Antimicrobials

<p>Kanamycin A Related Compound 1 is an analytical reference standard, which is derived from aminoglycoside antibiotics. Its source stems from the chemical structures related to the aminoglycoside class, primarily used to ensure precise identification and quantification of kanamycin residues or impurities in pharmaceutical formulations. The mode of action of Kanamycin A Related Compound 1 involves serving as a comparator or reference point in chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, facilitating accurate analysis by providing a consistent baseline for research laboratories.</p>

<p>3-(2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-3,4-imidazolidinedione is a synthetic compound, which is a derivative of imidazolidinedione. It is primarily characterized as an antifungal agent with broad-spectrum activity against various fungal species. Its mode of action involves disrupting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This disruption leads to increased membrane permeability and ultimately, cell death. The efficacy of this compound is attributed to its ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens by targeting critical pathways necessary for fungal survival.</p>

<p>Piericidin A is a microbial metabolite, specifically a type of polyketide, which is derived from the bacterium of the genus Streptomyces. This compound acts as an electron transport chain inhibitor by specifically binding to the ubiquinone binding site of complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) in mitochondria. This mode of action results in the disruption of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.</p>

<p>Clindamycin B hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, which is derived from the parent compound, lincomycin, obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. It exerts its antibacterial effects by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis by preventing peptide bond formation, which is essential for bacterial growth and survival.</p>

<p>Phleomycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. Its mode of action involves binding to DNA and inducing breaks by generating free radicals in the presence of oxygen and ferrous ions, leading to cell death. Phleomycin is prominently used in molecular biology applications as a selective agent in the generation of stable transfectants. It is particularly effective in selecting for cells that have integrated vectors conferring resistance, such as the Sh ble gene used in yeast, plant, and mammalian cell systems. Due to its potent DNA-cleaving ability, Phleomycin is valuable in studies requiring stringent selection pressure. Researchers commonly utilize it in experiments focusing on genetic modification and cellular resistance development.</p>

<p>Tazobactam diphenylmethyl ester is a chemical compound that serves as a precursor or intermediate in the synthesis of beta-lactamase inhibitors. This product originates from synthetic organic chemistry and plays a crucial role in antibiotic research and development. Its mode of action involves modifying or blocking the active site of beta-lactamase enzymes, which are responsible for granting bacteria resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.</p>

<p>Pyrametostrobin is a fungicide, which is derived from strobilurin compounds. These compounds are originally sourced from natural antifungal substances produced by certain fungi, specifically the wood-decay fungus Strobilurus tenacellus. Pyrametostrobin functions by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration in fungal cells, specifically targeting the cytochrome bc1 complex within the electron transport chain. This action disrupts the energy production of the fungal cells, ultimately leading to their death.</p>

<p>RPW-24 is a microbial inoculant, which is derived from specifically cultivated microbial strains with known capabilities of enhancing soil fertility. Utilizing a proprietary selection of Bacillus and Pseudomonas species, this product functions by facilitating the solubilization of inorganic phosphate compounds in the soil. These microbes secrete organic acids and enzymes that convert insoluble forms of phosphorus into forms that are more readily available to plants, thereby enhancing nutrient uptake and promoting plant growth.</p>

<p>Picloxydine digluconate is an antiseptic agent, which is derived from synthetic chemical processes designed to produce highly effective antimicrobial compounds. It operates through the disruption of microbial cell membranes, leading to the leakage of cell contents and subsequent cell death. This mode of action is particularly efficient against a wide spectrum of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, as well as fungi and some viruses.</p>

<p>Erythromycylamine is a semisynthetic antibiotic, which is derived from the parent compound erythromycin. This compound is sourced from the fermentation product of the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Erythromycylamine acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, specifically targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit, which ultimately leads to the disruption of bacterial cell growth and replication.</p>

<p>Artefenomel is an antimalarial agent, which is a synthetic derivative originally based on artemisinin, primarily sourced from the Artemisia annua plant. It exhibits its mode of action by targeting and disrupting the Plasmodium parasite's life cycle within the human host. Specifically, artefenomel interferes with the parasite's ability to degrade hemoglobin, leading to the accumulation of toxic levels of heme, ultimately causing the parasite's death.</p>

<p>Balapiravir hydrochloride is an antiviral agent, which is synthesized through chemical processes. It operates as a prodrug, meaning it is metabolized in the body to produce the active compound that inhibits viral replication. The mode of action of Balapiravir involves targeting the viral RNA polymerase, an essential enzyme for the replication of viral genomes. By inhibiting this enzyme, the drug effectively reduces viral load within the host, impairing the spread and establishment of the virus.</p>

<p>Oxpoconazole fumarate is a systemic antifungal agent, which is a synthetic compound derived from chemical synthesis. It functions by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes, ultimately disrupting cell growth and replication. This inhibition interferes with the integrity and functionality of the fungal cell membrane, leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Clomocycline is an antibiotic, which is a derivative of tetracycline originating from Streptomyces species. The mechanism of action involves inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This action blocks the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site on the mRNA-ribosome complex, ultimately impeding the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain and thus hindering bacterial growth.</p>

<p>3-Chloro-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[B,D]azepine is a tricyclic compound, which is typically synthesized through organic chemical processes involving multiple reaction steps to introduce the chloro and dihydro functionalities. With its distinct azepine ring structure, it acts primarily on the central nervous system by modulating neurotransmitter pathways, specifically targeting neurotransmitter reuptake.</p>

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<p>Methiozolin is an herbicide, which is a synthetic compound with a specific mode of action. It targets the cell division process, specifically inhibiting the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids in plants. This mode of action makes Methiozolin effective against problematic weed species such as annual bluegrass (Poa annua), which is known for its pervasive growth in turfgrass systems.</p>

<p>Caerulomycin A is a bioactive compound classified as a natural broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is derived from various Streptomyces species found in soil. Its mode of action involves inhibiting fungal and bacterial growth by interfering with essential cellular processes, effectively curbing the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. This potent molecule achieves its effects by binding to specific cellular targets, thereby disrupting cell wall synthesis and other critical metabolic pathways.</p>

<p>Ofloxacin d3 hydrochloride is a deuterated form of the quinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative designed for research purposes. It is sourced from the fluorinated carboxyquinolone class, where deuterium atoms replace certain hydrogen atoms to study metabolic pathways involving ofloxacin with minimal isotopic interference. Ofloxacin d3 inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for DNA replication, transcription, and repair. By stabilizing the transient cleavable complex with DNA, it prevents the ligation of DNA strands, leading to bacterial cell death. This compound is utilized primarily in laboratory settings for studying the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of quinolones, as well as for elucidating resistance mechanisms in bacterial strains. Its stable isotopic composition makes it ideal for advanced analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry. Through these investigations, insights into drug metabolism, efficacy, and resistance can be gleaned, contributing to the broader understanding of quinolone antibiotic activity.</p>

<p>Borrelidin is a potent antibiotic of the polyketide class, which is isolated from various Streptomyces species. Its mode of action is characterized by its inhibition of threonyl-tRNA synthetase, effectively disrupting protein synthesis within bacteria. Additionally, Borrelidin is known for its unique anti-angiogenic properties, which result from the inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, making it a compound of interest in cancer research.</p>

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<p>N-Nitroso-N-phenylbenzylamine is a nitroso compound, which is synthesized through a chemical reaction involving nitrosation. It arises typically from the interaction of secondary amines and nitrosating agents. This compound functions as a potential mutagen due to its ability to form reactive intermediates that can interact with DNA. These intermediates can lead to modifications in the DNA structure, potentially causing mutations.</p>

<p>Bephenium is an anthelmintic agent, which is a type of product used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms. It originates from synthetic chemical processes specifically designed to combat nematode infestations. The mode of action involves disrupting the neuromuscular activity of susceptible parasitic worms, such as hookworms and roundworms, leading to their paralysis and eventual expulsion from the host organism.</p>

<p>Fervenulin is a synthetic compound, which is a chemically designed product developed for laboratory use. It is synthesized through a series of organic reactions, allowing for precise control over its molecular structure and properties. The mode of action for Fervenulin involves altering microbial growth pathways, particularly targeting specific enzymes and cellular processes critical for microbial proliferation. This mode of action effectively inhibits or modifies the activity of these cellular components, providing a tool for microbiologists to investigate microbial behavior under controlled conditions.</p>

<p>S-Ethyl (3-hydroxypropyl)propylthiocarbamate is a selective herbicide used primarily in the agricultural sector. Derived from synthetic organic chemistry, it belongs to the thiocarbamate class of herbicides. These compounds are known for their ability to inhibit the growth of undesirable plant species by interfering with lipid synthesis.</p>

<p>Bisphenol A d14 is an isotopically labeled compound, which is a variant of Bisphenol A (BPA) where hydrogen atoms are partially replaced with deuterium isotopes. This compound is produced through chemical synthesis, ensuring that 14 of the hydrogen atoms in the BPA molecule are replaced by deuterium to create a stable form with a slightly higher atomic mass, facilitating advanced analytical studies.</p>

<p>Clothianidin-urea is an insecticide, which is synthesized from chemical sources and belongs to the neonicotinoid class of compounds. Its mode of action involves binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of insects, disrupting normal nerve function and leading to paralysis and eventual death. This mode of action is selective to insects, offering a degree of safety to non-target species including humans and animals.</p>

<p>Bottromycin A2 is a peptide antibiotic, which is a natural product derived from the fermentation of certain Streptomyces strains. It operates by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically inhibiting protein synthesis. The mode of action involves binding to the A-site of the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the correct positioning of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation. This inhibition halts the growth of bacteria by disrupting essential protein production processes.</p>

<p>Posaconazole-d5 is a deuterated form of the antifungal agent posaconazole, which is a synthetic compound derived from triazole. The substitution of hydrogen atoms with deuterium in this compound allows for enhanced stability and differentiation in analytical applications, particularly in pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies.</p>

<p>Cephalosporin 87/359 (cefoxitin impurity H) is an analytical reference standard, which is a secondary metabolite that can arise during the synthesis or degradation of the cephalosporin antibiotic, cefoxitin. It is sourced from chemical synthesis processes where isolation and purification of impurities are essential for ensuring the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products. The mode of action of this impurity is not therapeutic but crucial for analytical purposes, serving as a comparator to detect and quantify potential contaminants in cefoxitin production.</p>

<p>STAADIUM™ PeptiZide L-Pyr is a targeted inhibitor for pyroglutamyl-aminopeptidase-producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUM™ PeptiZide L-Pyr is triggered by the enzyme pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase (a.k.a. pyrase or pyrrolidonyl peptidase) that is present, not only in bacteria, but also in archaea, plants and animals. STAADIUM™ PeptiZide can be used to suppress the growth of Citrobacter freundii on diagnostic agar plates for Salmonella. L-pyrrolidonyl peptidase activity has also been exploited to distinguish Enterococcus species and Streptococcus pyogenes from other Streptococaceae species. More details in the application notes document.</p>

<p>Sisunatovir is an antiviral agent, which is a small-molecule compound with specificity designed to inhibit the fusion process of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This small-molecule inhibitor is synthetically derived, with its action targeting the F (fusion) protein of the virus. The mechanism of action involves preventing the viral fusion with host cell membranes, thereby blocking entry and subsequent replication within the host cells.</p>

<p>Phthalic acid, bis[2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl] ester is a specialized industrial plasticizer, which is a type of additive used to enhance the flexibility and durability of polymer-based materials. It is derived from phthalic acid through esterification with ethylene glycol ether derivatives, resulting in a compound that effectively reduces the brittleness of plastic formulations by increasing their plasticity.</p>

<p>AWZ1066S is a synthetic analog, which is a chemically engineered compound designed to mimic or influence biological molecules. This product is derived from sophisticated organic synthesis techniques that enable the precise modification of its molecular structure to enhance its specificity and efficacy. AWZ1066S operates through targeted binding to specific biomolecules or receptors, thereby modulating their function or facilitating their detection in complex biological systems.</p>

<p>Lenampicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, which is derived from ampicillin, a widely used beta-lactam antibiotic. It originates from the penicillin group of compounds, which are produced by the Penicillium fungi. This group of antibiotics is characterized by their bactericidal properties, which function through the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Specifically, Lenampicillin targets and binds to penicillin-binding proteins present in susceptible bacteria. This action inhibits the transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis, weakening the cell wall and eventually causing cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>6-[(1,1-Dimethylethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, commonly known as Terbuthylazine, is a selective systemic herbicide, which is synthesized chemically and primarily sourced from the triazine group of compounds. It operates by inhibiting photosynthesis, specifically interfering with the electron transport in photosystem II. This disruption in the photosynthetic pathway effectively halts the growth of susceptible weed species.</p>

<p>Dimoxystrobin-5-benzoic acid is a chemical fungicide, which is a synthetic compound derived from the strobilurin class of fungicides. It functions by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration in fungi, specifically blocking the electron transfer at the Qo site of the cytochrome bc1 complex. This mode of action disrupts energy production in fungal cells, thereby curbing their growth and proliferation.</p>

<p>Validamycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is a type of product derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. Its mode of action involves inhibiting the trehalase enzyme, an essential component for fungal cell viability, thereby disrupting the energy supply within the fungal cells. This disruption leads to impediments in fungal growth and proliferation.</p>

<p>Ethyl 6-fluoro-7-benzofurancarboxylate is a synthetic organic compound, belonging to the class of ester derivatives, which is primarily used in chemical research and potential pharmaceutical development. This compound is synthesized through a series of organic reactions involving fluorination and esterification processes, originating from precursors of benzofuran derivatives.</p>

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<p>Pyflubumide-des(2-methyl-1oxopropyl) is a selective miticide, which is synthesized through advanced chemical processes. Its mode of action involves inhibiting cellular respiration in spider mites, specifically targeting the activity of mitochondrial complex II. This disrupts the energy production pathway, leading to pest mortality.</p>

<p>1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-formylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid is an advanced fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is synthetically derived. This compound operates by efficiently inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes which are critical for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair. The inhibition of these enzymes interferes with the DNA processes, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>3-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenylsulfonyl)-1,2,4-triazole is a sulfonyl-triazole reagent, which is widely utilized in the field of organic chemistry. This compound is synthetically derived, serving as an important tool in the construction of sulfonyl-protected intermediates and heterocyclic structures. Its mode of action involves acting as a versatile electrophile in conditions favoring nucleophilic attack, facilitating the formation of carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulfur bonds.</p>

<p>BAY-Y 3118 is a synthetic compound specifically designed as a radiolabeled dopamine D4 receptor antagonist. It is sourced from chemical synthesis processes that enable modification of molecular structures to target specific biological receptors. The mode of action of BAY-Y 3118 involves binding to the D4 subtype of dopamine receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors located in the central nervous system. This binding is typically labeled with a radiolabel to facilitate tracking and visualization in biological assays.</p>

<p>Clomeprop (free acid) is a selective herbicide, which is synthesized chemically to target grass species. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase, crucial for fatty acid synthesis. This interferes with lipid production, which is vital for plant growth and development.</p>

<p>Oxfendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic with action on microtubule formation in parasitic worms and is used for treating gastrointestinal parasites in livestock.</p>

<p>Bafilomycin C1 is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces sp. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), an enzyme complex responsible for acidifying various intracellular compartments. This inhibition disrupts pH regulation within cells, affecting numerous cellular processes such as protein degradation and trafficking.</p>

<p>Tadalafil-N-ethyl is a synthetic compound derived from Tadalafil, a well-known phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. This product is chemically synthesized through pharmaceutical processes involving ethylation, enhancing its pharmacological profile for research purposes. Its mode of action primarily involves the selective inhibition of the PDE5 enzyme, leading to an increased concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the corpus cavernosum. This results in vasodilation and increased blood flow, facilitating penile erection.</p>

<p>2-(2-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl benzoate is a synthetic chemical compound, classified as an organic ester. It originates from the reaction between benzoic acid and a derivative of nitroimidazole, a class of compounds known for their bioactivity. The molecular framework includes a benzoate ester linked to an imidazole ring, which is substituted with nitro and methyl groups, contributing to its unique characteristics.</p>

<p>Cephamycin C is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a type of β-lactam antibiotic. It is derived from the fermentation process of certain Streptomyces species and other actinomycetes. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This inhibition disrupts the structural integrity of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.</p>