.: Biochemistry, 44, 9817 (2005), Johnson, J., et al.: Cancer Lett., 255, 170 (2007), Chem. and Eng. News 90(31), 44 (2012)

Applications Gallic Acid exhibits a number of cellular effects including apoptosis and inhibits the growth of calf pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (CPAEC);Also, it is a polyphenol widely found in numerous fruits and vegetables that has been reported to exert anticancer effects, including apoptosis, against cancer cell lines.
References Park, W. H.: Mol. Med. Rep., 16, 7805-7812 (2017); Yang, C., et al.: RSC Adv., 8, 12449-12458 (2018)

Applications trans-p-Coumaric Acid is the E-isomer of p-Coumaric Acid (C755365), a hydroxy derivative of Cinnamic Acid with antioxidant properties. p-Coumaric acid is a is a major component of lignocellulose. Studies suggest that p-Coumaric Acid may reduce the risk of cancer by reducing the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines.
References Kikugawa, K. et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 1, 780 (1983); Ferguson, L.R. et al.: Mol. Nutrit. Food Res., 585 (2005); Chung, F.L. et al.: IARC Sci. Pub., 57, 797 (1984);

Applications (E)-Neochlorogenic Acid is an antioxidant compound used in the treatment of oxidative stress and related afflictions.
References Wang, J. et al.: Molecules, 19, 21226 (2014); Jimenez-Zamora, A. et al.: LWT-Food Sci. Tech., 61, 12 (2015);

Applications 2,5-Dichlorophenol is an intermediates in the manufacture of more complex chemical compounds such as fungicides.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Wang, F., et al.: Bull. Enviro. Contamin. Toxicol., 89, 316 (2012); Zhong, W., et al.: J. Hazard. Mat., 217, 286 (2012);

Applications The compund shows an anti-cancer activity, plasma cholesterol reduction, reduction in postmenopausal bone loss.
References Whalley, J.L., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 8, 1569 (1998), Song, T., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 1607 (1999),

Applications Coumarin is a pharmaceutic aid (flavor) that is found in tonka beans, levender oil, woodruff, sweet clover.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Hazleton, L., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 118, 348 (1956); Lake, B., et al.: Food Chem. Toxicol., 37, 423 (1999); Frerot, E., et al.: Flavour Fragrance J., 17, 218 (2002); Yang, Z., et al.: Food Chem., 114, 289 (2009);

Applications (+/-)-Catechin xHydrate is an antioxidant flavonoid.
References Liao, J. et al.: J. Agri. Food. Chem., 65, 3013 (2017);

Applications Eugenol Acetate is a constituent of Clove oil, an essential oil from the clove plant, Syzygium aromaticum. Clove oil is a natural analgaesic and antiseptic used primarily in dentistry for its main ingredient Eugenol. Clove oil can also be purchased in pharmacies over the counter, as a home remedy for dental pain relief, mainly toothache; it is also often found in the aromatherapy section of health food stores.
References Ito, M., eet al.: Food Chem. Toxicol., 43, 461 (2005); Kikuzaki, H., et al.: J. Nat. Prod., 63, 749 (2000); Manach, C., et al.: Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 16, 77 (2005),; Auclair, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008, 56, 5558 (2008);

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications Glycyrrhizic Acid is a triterpene saponin used in the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation for its anti-inflammatory, antiulcerous and antiallergic effects.
References Marsh, L., et al.: Biochem. J., 63, 9 (1956), Kitagawa, et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 36, 3710 (1988),

Applications A bactericide detected in rivers and lakes. The current lot contains 8.7% d2, 0.2% d1 and 0.002% d0.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Lindstrom, A., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2322 (2002)

Applications The aglucon of Naringin. Inhibitory mechanism of Naringenin against carcinogenic acrylamide formation and nonenzymic browning in Maillard model reactions.
References Lomovskaya, N., et al.: J. Bacteriol., 181, 305 (1999), Chung, L., et al.: J. Antibiot., 54, 250 (2001), Kim, D., et al.: Biochemistry, 43, 981 (2004), Kumar, S., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 280, 19569 (2005),

Applications Scopoletin 7-O-glucoside is a derivative of Scopoletin (S200500), a common constituent found in a variety of plants that has potential to regulate hyperthyroidism in rats. Scopoletin 7-O-glucoside is a compound that is obtained from the methanolic extract of the fresh underground parts of the flower Scopolia japonica.
References Okamura, S., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 40, 2981 (1992); Panda, S. & Kar, A.: Phytother. Res., 20, 1103 (2006)

Applications Urolithin A is a major metabolite of ellagitannin and exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
References Ishimoto, H., et. al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 5901 (2011);

Applications A metabolite of the flavanoid Quercetin (Q509500) with antioxidant properties. It helps to protect H9c2 cardiomyoblasts against H2O2-induced oxidative stress via the modulation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
References Duenas, M. et al.: Eur. Food Res. Technol., 232, 103 (2011); Ameho, C.K. et al.: J. Nutrit. Biochem., 19, 467 (2008); Angeloni, C. et al.: Biochimie, 89, 73 (2007);

Applications Harpagoside is an iridoid glycoside along with with Harpagide (H105270), the potential to be strong anti-inflammatory agents providing the bulk of the observed effects from their plant origins.
References Zhang, L. et al.: Bioorg Med. Chem., 19, 4882 (2011); Wen, B. et al.: J. Ethnopharm., 147, 503 (2013);

Applications Used as a broad range pesticide against insects, fungi, vegetation and bacteria. It has become a common environmental contaminant and probable human carcinogen.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Gulcan, H., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 21, 1503 (2008), Toropov, A., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 16, 5999 (2008), Franco, A., et al.: Envir. Toxicol. Chem., 28, 2018 (2009), Jensen, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 5872 (2009),

Stability Hygrscopic
Applications α-Hederin is a saponin of dry extracts from the leaves of Hedera helix L.Inhibitor of β2-adrenergic receptor-GFP fusion proteins. Potential cause for asphyxiation.
References Sieben A. et al.: Biochem., 21, 3477 (2009); Gaillard, Y. et al.: J. Anal Toxicol., 27, 257 (2003);

Applications 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol is used as a broad range pesticide against insects, fungi, vegetation and bacteria. It has become a common environmental contaminant and probable human carcinogen.
References Nunes, C., et al.: J. Env. Biol., 29, 733 (2008), Carucci, A., et al.: Water Sci. Technol., 58, 309 (2008), Fu, W., et al.: Env., Toxicol., Chem., 28, 1372 (2009), Osborne, R., et al.: Biochem., 48, 4231 (2009), Campoy, S., et al.: Env. Microbiol., 11, 99 (2009),

Stability Light Sensitive
Applications Cannflavin A exhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition; some of its constituents have anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential.
References Evans, A.; et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol, 36, 2035 (1987)

Applications tBHQ is an antioxidant in induction of AP-1, NF-κB, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression. It also disrupts ability of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1) to target Nrf2, a bZIP transcription factor, for proteasome-mediated degradation and promote nuclear accumulation of Nrf2.
References Pinkus, R., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 271, 13422 (1996); Zhang, D., et al.: Mol. Cell. Bio., 23, 8137 (2003)

Applications A bactericide detected in rivers and lakes.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Lindstrom, A., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2322 (2002)

Applications Labelled analogue of Tetrahydro Curcumin, a major metabolite of Curcumin (C838500) that has been shown to have protective effects against diabetes and vascular dysfunction via alleviation of oxidative stress.
References Namareoung, S. et al.: Naun.-Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol.,383, 519 (2011); Kartileksan, K. et al.: J. Func. Foods, 2, 134 (2009);

Applications 1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid acts as an anti-hyperlipidemic agent. In addition, acts as a neuroprotective agent against amyloid-β toxicity in the treatement of Alzheimer’s.
References Gray, N. et al.: J. Alz. Dis., 40, 359 (2014); Liu, H. et al.: J. App. Pharm. Sci., 3, 016 (2013);

Applications Urolithin E is an intestinal microbial metabolite of ellagitannins.
References Garcia-Villalba, R., et al.: J. Agr. Food Chem., 61, 8797 (2013);

Applications A caffeine metabolite which showed high antioxidant activity. It is a very sensitive biomarker for the consumption of relatively small amount of coffee.
References Buchanan, C., et al.: J. Sci. Food Agric., 71, 459 (1996), Andreasen, M., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 5679 (2001), Poquet, L., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 36, 190 (2008),

Applications Probucol is an antilipemic.
References Shakir, D., et al.: J. Clin. Med. Res., 1, 8 (2009), Kubo, Y., et al.: Biol. Pharm. Bull., 32, 1880 (2009), Gohil, V., et al.: Nat. Biotechnol., 28, 249 (2010),

Applications Butylated Hydroxyanisole is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomers of tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (1). Butylated Hydroxyanisole is used in food preservation as antioxidant (2) properties prevent food from becoming rancid. Butylated Hydroxyanisoleas is also used in animal feed, petroleum products, and cosmetics. This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs). Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), environmental, and food contaminants.
References 1. Lam, L. et al.: J. Med. Chem. 1979 May;22(5):569-71.2. Pimpa, B. et al.: Kaset. J. Nat. Sci. (2009) June:43, 370

Applications Triclosan is used as bactericide and preservative for cosmetic and detergent compositions (1). Broadly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant (2).This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs). Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References 1. Lindström, A. et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002 Jun 1;36(11):2322-9. 2. Ruszkiewicz, J. et al.: J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B. Crit. Rev. 2017;20(2):104-117.

Applications The labelled aglucon of apiin and of apigenin-7-glucoside.
References Chaumontet, C., et al.: Carcinogenesis, 15, 2325 (1994), Sato, F., et al.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 204, 578 (1994), Kuo, M.L. et al.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 212, 767 (1995)

Applications 1-Methoxy-4-(1E)-1-propen-1-ylbenzene is a component of essential oils extracted from natural sources. It is also a possible inhibitor of protein kinase CK2α and CK2α’.
References Liang, Zhi-yuan, et al.: Shizhen Guoyi Guoyao, 25(7), 1602-1604 (2014);Benelli, Giovanni, et al.: Indus. Crops and Prod., 124, 236-243 (2018);Baier, Andrea, et al.: Phytochem., 136, 39-45 (2017)

Impurity Diosmin EP Impurity E
Stability Hygroscopic
Applications Linarine (Diosmin EP Impurity E) is a naturally occurring flavone glycoside that was identified to possess potential sedative and anticonvulsant properties.
References Nugroho, A., et al.: Arch. Pharma. Res., 36, 51 (2013); Jung, H.A., et al.: Arch. Pharma. Res., 35, 1021 (2012); Shen, H.J., et al.: J. Med. Plants. Res., 5, 6555 (2011);

Applications Allyl Bromide is used as a reagent in the synthesis of Resveratrol derivatives. Resveratrol (R150000) is a minor constituent of wine, correlated with serum lipid reduction and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Resveratrol is a specific inhibitor of COX-1, and it also inhibits the hydroperoxidase activity of COX-1. It has been shown to inhibit events associated with tumor initiation, promotion and progression.
E0
References Powell, R.G., et al.: Phytochemistry, 35, 335 (1994), Jeandet, P., et al.: J. Phytopathol., 143, 135 (1995), Mattivi, F., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 43, 1820 (1995); Mulakayala, C. et al.: J. Mol. Graph. Model., 41, 43 (2013);

Applications Dihydroresveratrol is a natural phytoestrogen.

Applications Exhibits specific inhibitory activity against tyrosine kinases,including autophosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase (IC50 - 2.6uM). Also inhibits other protein kinases through competitive inhibition of ATP. Inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces tumor cell differentiation. Produces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Jurat T-leukemia cells. However, it prevents anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced thymic apoptosis. Genistein also inhibits topoisomerase II activity in vitro. Genistein has also been shown to inhibit the action of GABA on recombinant GABAA receptors2. uv(max)ethanol: 262.5 nm (e= 138). moderately sol. in hot alcohol
References Akiyama, T., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 262, 5592 (1987), O'Dell, T.J., et al.: Nature, 353, 588 (1991), Aharonovits, O., et al.: Biochim Biophys. Acta, 1112, 181 (1992), Platanias, L.C., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 267, 24053 (1992), Yoshida, H., et al.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1137, 321 (1992), Uckun, F.M., et al.: Science, 267, 886 (1995)Merck Index 12th ed. 43952. Huang, R.Q.; Fang, M.J.; Dillon, G.H., Mol. Brain Res. 67: 177-183 (1999)