Antimicrobials

<p>Inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase; inhibitor of protein synthesis</p>

<p>Inhibitor of RNA polymerases; inhibitor of HSP27-cytoskeleton interactions</p>

<p>Ticarcillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which is an essential component of bacterial cell walls. Ticarcillin is used for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria, such as those in the respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and soft tissues. It can also be used to treat sepsis and meningitis. Ticarcillin has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae (e.g., Escherichia coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ticarcillin is not active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).</p>

<p>Penicillin G potassium is a natural penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis, syphilis, and endocarditis.</p>

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Norfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating urinary tract infections and gonorrhea.</p>

<p>Cycloheximide is produced by the bacteria Streptomyces griseus. In eukaryotic organisms, it acts as an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, interfering with protein elongation by binding to the E-site of ribosomes, after two elongation cycles. It has many in vitro applications, with the most popular being to determine a protein’s half-life. It is used as an antifungal in VTM. It does not appear to inhibit cell culture or viral replication at a concentration of 10ug/ml.</p>

<p>Penciclovir is an antiviral agent and acyclic guanine derivative that has proven efficient in the treatment of Herpes Simplex type 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2) infection. Penciclovir is transformed by the virus into an active derivative able to block the deoxyguanosine triphosphate substrate binding site of the HSV polymerase.</p>

<p>STAADIUM™ PeptiZide L-Ala is a targeted inhibitor for L-alanine aminopeptidase-producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUM™ PeptiZide L-Ala is triggered by the enzyme L-alanine aminopeptidase, an enzyme located in the bacterial cell wall and is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria. L-alanine aminopeptidase has not been experimentally detected in Campylobacter species, anaerobic bacilli, Gram-positive and Gram-variable bacteria. More details in the application notes document.</p>

<p>Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV</p>

<p>Neomycin, one of the many oligosaccharide containing antibiotics, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in Streptomyces fradiae (Collins, 2006) with wide spectrum, active against Gram-negative Gram-positive bacteria. Neomycin is commony used as a selection marker in cloning, and is therefore used in growth media to select colonies with the neomycin resistance cassette integrated into their genome. Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (Framycetin) and its epimer Neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture.</p>

<p>Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division.</p>

<p>HIV-1 integrase inhibitor; inhibits DNA strand transfer</p>

<p>2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one HCl , also known as MIT hydrochloride is often used as a preservative in personal care products and other industrial applications. The product has shown to act as an antimicrobial and antifungal agent.</p>

<p>Tenofovir diphosphate triethylamine (mixture of diastereomers) is an antiviral compound, which is a synthetic chemical product derived from the parent compound, tenofovir. This formulation includes a mixture of diastereomers to enhance its solubility and bioavailability. The compound primarily functions as a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). It targets viral reverse transcriptase enzymes, inhibiting DNA synthesis and subsequent viral replication by causing premature chain termination.</p>

<p>Nifurquinazol is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic compound derived from the nitrofuran class of antibiotics. Its mode of action involves inhibition of bacterial enzymes critical for DNA and protein synthesis, thereby interfering with microbial cell replication and survival.</p>

<p>Cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections like strep throat, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide</p>

<p>Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis and sepsis.</p>

<p>Nucleoside analog with antiviral activity against coronaviruses, hepatitis and influenzas viruses. EIDD 1931 inhibited the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the murine hepatitis virus (MHV) replication in vitro at submicromolar concentrations. EIDD 1931 is able to evade the proofreading exonuclease ExoN and presents with high barrier to development of drug resistance.</p>

<p>A broad-spectrum antibiotic of macrolide class, which targets 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis. Erythromycin is widely used in molecular biology and biotechnology as a selection marker. Erythromycin is also an agonist of the motilin receptor, and it has prokinetic activity on the gut.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>Ribostamycin sulphate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating bacterial infections like sepsis and pneumonia.</p>

<p>Polymyxin B is a sulfonamide antibiotic with broad spectrum of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds to the bacterial membrane, causing an increase in the cell’s permeability and thus leading to cell death. A study on human neutrophils showed that polymyxin B reduces the expression of neomycin sulfate through inhibition of protein synthesis, which leads to cell death by lysosomal enzyme release. This antibiotic has been shown to be effective on clostridium perfringens, where it inhibits bacterial growth and leads to hypersensitivity reactions in some patients.</p>

<p>Ridinilazole is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic with action on bacterial cell division inhibition and is used for treating Clostridioides difficile infections.</p>

<p>Telavancin HCl is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and membrane integrity and is used for treating complicated skin infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide class</p>

<p>5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate is an antibacterial compound with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is active against strains resistant to other antibiotics, such as, tetracycline and penicillin. 5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate has been shown to be effective in vitro against Campylobacter jejuni - the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. The compound also inhibits the growth cycle of Campylobacter jejuni by arresting the cells at the G1 phase. The molecule has been shown to inhibit DNA synthesis in E. coli and S. typhimurium with IC50 values of 1 ÎŒM and 0.8 ÎŒM respectively. This molecule has been tested for its surface active properties and it can be used as an additive in personal care products for improved wetting and spreading on surfaces. The compound is also researched for its antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans by inhibiting the growth cycle of the fungus.</p>

<p>Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with action on HIV reverse transcriptase to block viral replication and is used for treating HIV/AIDS in combination therapies.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; immunosuppressant</p>

<p>Avibactam free acid is a β-lactamase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections in combination with β-lactam antibiotics. It inactivates β-lactamases by a covalent and reversible mechanism</p>

<p>Membrane-disrupting agent</p>

<p>Cefepime dihydrochloride monohydrate is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections, including pneumonia and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Tomopenem is a carbapenem antibiotic, which is a product of synthetic origin with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls through binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby disrupting the structural integrity of the cell wall and leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Tenofovir is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with action on viral reverse transcriptase to block replication and is used for treating HIV/AIDS and chronic hepatitis B.</p>

<p>Emtricitabine is an antiviral drug that is used to treat chronic viral hepatitis, which is caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses. The drug blocks the activity of reverse transcriptase, which is an enzyme necessary for the replication of viral RNA in the body. Emtricitabine has been shown to be effective against acute hepatitis B virus infection and chronic hepatitis B virus infection with or without cirrhosis. It also has been shown to be effective against chronic hepatitis C virus infection with or without cirrhosis.</p>

<p>Erythromycin stearate is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted infections.</p>

<p>Chlorotetracycline monohydrochloride is an antibiotic designed for culture media use. It is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*, and functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. This action prevents the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal acceptor site, effectively halting the growth of bacteria by disrupting protein production, which is essential for their survival and replication.</p>

<p>Cytarabine is also known as cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and is a chemotherapy drug that works by inhibiting DNA synthesis. It acts as a nucleoside analogue, which is incorporated into the growing DNA chain during replication. Cytarabine combines a cytosine base with an arabinose sugar (1β-arabinofuranosylcytosine) and is an analog for human deoxycytosine. Cytarabine interferes with DNA synthesis as it is rapidly converted to cytosine arabinoside triphosphate, damaging DNA when cells are in the synthesis phase (S phase). Tumor cells which are highly mitotic and growing rapidly are therefore preferably targeted. Cytarabine also inhibits nucleotide reductase enzymes as well as nuclear polymerases, leading to interruption and inhibition of synthesis, strand breaks and cell death.</p>

<p>Antibiotic of tetracycline class; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Fluoroquinolone; gyrase inhibitor</p>

<p>STAADIUMTM GlucuroniZide is a targeted inhibitor of glucuronidase-producing bacteria, which is activated by E. coli-specific glucuronidase enzyme. Glucuronidases are enzymes catalyzing the cleavage of complex carbohydrates and E. coli is a well-known producer. In complex cultures, E. coli strains often outcompete bacteria that present at lower titre and STAADIUMTM GlucuroniZide can help to selectively reduce the growth of E. coli. STAADIUMTM GlucuroniZide can be used in microbiome studies, food control, environmental safety, hygiene, and clinical diagnostics. More details can be found in the application notes document.</p>

<p>Rupintrivir is a peptidomimetic antiviral with action on rhinovirus 3C protease to inhibit viral replication and is used for research on rhinovirus and other viral infections.</p>

<p>Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used for the treatment of various bacteria infections. This drug is used in veterinary medicine and to treat animals with those infections. This drug works by inhibiting bacteria synthesis. It is a fluorinated synthetic analog of thiamphenicol.</p>

<p>Paromomycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating intestinal infections and leishmaniasis.</p>

<p>Repromicin is a novel antibiotic, which is derived from a unique strain of actinobacteria. This organism is known for its ability to produce a wide range of bioactive compounds. Repromicin operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, a mode of action that involves binding to the bacterial ribosome and interfering with the translation process. This leads to an effective halt in bacterial growth and proliferation.</p>

<p>4'-Epidaunorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotic derivative, which is synthesized from modifications of natural products. It functions as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, which intercalates into DNA strands and disrupts replication and transcription, thereby inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. This compound is primarily utilized in the field of oncology for its potent anti-tumor activities. By forming stable complexes with DNA and topoisomerase II, 4'-Epidaunorubicin hydrochloride induces breaks in the DNA strands, leading to apoptosis of cancer cells. It is often used in treatment protocols for various malignancies, including leukemia and solid tumors. While highly effective, its administration is carefully managed to mitigate potential cardiotoxicity, a common attribute of anthracycline drugs. Research continues to explore its full potential and optimize delivery methods to enhance its therapeutic index.</p>

<p>Neomycin, one of the many oligosaccharide containing antibiotics, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in Streptomyces fradiae (Collins, 2006) with wide spectrum, active against Gram-negative Gram-positive bacteria. Neomycin is commony used as a selection marker in cloning, and is therefore used in growth media to select colonies with the neomycin resistance cassette integrated into their genome. Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (Framycetin) and its epimer Neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture.</p>

<p>Kanamycin sulfate is a water-soluble antibiotic. Genes encoding kanamycin resistance are commonly used as selection markers in molecular biology .It acts during the translation mechanism in prokaryotic ribosomes to avoid bacterial cell growth.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C1a is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the bacterium Micromonospora. This antibiotic functions through a mode of action that involves binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This binding disrupts protein synthesis by causing misreading of the mRNA, ultimately leading to inhibition of bacterial growth and cellular death.</p>

<p>Danofloxacin mesylate is a mesylate salt form of danofloxacin with similar action and applications as danofloxacin.</p>

<p>Herbicidin E is a potent herbicidal compound, derived from blue-green algae, with a biochemical mode of action focused on inhibiting photosynthetic electron transport. It effectively disrupts the photosynthetic process by binding to specific sites within the chloroplasts of target plants, impairing their ability to convert light energy into chemical energy. This leads to a depletion of essential energy reserves, resulting in the controlled demise of the plant.</p>

<p>Erythromycinacistrate is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This action effectively halts bacterial growth and replication, making it particularly effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Azithromycin N-oxide is a macrolide antibiotic derivative and is used for research purposes. Its mode of action is similar to azithromycin.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a variety of bacterial infections. It is a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes and preventing the attachment of amino acids to tRNA molecules thus inhibiting bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Omadacycline tosylate is a aminomethylcycline antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and skin infections.</p>

<p>Cefacetrile is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections in humans and animals.</p>

<p>Gentamycin sulphate is the salt form of the broad-spectrum antibiotic gentamycin (a.k.a. gentamicin). Gentamycin is active against clinically relevant bacteria, such as: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and is used to fight infections from Staphylococcus, Citrobacter and Enterobacteriaceae species. Gentamycin is a natural mixture of four congeners, one of which is gentamicin C2a. Gentamycin has been included in biomedical implantable materials, such as, bone grafts, to reduce the risk of infection.</p>

<p>Fementation intermediate of Oritavancin</p>

<p>Meayamycin B is a synthetic macrolide, a complex organic compound, which is derived from the natural product FR901464. This compound functions as an antagonist of the spliceosome, the cellular machinery responsible for pre-mRNA splicing. By binding to specific components of the spliceosome, Meayamycin B disrupts the splicing process, leading to the accumulation of unspliced precursor mRNA. This action effectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells, making it a notable candidate for cancer therapy research.</p>

<p>Ethambutol is an antimicrobial compound, specifically an antitubercular agent, which is a synthetic derivative of ethylenediamine. It is classified as a bacteriostatic agent that primarily targets Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The mode of action of Ethambutol involves the inhibition of arabinosyl transferases, enzymes essential for the polymerization of arabinogalactan, a critical component of the mycobacterial cell wall. By disrupting cell wall biosynthesis, Ethambutol effectively hampers the growth and proliferation of the bacteria.</p>

<p>Antibiotic; inhibits bacterial mRNA translation; inhibits monoamine oxidase</p>

<p>CCR-5 chemokine receptor antagonist; inhibits HIV entry via gp120 protein</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV-1 protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Griselimycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterial genus *Streptomyces*. This compound exhibits its mode of action by targeting bacterial protein synthesis, specifically binding to the DNA polymerase sliding clamp, thereby inhibiting replication and cell division in a range of bacterial pathogens. Griselimycin has been the focus of renewed scientific interest due to its potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including multi-drug-resistant strains. The compound’s unique mode of action makes it a promising candidate for further development in the treatment of tuberculosis and potentially other bacterial infections that have developed resistance to more commonly used antibiotics. Advances in understanding its biosynthesis have facilitated semi-synthetic modifications, potentially enhancing its pharmacokinetic properties and antimicrobial spectrum. The applications of Griselimycin extend to research contexts where understanding resistance mechanisms and novel antibiotic development are critical. Continued exploration of this compound may contribute significantly to addressing the global challenge of antibiotic resistance.</p>

<p>3’(6’)-Dehydroclindamycin phosphate is a semi-synthetic compound and a impurity of clindamycin. This in turn is prepared from lincomycin. It has antibacterial and antiviral properties</p>

<p>This product is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Herbicidin B is a natural herbicidal compound, which is a secondary metabolite produced through the fermentation of certain Streptomyces species. This compound functions as a potent inhibitor of plant growth by interfering with essential physiological processes within the plant cells. The mode of action of Herbicidin B primarily involves disruption of metabolic pathways that are critical for the development and survival of plants, leading to effective control of undesired vegetation.</p>

<p>Protein synthesis inhibitor; tetracycline class</p>

<p>Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory infections in cattle and sheep.</p>

<p>HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor is an antiretroviral compound with a mode of action that blocks the viral enzyme integrase, preventing the integration of viral DNA into the host genome. It is used for the treatment of HIV infection.</p>

<p>Validamycin A is an antibiotic and fungicide with action as a trehalase inhibitor, disrupting carbohydrate metabolism in fungi and is used for controlling fungal diseases like sheath blight in rice and damping-off in cucumbers.</p>

<p>Clotrimazole is an azole antifungal medication with action on fungal cell membrane disruption and is used for treating fungal infections like athlete's foot, ringworm, and vaginal yeast infections.</p>

<p>Amopyroquine is an antimalarial agent and is used for the treatment of malaria. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of haem polymerase in the parasite, leading to the accumulation of toxic haem</p>

<p>2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one or MIT is a powerful antimicrobial and antifungal agent which is widely used in personal care products. It is also used in industrial applications as a preservative and antifouling agent.</p>

<p>Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and Lyme disease.</p>

<p>Bleomycin A5 inhibits DNA replication and repair. It also cleaves RNA in vitro and in vivo, and exhibits anticancer activity. It is used for various types of cancer such as squamous cell cancers, melanoma, sarcoma, testicular and ovarian cancer, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.</p>

<p>Leucomycin A3 is a macrolide antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections and has shown potential antiviral activity.</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Versalide is a synthetic musk compound with action as a fragrance ingredient and is used for adding scent to perfumes and personal care products.</p>

<p>Chlorpropham-4-hydroxy-o-sulfonic acid is a herbicide metabolite with action on plant growth regulation and is used for environmental and agricultural research.</p>

<p>Raltegravir is an antiretroviral agent used for the treatment of HIV infections in conjunction with other antiretrovirals. It inhibits the activity of HIV-1 integrase, which impedes the insertion of HIV-1 DNA into the host cell genome. Raltegravir also inhibits resistant mutants of HIV-1 that are associated with disease activity and progression.</p>