Botanical Source

Gomisin D is a natural product from Schizandra chinensis.

Betulinaldehyde exhibits antimicrobial activity against reference strains of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. It shows antimycobacterial activity against with values of 25 microg/ml.

Daidzein and genistein glucuronides (DG and GG), major isoflavone metabolites, may be partly responsible for biological effects of isoflavones, such as estrogen receptor binding and natural killer cell (NK) activation or inhibition; DG and GG are weakly estrogenic, and they activate human NK cells in nutritionally relevant concentrations in vitro, probably at a site different from IL-2 action.

Angoroside C has anti-inflammatory effect , it can significantly inhibit LPS-induced PGE(2), NO and TNF-alpha in a concentration-dependent manner; it also exhibits cytotoxic and cytostatic activities against several kinds of cancer cells. Angoroside C has beneficial effects against ventricular remodeling, the mechanism is likely to be related to decreasing the level of Ang Ⅱ, attenuating the mRNA expressions of ET-1 and TGF-β1.

Baccatin III, which is the precursor for the semisynthesis of paclitaxel,exerts anti-tumor immunomodulatory activity in very low doses (0.05-0.5mg/kg),it reduces tumor progression by inhibiting the accumulation and suppressive function of MDSCs. Baccatin III also exerts immunomodulatory activities in vivo as well as in vitro on the MHC-restricted antigen presentation.

Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, significantly reduces the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides by primary neuron cultures generated from the Tg2576 AD mouse model, brain-targeted quercetin-3-O-glucuronide may simultaneously modulate multiple independent AD disease-modifying mechanisms , thus, it may contribute to the benefits of dietary supplementation with red wines as an effective intervention for AD.

Astragaloside III can effectively reduce cancer cell survival in vitro and inhibit the tumor growth in vivo, the potential mechanism is the induction of cell apoptosis signaling pathways, suggests that it provides a new therapeutic tool to treat breast cancer.

Picfeltarraenin IA and Picfeltarraenin IB are Potential PI3K and EGFR Inhibitors, they also show stronger AChE inhibition than the known AChE inhibitor Tacrine.

Periplocymarin, a cardiac glycoside, has potential anti-cancer activity. Octreotide-conjugated periplocymarin demonstrates tumor selectivity and may be useful as a targeting agent to improve the safety profile of cardiac glycosides for cancer therapy.

Baohuoside I is a novel immunosuppressive molecule, exhibits antimetastatic, anti-osteoporosis, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Baohuoside I can inhibit the proliferation of Eca-109 cells, this effect associats with down-regulation expression of β-catenin,Cyclin D1,Survivin,and their proteins,which affects on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

​Wedelolactone is a potent Î2-arrestin-biased G protein-coupled receptor-35 (GPR35) agonist, GPR35 has been shown to be a target of the asthma drugs cromolyn disodium and nedocromil sodium. Wedelolactone has anti-inflammatory, growth inhibitory, anti-cancer, anti-fibrotic, and pro-apoptotic effects. Wedelolactone stimulates ER genomic and non-genomic signalling pathways; it can significantly inhibit the activation of LX-2 cells, the underlying mechanisms of which included inducing Bcl-2 family involved apoptosis, up-regulating phosphorylated status of ERK and JNK expressions, and inhibiting NF-κB mediated activity.

Genistein, the major phytoestrogen in soy, is linked to diminished female reproductive performance and to cancer chemoprevention and decreased adipose deposition; genistein-induces hypermethylation persisted into adulthood, decreases ectopic Agouti expression and protecting offspring from obesity, suggests that in utero dietary genistein affects gene expression and alters susceptibility to obesity in adulthood by permanently altering the epigenome.

Catechin gallate is a minor constituent in green tea catechins, it inhibits the activity of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Catechin gallate (IC50=53 microM) shows cytotoxicity against the colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HCT116, it also exhibits strong anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Catechin 3-gallate is a good inhibitor of maltase, with IC50 values of 62 uM, it inhibits both α-glucosidases and rabbit glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in vitro and in cell culture, would contribute to the protection or improvement of type 2 diabetes.

Chrysosplenetin is a metabolic inhibitor of artemisinin, it has strong activity in vitro against EV71 with low cytotoxicity. Co-administration of artemisinin(ART) with chrysosplenetin(CHR) in ratio of 1:2 achieved a synergic anti-malarial effect partly because of the noncompetitive or uncompetitive inhibition of CHR of drug-metabolism enzymes, especially CYP3A which is closely related to the auto-induction of ART.

Rutin is a natural antioxidant, all doses can diminish reactive oxygen species and high doses (10-100 microM) decrease malondialdehyde concentration; induce favorable changes in the antioxidant defense system of cultured HepG2 that prevent or delay conditions which favor cellular oxidative stress.

Isoliensinine has anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis, anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, it inhibited TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 1; decreased the overexpression of growth factors Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-beta, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), proto-oncogene c-fos, c-myc and hsp70; and activated ROS and p38 MAPK/JNK .

Cratoxylone exhibits potent activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain W2, with the IC₅₀ value belows 3 uM.

Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the root of Saussurea lappa Clarke, has a variety of biological activities, including anti-carcinogenic and anti-fungal activities,

Naringin Dihydrochalcone is an artificial sweetener derived from naringin. Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin suppresses NF-κB signaling pathway.

Narirutin has anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation, the mechanism is likely to be associated with a reduction in the OVA-induced increases of IL-4 and IgE, suggests that narirutin may be an effective new tool in the treatment of bronchial asthma.

Caftaric acid is an inhibitor of the protein-protein interactions mediated by the Src-family kinases, which has anti-mutagenicity. Caftaric acid is the major dietary polyphenol present in various foods, it before methamphetamine injections can prevent liver toxicity and oxidative stress.

Alisol B 23-acetate, a partial non-competitive inhibitor of P-gp, it may be a potential MDR reversal agent. Alisol B 23-acetate produces protective effects against ANIT-induced hepatotoxity and cholestasis, due to FXR-mediated gene regulation; it obviously inhibits proliferation of the three ovarian cancer cell lines, possesses anti-proliferation, anti-migration and anti-invasion activities as a single agent on ovarian cancer cells.

Epimedin A,epimendin B, epimendin C, icariin and baohuoside are flavonoids, main active ingredient in Epimedium, have clear anti-osteoporosis effect, the accumulation of epimedins A, B, C, and icariin in a traditional medicinal plant could be suppressed by light stress.

Hispidulin has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antiepileptic, neuroprotective, anti-osteoporotic and bone resorption attenuating effects, it targets the VEGF receptor 2-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in endothelial cells, leading to the suppression of pancreatic tumor growth and angiogenesis. Hispidulin can ameliorate high glucose-mediated endothelial dysfunction via inhibiting PKCβII-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB signaling, it has potential application in the prevention and treatment of diabetic vascular complications. Hispidulin can inhibit platelet aggregation by elevating cAMP levels by a mechanism different from that of theophylline or PGE1.

Escin Ib inhibits gastric emptying, at least in part, mediated by capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, to stimulate the synthesis and/or release of dopamine, to act through central dopamine2 receptor, which in turn causes the release of PGs.