Peptides

Tetanus toxin 830-843 acetate (119260-99-0) is a T cell epitope from toxoid, triggering T-cell activation for vaccine aid.

<p>COG 133 Acetate, (C97H181N37O19) is a peptide with the sequence Ac-Leu-Arg-Val-Arg-Leu-Ala-Ser-His-Leu-Arg-Lys-Leu-Arg-Lys-Arg-Leu-Leu-amide.</p>

H-Phe-Phe-OH is a dipeptide consisting of two phenylalanine (an essential amino acid and precursor to tyrosine) units linked together.

Bacitracin Zinc is a dephosphorylated disruptor of C55-isoprene pyrophosphate that inhibits Tyr cleavage in Met-enkephalin with an IC50 of 10 μM.

<p>TRAP-6 amide acetate is a PAR-1 thrombin receptor agonist peptide[1].</p>

EGFR Peptide Acetate (96249-43-3), a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase, activates upon ligand binding.

<p>G280-9 acetate, a melanoma epitope for HLA-A2, is notable for CTL recognition at low levels but has low immunogenicity due to weak HLA-A2 affinity.</p>

H-PRO-HIS-CYS-LYS-ARG-MET-OH acetate acts as antioxidant by reacting with active oxygen species such as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.

Handle region peptide, rat acetate is a prorenin receptor antagonist, suppresses the progression of diabetic nephropathy and has anti-inflammatory in the eye.

FMRF acetate is a peptide consisting of 4 amino acid residues.

<p>Avian peptide [Gln8]-C517 (LH-RH) triggers gonadotropin release, regulating reproduction.</p>

Abl Cytosolic Substrate acetate is a substrate for Abelson tyrosine kinase (Abl ).

PKC ζ pseudosubstrate acetate is an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) ζ; attached to cell permeabilisation Antennapedia domain vector peptide.

Camstatin acetate, a 25-residue fragment, inhibits neuronal NOS by binding calmodulin.

<p>Shepherdin 79-87 acetate is a peptidomimetic antagonist of the complex between Hsp90 and survivin, another key regulator of tumor cell viability.</p>

Prolylleucine (((Benzyloxy)carbonyl)-L-prolyl-D-leucine) is a dipeptide containing branched-chain amino acids.

Aminopeptidase M (AMP) inhibition is of interest for several diseases, such as highly vascularized cancer types.

<p>Boc-Asp(OMe)-FMK is a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor that blocks Fas-mediated processes without affecting IL-8 chemotaxis.</p>

<p>Applications An obstetric drug used to control postpartum hemorrhaging.<br>References Sanz-Nebot, V., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 377, 306 (2003), Gimpl, G., et al.: Eur. J. Pharmacol., 510, 9 (2005), Handler, J., et al.: Theriogenol., 66, 1397 (2006), Klenerova, V., et al.: J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 60, 57 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications Benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinphosphonium Hexafluorophosphate (cas# 128625-52-5) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications A selective and potent inhibitor of proteasome-mediated degradation of ubiquitin-tagged proteins. A Streptomyces metabolite that acts as a highly specific inhibitor of the 20S proteasome (MCP: multicatalytic proteinase complex).<br>References Fenteany, G., et al.: Science, 268, 726 (1995), Fenteany, G., et al.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 3358 (1994),<br></p>

<p>Applications [Leu5]-Enkephalin is a neurotransmitter used in molecular dynamics studies for the insertion of neurotransmitters into lipid bilayer membranes and their implication on membrane stability.<br>References Shen, C., et al.: ChemPhysChem, pages ahead of print (2017)<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Used in conjunction with Isothiocyanate to conduct partial Edman Degradation on biologically active peptides.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Heidenreich, O., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 269, 2131 (1994), Kothe, U., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 356, 148 (2006), Thakkar, A., et al.: Anal. Chem., 78, 5935 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications MG-101 (ALLN) is a potent inhibitor of cysteine proteases including caplains and cathespins. Used in the treatment of genotoxic agents or replication stress of cells. Neuroprotective product.<br>References Wang, H. et al.: Biochem., 54, 5781 (2015); Fukunaga, Y. et al.: Neurosci. Res., 101, 6 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications Poly(ethylene Glycol) ~400 is a polymer of ethylene oxide with a molecular weight of ~400 Daltons. Poly(ethylene Glycol) ~400 is considered a low molecular weight polyethylene glycol, and is used as a hydrophilic molecular probe for measuring intestinal permeability. Poly(ethylene Glycol) ~400 is also used as a hydrophilic plasticizer.<br>References Lu, E., et al.: J. Control. Release, 92, 375 (2003); Ma, T., et al.: Gastroenterology, 98, 39 (1990)<br></p>

Fmoc-His-OH (FMOC-L-Histidine) is a histidine derivative and a common material for peptide synthesis.

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications H-Asp-Leu-OH (cas# 3062-14-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Poly(ethylene Glycol) molecules of an average molecular mass of 200. Poly(ethylene Glycol) is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry. Recent research has shown PEG maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals. In rats, it has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery. It is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction. PEG is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.<br>References Borgens, R. et al.: J. Neurosci. Res., 66, 1179 (2001); Stavisky, R. et al.: Neurosci. Lett., 376, 98 (2005); Nalam, P. et al.: Tribiol. Lett., 37, 541 (2010); Steinmetz, N. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 17093 (2009); Li, X. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 11147 (2011); Li, L. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 447, 192 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethyl Cyano(hydroxyimino)acetate is used in peptide synthesis and has shown to suppress racemiztion, has high coupling efficiency in both solution and solid phase synthesis and is a non-explosive alternative to 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt).<br>References Khattab, S.N.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 83, 1374 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications Insulin (Human) is a peptide hormone regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. It is used in the treatment of those suffering from the diabetes type I and II metabolic disorders. Regulates the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat storage.<br>References Lai, Y. et al.: Biochem. J., 460, 363 (2014); Hedman, C. et al.: Clin. Endocrinol., 81, 58 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications Z-VAL-MET-OH (cas# 108543-82-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications n-Octyl-oligo-oxyethylene is a detergent for useful solubilization, purification and crystallization of proteins.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications N-CBZ-Glycyl-glycyl-L-arginine 7-Amido-4-methylcoumarin Hydrochloride is a fluorogenic substrate for uPA (urokinase).<br>References Zimmerman, M., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 750 (1978);<br></p>

<p>Applications Poly(ethylene Glycol) molecules of an average molecular mass of 2000. Poly(ethylene Glycol) is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry. Recent research has shown PEG maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals. In rats, it has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery. It is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction. PEG is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.<br>References Borgens, R. et al.: J. Neurosci. Res., 66, 1179 (2001); Stavisky, R. et al.: Neurosci. Lett., 376, 98 (2005); Nalam, P. et al.: Tribiol. Lett., 37, 541 (2010); Steinmetz, N. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 17093 (2009); Li, X. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 11147 (2011); Li, L. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 447, 192 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Poly(ethylene Glycol) molecules of an average molecular mass of 20000. Poly(ethylene Glycol) is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry. Recent research has shown PEG maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals. In rats, it has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery. It is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction. PEG is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.<br>References Borgens, R. et al.: J. Neurosci. Res., 66, 1179 (2001); Stavisky, R. et al.: Neurosci. Lett., 376, 98 (2005); Nalam, P. et al.: Tribiol. Lett., 37, 541 (2010); Steinmetz, N. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 17093 (2009); Li, X. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 11147 (2011); Li, L. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 447, 192 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications An Amadori compound having the potential to alter cellular adhesion, inhibit cancer metastasis and induce apoptosis.<br>References Horiuchi, T., et al.: Agric. Biol. Chem., 55, 333 (1991), Sosnovsky, G., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 82, 649 (1993), Glinsky, G., et al.: Cancer Res., 56, 5319 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Lactic Acid occurs in small quantities in the blood and muscle fluid of man and animals. The lactic acid concentration increases in muscle and blood after vigorous activity.<br>References He, W. et al.: Comp. Biochem. Phys. Part A: Mol. Int. Phys., 166, 308 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications CA-074 methyl ester is a cell-permeable cathepsin B inhibitor.<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Carnosine is a naturally-occurring histidine-containing compound and the biological role of this dipeptide is to act as cytosolic buffering agents. Other roles ascribed to L-Carnosine include actions as neurotransmitters, modulation of enzymic activities and chelation of heavy metals.<br>References Quinn, P.J., et al.: Mol. Aspects. Med., 13, 379 (1992); Aruoma, O.I., et al.: Biochem. J., 264, 863 (1989);<br></p>

<p>Applications Glycyl-glycyl-glycine is used as a model peptide for studies of physicochemical parameters and molecular associations of small peptides. It is also used as a copper chelator.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Glycylproline was found to exhibit anti-ischemic effects on the metabolism of neuroactive amino acids and indices of energy turnover in the neocortex of rats after experimental brain ischemia.<br>References Bashun, Z.N., et al.: Neurochem. J., 7, 39 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications gamma-Polyglutamic acid - sodium salt (cas# 25513-46-6) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-L-GAMMA-GLUTAMYL-L-LEUCINE (cas# 2566-39-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Urolithin A is a major metabolite of ellagitannin and exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.<br>References Ishimoto, H., et. al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 5901 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-tert-Boc-L-alanine is the protected form of L-Alanine (A481500), a non-essential amino acid that can be found naturally in the human body and is obtained by our diet.<br>References Anderson, H., et al.: J. Nutr., 99, 82 (1969)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications H-ALA-ASP-OH (cas# 20727-65-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS peptide) is a conserved tetrapeptide sequence found in fibronectin, and the von Willebrand factor.

Melittin: principal bee venom toxin, 26 amino acids, activates low-weight PLA2, not high-weight PLA2.

H-Leu-Leu-OMe HBr (L-Leucyl-L-Leucine methyl ester HBr) is a dipeptide condensation of L-Leucine methyl ester, a peptide that is toxic to natural killer T-cells

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Fructosyl Glycine is a synthetic glycoamine used in the study of glycoamine analogs and their effect on metastatic carcinoma cells.<br>References Glinsky, G. et al.: Clin. Exp. Metastas., 14, 253 (1996);<br></p>

<p>Applications Poly(ethylene Glycol) molecules of an average molecular mass of 6000. Poly(ethylene Glycol) is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry. Recent research has shown PEG maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals. In rats, it has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery. It is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction. PEG is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.<br>References Borgens, R. et al.: J. Neurosci. Res., 66, 1179 (2001); Stavisky, R. et al.: Neurosci. Lett., 376, 98 (2005); Nalam, P. et al.: Tribiol. Lett., 37, 541 (2010); Steinmetz, N. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 17093 (2009); Li, X. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 11147 (2011); Li, L. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 447, 192 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications AEBSF Hydrochloride is an irreversible serine protease inhibitor.<br>References Diatchuk, V., et. al.: J. Biol. Chem., 272, 13292 (1997)<br></p>

<p>Applications Kollisolv PEG 300 is used as a thickening agent and gel binder in the pharmaceutical industry.<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications L-Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized by the human body under normal physiological conditions if a sufficient quantity of methionine is available. L-Cysteine is commonly used as a precursor in the food and pharmaceutical industries. L-Cysteine is used as a processing aid for baking, as an additive in cigarettes, as well as in the preparation of meat flavours.<br>References Hui, N. et al.: Meat Sci. Appl., 74 (2001); Kiviharju, K. et al.: J. Biotechnol., 117, 299 (2005); Pecivova, P. et al.: J. Sci. Food Agric., 90, 1681 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Azido-3,6,9-trioxaundecane-11-ol (cas# 86770-67-4) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br>References Hatch, D., et al.: ChemBioChem., 9, 2433 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Poly(ethylene Glycol) molecules of an average molecular mass of 1000. Poly(ethylene Glycol) is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry. Recent research has shown PEG maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals. In rats, it has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery. It is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction. PEG is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.<br>References Borgens, R. et al.: J. Neurosci. Res., 66, 1179 (2001); Stavisky, R. et al.: Neurosci. Lett., 376, 98 (2005); Nalam, P. et al.: Tribiol. Lett., 37, 541 (2010); Steinmetz, N. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 17093 (2009); Li, X. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 11147 (2011); Li, L. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 447, 192 (2013);<br></p>

<p>3X HA Tag (Triple-HA Tag) is a bioactive peptide consisting of three repetitive HA tags (YPYDVPDYA) and is mainly used for protein and peptide detection.</p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of Capecitabine.<br>References Arellano, M., ET AL.: Br. J. Cancer, 77, 79 (1998), Budman, D., ET AL.: J. Clin. Oncol., 16, 1795 (1998), Khanna, R., et al.: Cancer Res., 60, 4725 (2000), Charasson, V., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 30, 731 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Azidohexanoic Acid is a reagent that is useful for click chemistry.<br>References Alleti, R.,et al.: J. Org. Chem., 75, 5895 (2010); Daumar, P., et al.: Bioconjug. Chem., 23, 1557 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Cyclo(Leu-Gly) is an antimicrobial compound produced by Latobacillus plantarum.<br>References Niku-Paavola, M., et al.: J. Appl. Microbiol., 86, 29 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Applications Biochemical tool for selective reduction of disulfide bridges at low pH; reductant for redox assay.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Neuburger, M., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 267, 2882 (2000), Krijt, J., et al.: Clin. Chem., 47, 1821 (2001), Yen, T.-Y., et al.: J. Mass Spectrom., 37, 15 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Amino reactive biotin reagent for preparing biotinylated surfaces or polypeptides.<br>References Ngo, T.T., et al.: Applied Biochem. Biotech, 7, 443 (1982), Wojchowski, D.M., et al.: J. Immunol. Methods, 90, 173 (1986);<br></p>

<p>Applications Lactoferrin is a multifunctional protein of transferin family. A glycoprotein present in various secretions including milk, saliva and tears. Antiviral agent, it binds to liproproteins of cell membranes dispersing virus molecules from host cells.<br>References Sánchez L. et al.: Arch. Dis. CHild., 67, 657 (1992); Harmsen MC. et al.: J. Infect. Dis., 172, 380 (1995);<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine (cas# 5874-90-8) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Boc-L-Nitroarginine, can be used in peptide chemistry. It has been also shown to act as NO synthase inhibitor, and thus used in the study of The effects of methylene blue (MB) for treatment of sepsis induced by bowel perforation.<br>References Galili, Y. Euro. surg. Rese. vol. 29, P:390-395 (19997);<br></p>

<p>Applications Antibiotic substance belonging to the actinomycin complex, produced by several Streptomyces spp. Antineoplastic.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Manaker, et al.: Antibiot. Ann., 55, 853 (1954), Jain, S., et al.: J. Mol. Biol., 114, 317 (1977), Nakajima, K., et al.: Pept. Chem., 19, 143 (1981), Shereda, R., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 282, 19247 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Light Sensitive<br>Applications Doxorubicin Hydrochloride is an antineoplastic agent.<br>References Di Marco, A., et al.: Cancer Chemother. Rep., (part 1), 53, 33 (1969); Mihich, E. and Ehrke, M.J.: Transplant. Proc., 16, 499 (1984);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications This compound is an impurity in the synthesis of Antazoline (A678405) which acts as a histamine H1 receptor blocker, functioning as an antihistamine pharmaceutical.<br>References Constanti, A. et al.: Brit. J. Pharmacol. 58, 583 (1976);<br></p>

<p>Applications Glutamine analog.<br>References Hellberg, S., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 30, 1126 (1987), Blondelle, S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 2280 (1994), Jiracek, J., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 270, 21701(1995),<br></p>

<p>Stability Air Sensitive<br>Applications L-Cysteinylglycine, is a biologically important compound since it is formed during the γ-glutamyl cycle. It is a cysteinyl peptide, that can be used in the studies of many peptides and important proteins.<br>References Marvin D., et al.: New J. Org. Synth., 12, 185 (1980); Sheehan, J. C., et al.: New Synth. Cysteinyl Peptide, 1159 (1958);<br></p>

2-(Methylamino)pentanedioic acid (N-Methyl-DL-glutamic acid) inhibits Glutaminase, adds freshness to edible products, and can be used in tuberculosis research.

Nisin A: a lantibiotic peptide made by L. lactis, contains unique amino acids like lanthionine, and fights bacteria.

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications MG 132 is a potent, membrane-permeable proteasome inhibitor. It induces neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Neuroprotective product.<br>References Lee, D., et al.: Trends in Cell Biol., 8, 397 (1998); Tsubuki, S., et al.: J. Biochem., 119., 572 (1996); Grimm, L., et al.: EMBO J., 15, 3835 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Applications H-Glu(Val-OH)-OH (CAS# 2746-34-1) is a useful research chemical compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications tert-Butoxycarbonyl-D-proline is Boc protected D-proline (P755990). It is used to prepare trichostatin A and trapoxin B analogs as histone deacetylase inhibitors. It is also used to prepare potent and selective nonpeptide inhibitors of caspases 3 and 7.<br>References Jung, M., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 7, 1655 (1997); Lee, D., et al.: J. Med. Chem,, 44, 2015 (2001)<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Boc-D-leucine is an N-Boc-protected form of D-Leucine (L330150). D-Leucine is an unnatural isomer of L-Leucine (L330110) that acts as an auto-inhibitor of lactic streptococci in culture. D-Leucine causes analgesia in humans and also exhibits inhibitory activity in bacterial cell cultures.<br>References Chuan, Y., et al.: Chin. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 4, 003 (1985); Fox, S., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 155, 465 (1944); Gillillad, S. &amp; Speck, M.: J. Dairy Sci., 51, 1573 (1968); Schoenheimer, R., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 130, 703 (1939); Seltzer, S., et al.: Pain, 11, 141 (1981)<br></p>

<p>Applications DAPT is a γ-secretase inhibitor which inhibits thegrowth of cancer cells and epethelial and mesenchymal transition (1,2).<br>References (1) Li, L. et al.: Oncol Lett. 7, 2160 (2014) (2) Wang, M. et al.: Int. J. Onc., 44, 1401 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications Ilomastat is a metalloprotease inhibitor.<br>References Dietrich, C., et. al.: J. Immunol., 192, 5382 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications H-GLU-LYS-OH (cas# 5891-53-2) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Poly(ethylene Glycol) molecules of an average molecular mass of 600. Poly(ethylene Glycol) is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry. Recent research has shown PEG maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals. In rats, it has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery. It is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction. PEG is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.<br>References Borgens, R. et al.: J. Neurosci. Res., 66, 1179 (2001); Stavisky, R. et al.: Neurosci. Lett., 376, 98 (2005); Nalam, P. et al.: Tribiol. Lett., 37, 541 (2010); Steinmetz, N. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 17093 (2009); Li, X. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 11147 (2011); Li, L. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 447, 192 (2013);<br></p>