Antibiotics

L-(+)-Ampicillin is an isomer of Ampicillin. Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic used for treating bacterial infections.

Tauroxicum (Taurox) is formulated by COBAT to reduce fatigue and improve quality of life.

Epitetracycline is an epimer of the antibiotic tetracycline . Epimers of tetracycline form without catalysis and are considered degradation products. Epitetracycline has decreased activity as an antibiotic or a Tet repressor effector but may have stronger toxic effects in animals.

Tebipenem is an orally available carbapenem antibiotic. It displays broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.

Lincomycin-B is a lincosamide antibiotic isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces lincolnensis.

<p>Myriocin is a potent fungal metabolite that is an inhibitor of sphingolipid biosynthesis. It is originally sourced from the ascomycete fungus *Isaria* sinclairii. Myriocin functions by specifically inhibiting serine palmitoyltransferase, the key enzyme in the de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway, effectively reducing the production of ceramides and sphingomyelins. This mechanism of action makes Myriocin a significant tool in the study of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling pathways.</p>

<p>N4Py is a good synthetic mimic of the Bleomycins (BLMs), which are a family of natural antibiotics used clinically in the treatment of certain cancers.</p>

Deacetylcephalothin Sodium Salt is an impurity in the synthesis of Cefalonium. It used as a long-acting intramammary cerate for the infusion of dairy cows.

L-Azatyrosine from Streptomyces chibaensis is an antitumor antibiotic reversing Ras-transformed cell behavior.

<p>Ionomycin calcium is a potent calcium ionophore, which is derived from natural sources such as certain Streptomyces species. Its primary mode of action involves facilitating the translocation of calcium ions (Ca^2+) across biological membranes, specifically transporting them from external environments or intracellular stores into the cytoplasm. This action significantly elevates intracellular calcium levels.</p>

Sinafloxacin Mesylate is a quinolone antibiotic potentially for the treatment of bacterial infections.

<p>An analogue of Actinomycin D and an antitumor agent. Due to lower hepatotoxicity, Actinomycin V is more often used than Actynomycin D in chemotherapy and shows great efficiency against human breast cancer cells.</p>

<p>Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is an effective and selective calcium ionophore, exhibiting high specificity for calcium ions. Cost-effective and quality-assured.</p>

<p>Azaserine (CI-337) is a tumor-inhibiting antibiotic isolated from a species of Streptomyces and functions as an inhibitor of glutamine amidotransferase.</p>

<p>Applications N-MOM-Cefditoren Pivoxil is a derivative of Cefditoren Pivoxil (C242700), an antibacterial, third generation cephalosporin.<br>References Sakagami, K., et al.: J. Antibiot., 43, 1047 (1990), Felmingham, D., Drugs Exp. Clin. Res., 20, 127 (1994), Iwai, N., et al.: Jpn. J. Antibiot., 47, 181 (1994)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications D,L-Alanosine is an antibiotic substance from the fermentation of Streptomyces alanosinicus. An experimental insect reproduction inhibitor.<br>References Gale, et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 17, 363 (1968); Kenaga, E.E.: J. Econ. Entomol., 62, 1006 (1969); Matsumoto, S., et al.: Agric. Biol. Chem., 48, 827 (1984)<br></p>

<p>Applications (17α)-Hydroxy-6α,17a-dimethyl-D-homoandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione 17-Acetate is an impurity of Medroxyprogesterone 17-Acetate (M203560).<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A new constituent of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acids.<br>References Bollard, M., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 204, 135 (2005), Slupsky, C., et al.: Anal. Chem., 79, 6995 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,3-Bis[(acetyloxy)methyl]-1-oxoquinoxalin-1-ium-4(1H)-olate is an antibiotic.<br>References Marrero-Ponce, Yovani, et al.: Bioorg. &amp; Med. Chem., 13(8), 2881-2899 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications (Z)-7-(((2R)-2-Carboxy-2-((4-oxopentan-2-yl)amino)ethyl)thio)-2-((S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxamido)hept-2-enoic Acid is an impurity of Cilastatin (C441100), prevents renal metabolism of penem and carbapenem antibiotics by specific and reversible dehydropeptidase I inhibition. Antibacterial adjunct.<br>References Finlay, K.R., et al.: Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 24, 1147 (1983), Norrby, S.R., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 23, 300 (1983), Washburn, D.E., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 12, 39 (1983),<br></p>

<p>Applications Methylthymol Blue Sodium Salt is a thymol containing organic dye.<br></p>

<p>Applications (S)-(-)-Ofloxacin-d3 (N-methyl-d3) (CAS# 2208780-63-4) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Clindamycin-2,3-diphosphate is a biochemical compound, which is derived from the antibiotic clindamycin, sourced through chemical modification to include diphosphate groups. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thus interfering with peptide chain initiation and elongation. This disruption effectively halts bacterial growth, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria, and is crucial in combatting infections resistant to other antibiotics.</p>

<p>Ceftobiprole medocaril is a prodrug of the cephalosporin class, which is a beta-lactam antibiotic. It is synthetically derived, designed to combat Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), crucial for bacterial cell wall synthesis, ultimately leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Cefteram is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is synthesized through chemical processes starting from cephalosporin C, a compound derived from the fungus Acremonium. As a cephalosporin, it functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This is achieved through the binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are critical in the formation of the bacterial cell wall. By disrupting this process, Cefteram leads to the lysis and death of the bacteria.</p>

Cefoxitin EP impurity B is a chemical reference standard, which is derived from the synthesis and purification processes involved in producing Cefoxitin. As an impurity standard, its primary role is to serve as a benchmark for quality control in pharmaceutical formulations. The mode of action of Cefoxitin EP impurity B involves the structural analysis and quantification of impurity levels, ensuring that the primary pharmaceutical products meet necessary safety and efficacy criteria.

<p>Sarecycline is a tetracycline-class antibiotic, which is derived from naturally occurring tetracycline antibiotics. Its mode of action involves inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the addition of amino acids to nascent peptide chains. This specific mechanism disrupts bacterial growth, making Sarecycline effective against certain strains of bacteria implicated in dermatological conditions.</p>

Potassium clavulanate is a beta-lactamase inhibitor and an antibacterial agent. The presence of potassium clavulanate in culture media inhibits the activity of beta-lactamases, which are enzymes that confer resistance to penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. It also has been shown to be active against bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, sepsis, and pneumonia, where it can inhibit the growth of bacteria by interfering with their ability to form cell walls.

<p>25-O-Deacetyl rifabutin is an antibiotic derivative, which is sourced from the semi-synthetic modification of rifabutin, a compound originally derived from the fermentation of the bacterium Amycolatopsis mediterranei. This derivative works by inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis. It achieves this by specifically targeting the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme, which is essential for bacterial transcription. The mechanism involves binding to the beta-subunit of the polymerase, thereby blocking the elongation of the RNA chain, which ultimately leads to the death of the bacterial cell.</p>

<p>Antibacterial agent with the ability to permeate bacterial membranes and cause cell death. Colistin is a cationic peptide also known as polymyxin E. Colistin is effective in multidrug resistant Gram-positive bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae.</p>

<p>Trovafloxacin mesylate is a synthetic antibiotic belonging to the fluoroquinolone class, which is derived from chemical synthesis processes rather than natural sources. The mode of action of trovafloxacin mesylate involves the inhibition of bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication, repair, and transcription within the bacterial cell. By inhibiting these enzymes, trovafloxacin mesylate disrupts bacterial DNA processes, leading to cell death and exerting its antibacterial effects.</p>

<p>Cefonicid is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from the naturally occurring compound cephalosporin C, obtained from the mold *Cephalosporium acremonium*. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis and death, thereby exhibiting bactericidal activity.</p>

Geneticin is very efficient against gram-negative bacteria, however it is not applied for treating infections due to high renal toxicity. Geneticin and its resistance genes found application in the selection of transgenic cell lines including yeasts such as P. pastoris and S. serevisiae, other eukaryotic cell lines such as CHO or HEK293, but also plant cells and bacterial cells.

Tobramycin is used to treat severe infections with gram-negative bacteria and it is often applied in combination with beta-lactams. It has similar antimicrobial effects to gentamicin and is effective against all Enterobacteriacae, but more effective than gentamicin against P. aeruginosa, which is why it is often used for gentamicin-resistant strains, especially in the case of cystic fibrosis.

<p>Oligomycin B is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, specifically targeting the F₀ subunit of ATP synthase. This action obstructs the proton channel, preventing the flow of protons across the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, Oligomycin B effectively halts ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation, which is crucial for the survival of aerobic organisms.</p>

<p>Peplomycin sulfate is an anticancer antibiotic, which is a derivative of the bleomycin family of glycopeptide antibiotics produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. This antibiotic operates through a mode of action that involves the induction of DNA strand breaks by forming a complex with iron and oxygen, leading to the generation of free radicals. These radicals cleave DNA strands, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and inducing apoptosis in cancerous cells.</p>

<p>1,3''-Di-HABA kanamycin A is a chemically modified antibiotic derivative. It is derived from kanamycin A, a well-known aminoglycoside antibiotic that is originally sourced from the bacterium *Streptomyces kanamyceticus*. The modification with 1,3''-Di-HABA alters its pharmacodynamic properties, potentially influencing its specificity and interaction with biological targets.</p>

<p>3'-N-Desmethyl-3'-N-tosyl azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic analog, which is a derivative of azithromycin, a well-known member of the macrolide class of antibiotics. This compound is synthesized through chemical modifications of the parent molecule, azithromycin, to potentially enhance its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.</p>

Cefadroxil is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic that belongs to the cephalosporin family. It is a semi-synthetic penicillin and inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to one or more of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cefadroxil monohydrate is used as an antibiotic for culture media and has been proven to be effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, the drug has been shown to have no significant effect on blood tests or microscopic studies.

<p>L-Carnitine fumarate is a compound that functions as a dietary supplement, which is synthesized by combining L-carnitine, an amino acid derivative naturally found in the body, with fumaric acid. This product is primarily sourced from fermentation or chemical synthesis processes to produce L-carnitine, which is then reacted with fumaric acid to form the fumarate salt. This combination enhances the stability and bioavailability of L-carnitine.</p>

<p>Chlortetracycline-13C-d3 hydrochloride is a stable isotope-labeled antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research in bacterial resistance and analytical studies.</p>

Panipenem is a carbapenem antibiotic, which is a type of beta-lactam antibiotic derived from thienamycin. It functions by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are essential for bacterial cell wall synthesis. This inhibition disrupts the cell wall construction, leading to cell lysis and death, thereby demonstrating strong bactericidal activity.

Vincristine, a microtubule disruptor, inhibits mitosis in cancer cells, useful in leukemia research.

<p>Chlortetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis through binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This mechanism effectively impedes the growth and replication of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Clindamycin sulfoxide is a potent metabolite of the lincosamide antibiotic clindamycin, which is derived from the fermentation product of *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. This compound acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby interfering with the translocation steps in protein elongation. The mechanism effectively suppresses the growth of a broad range of Gram-positive bacteria, including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, and anaerobic microorganisms.</p>

<p>Porfiromycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic with action on DNA alkylation and cross-linking and is used for research on cancer treatment, particularly for hypoxic tumors.</p>

<p>Streptidine is an amino cyclitol, which is a component of certain aminoglycoside antibiotics. This compound originates from the actinomycete *Streptomyces griseus*, a soil bacterium known for its ability to produce a variety of antibiotics. Streptidine plays a crucial role in the mechanism of aminoglycosides by contributing to the binding affinity of these antibiotics to the bacterial ribosome.</p>

<p>Cefodizime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from the fungus Acremonium. It exerts its bactericidal effects by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This action is achieved through binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), leading to the interruption of peptidoglycan cross-linking essential for the bacterial cell wall integrity. The breakdown of cell wall synthesis results in the lysis and death of the bacterial cell.</p>

Decoyinine is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of guanine nucleotide synthesis. By targeting the biosynthesis pathway of nucleotides, Decoyinine effectively impedes the growth and proliferation of bacterial cells.

<p>Cefquinome sulfate is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. It is derived from the beta-lactam family, specifically designed to combat Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. The mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It achieves this by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) within the bacterial cell wall, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death due to the interruption of necessary cell wall components.</p>

<p>Dicloxacillin is a penicillin antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and urinary tract. It binds to the penicillin-binding proteins in bacterial cell walls by competitive inhibition. Dicloxacillin inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division. This drug also has a toxic effect on respiratory system cells, which may be due to its ability to induce apoptosis. Dicloxacillin sodium salt is available as tablets for oral administration or as an intravenous solution for injection. It can interact with other drugs, such as benzalkonium chloride and matrix effect; it also has analytical methods such as chromatographic analysis and rate constant.</p>

<p>Nafcillin sodium monohydrate is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which is derived from the penicillin class of antimicrobials. It is specifically a semi-synthetic penicillin and is commonly sourced through chemical synthesis to enhance its stability and spectrum of activity. Nafcillin primarily exerts its bactericidal effects by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It achieves this through its strong affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are essential for maintaining the bacterial cell wall structure. By disrupting the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links, nafcillin effectively weakens the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death, especially in gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-sensitive strains (MSSA).</p>

<p>Cefacetrile sodium is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the cephalosporin class. It is a semi-synthetic derivative sourced from cephalosporin C, a naturally occurring compound derived from the Acremonium fungus. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. This occurs by binding to penicillin-binding proteins within the bacterial cell membrane, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death due to the inability to synthesize peptidoglycan, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; glycylcycline class</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; streptogramin</p>

<p>Sulfadiazine is a sulfonamide antibiotic with action on bacterial folate synthesis inhibition and is used for treating toxoplasmosis and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Loracarbef monohydrate is a synthetic antibiotic, which is derived from carbacephem compounds with a mode of action that involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This is achieved by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby blocking the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains which are crucial for bacterial cell wall structural integrity.</p>

3'-N-Desmethyl-3'-N-formyl azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic, derived from the well-known azithromycin. It is created through structural modification, where the 3'-N-demethylated and 3'-N-formyl groups enhance its pharmacokinetic properties and potentially improve its antimicrobial efficacy.

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; macrolide class</p>

Cefazolin is a semi-synthetic, non-beta lactam antibiotic used for the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. It inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are bacterial transpeptidases that crosslink peptidoglycan strands. Cefazolin binds to PBPs present on the surface of all Gram-negative bacteria as well as many Gram-positive bacteria. It is not effective against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus and MRSA unless combined with another antibiotic such as vancomycin or flucloxacillin. A study showed that cefazolin can decrease inflammation and tumor necrosis factor-beta levels in pregnant women with systemic inflammatory disease. It has been tested in the development of an anti-inflammatory agent for use in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythe.

<p>Phleomycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. Its mode of action involves binding to DNA and inducing breaks by generating free radicals in the presence of oxygen and ferrous ions, leading to cell death. Phleomycin is prominently used in molecular biology applications as a selective agent in the generation of stable transfectants. It is particularly effective in selecting for cells that have integrated vectors conferring resistance, such as the Sh ble gene used in yeast, plant, and mammalian cell systems. Due to its potent DNA-cleaving ability, Phleomycin is valuable in studies requiring stringent selection pressure. Researchers commonly utilize it in experiments focusing on genetic modification and cellular resistance development.</p>

<p>Cyclosporin L is an immunosuppressive agent, which is a cyclic polypeptide derived from the soil fungus Tolypocladium inflatum. It primarily functions by inhibiting the activity of calcineurin, a key phosphatase involved in the activation of T-cells. This inhibition prevents the transcription of interleukin-2 and other cytokines critical for T-cell proliferation.</p>

7-Descarbamoyl 17-amino geldanamycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of the benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic geldanamycin, which is naturally produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. As an inhibitor of the Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90), it targets this molecular chaperone crucial for the stability and function of numerous oncoproteins. By inhibiting Hsp90, 7-Descarbamoyl 17-amino geldanamycin disrupts protein folding processes, leading to the degradation of client proteins and subsequent disruption of cell signaling pathways involved in tumor growth and survival.

<p>Tridehydro pirlimycin is an antibiotic compound, which is a synthetic derivative with origins in the lincosamide family. It is characterized by its ability to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, leading to a bacteriostatic effect. The compound is primarily developed for its use in veterinary medicine, particularly in the treatment and management of bacterial infections in animals.</p>

<p>Erythromycin B is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the actinomycete *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. This interference with protein synthesis effectively hampers bacterial growth, making it a potent bacteriostatic agent.</p>

<p>PC 190723 is a synthetic chemical compound, which is derived through targeted chemical synthesis processes involving precise organic reactions. Its mode of action involves disrupting cellular division by inhibiting specific protein functions essential for the mitotic process. This molecular interaction results in potent effects on cell division, making it a valuable tool for studying cellular mechanics and developing therapeutic strategies.</p>

<p>Deacetylanisomycin is a bacterial metabolite, which is derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces griseolus. It acts as an inhibitor of protein synthesis by binding to the 60S ribosomal subunit, thus interfering with peptide bond formation during translation. This mode of action is key to its effectiveness in studying the mechanisms of protein synthesis interruption.</p>

<p>6'-N-Cbz-kanamycin A is a semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic derivative, specifically a Cbz (carbobenzyloxy) protected form of kanamycin A. It is derived from the natural product kanamycin, which is an antibiotic obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces kanamyceticus*. The modification involves the introduction of a protective Cbz group at the 6' position, which can improve solubility, stability, or enable further chemical modifications.</p>

<p>Mitomycin C analogue</p>