Biochemicals and Reagents

<p>Impurity USP Capecitabine Related Compound B / Capecitabine EP Impurity B<br>Applications A prodrug of 5-Flurouridine. A fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside with cytostatic activity.<br>References De Cesare, M., et al.: Cancer Res., 49, 5969 (1994), Di Bartolomeo, M., et al.: Tumori, 81, 147 (1995)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications A heterobifunctional cross-linker.<br>References Carlsson, J. et al.: Biochem. J., 173, 723 (1978), Neurath, A.R., and Strick, N.J.. : J. Virol. Meth., 3, 155 (1981)<br></p>

<p>Applications Tryptophol is a metabolite formed in the liver after disulfiram treatment that induces sleep in humans. It is also a secondary product of alcoholic fermentation.<br>References Cornford, E.M., et al.: J Clin Invest, 63, 1241-1248 (1979)<br></p>

<p>Applications Guanosine analog. Used for preparation of nucleoside derivatives as inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA viral polymerase.<br>References Eldrup, A.B., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 47, 2283 (2004), Shim, J., et al.: Antiviral Res., 243 (2003), Wang, M., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 278, 9489 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications Novel acridinium esters are disclosed that are useful, either alone or when incorporated into liposomes, as chemiluminescent agents in binding assays.<br>References Bolt, H., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 151, 251 (2004), Malhotra, S., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 20, 581 (2010), Natrajan, A., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 406, 204 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications 20α-Dihydrocortisol is a metabolite of Cortisol (H714615) which is a topical corticosteroid (1), more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland (2). Cortisol is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis (3); suppress the immune system; and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism.<br>References Clark, D. et al.: Steroids 7, 352 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications Adenosine-3'-monophosphate (cas# 84-21-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Pipecolic acid is involved in synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. The l-form occurs in plants.<br>References Nomura Y., et al.: Neurochem. Res., 6, 391 (1981),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Quinaldine Red is a cationic fluorescent probe. Dyes and metabolites.<br></p>

<p>Applications Gemcitabine Diphosphate is a phosphorylated metabolite of Gemcitabine (G305000), an antineoplastic agent.<br>References Baker, C., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 34, 1879 (1991), Huang, P., et al.: Cancer Res., 51, 6110 (1991), Plunkett, W., et al.: Nucleosides Nucleotides, 16, 1261 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Applications Fatty acid ester with glycerol from banana fruit residues as source of valuable phytosterols.<br>References Banskota, A., ET AL.: Biol. Pharm. Bull., 23, 456 (2000), Luo, H., ET AL.: J. Nat. Prod., 68, 94 (2005), Oliveira, L., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 2598 (2006), Oliveira, L., et al.: Ind. Crops Prod., 26, 163 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3’-Methoxy-4’-nitroflavone is a aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist that enhances Cyp1a1 transcription by a dioxin responsive element-dependent mechanism. 3’-Methoxy-4’-nitroflavone differentially altered aryl hydrocarbon also showed receptor activity in mouse and human hepatoma cell.<br>References Zhou, J., Gasiewicz, T.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 416, 68 (2003); Smith, K., et al.: J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 338, 318 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Palmitoyl-rac-glycerol is a biomarker of metabolic responses to hepatotoxicants and carcinogens.<br>References Broadhurst, D., et al.: Metabolomics, 2, 171 (2006), Shi, J., et al.: Nat. Biotechnol., 25, 930 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid (EET) has antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties and play a role in the maintenance of renal vascular function. N,​N'-​dicyclohexylurea (DCU) increased release of 14,15-EET when the cells were stimulated with a calcium ionophore.Also, it is derived from Arachidonic Acid &gt;97% (A765000), which is an essential fatty acid and a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Arachidonic Acid occurs in liver, brain, glandular organs, and depot fats of animals, in small amounts in human depot fats, and Arachidonic Acid is also a constituent of animal phosphatides.<br>References Zhao, X., et al.: J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 15, 1244 (2004); Fang, X., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 276, 14867 (2001); Kurosawa, T., et al.: J. Cell. Physiol., 219, 606 (2009); Mazalli, M., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 5028 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Applications Fmoc-Ser(TBDMS)-OH (cas# 146346-81-8) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Carmine (C.I. 75470) (CAS# 1390-65-4) is an insect-based food dye. Carmine has excellent heat and light stability, but is a known human allergen. Dyes and metabolites.<br>References Dufosse, L., et al.: Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 156 (2018); Mueller-Maatsch, J.; et al.: Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, 295, 385 (2016)<br></p>

<p>Applications β-Alanine-13C3,15N is the isotope labeled analogue of β-Alanine (A637320), which is a naturally occurring beta amino acid. β-Alanine is formed in vivo by the degradation of Dihydro Uracil (D449990) and Carnosine. β-Alanine is also the rate-limiting precursor of Carnosine, as a result supplementation with β-Alanine increases the concentration of Carnosine in muscles.<br>References Derave, W. et al.: J. Appl. Physiol., 103, 1736 (2007); Xia, J.-F. et al.: J. Chrom. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 977, 1930 (2009); Artioli, G.G. et al.: Med. Sci. Sports Exer.,42, 1162 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light and Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications Menaquinones are isoprenoid quinones of the naphthalene series and belongs to the K2 Vitamin homologs. Menaquinones were originally discovered as the anti-hemorrhagic factor and now encompasses a variety of physiological processes. Menaquinone 7 belongs to the class of K2-Vitamins homologs. Menaquinone 7 has been identified as the most bioactive cofactor for the carboxylation reaction of Gla-proteins such as osteocalcin and matrix-Gla protein, which plays a crucial role in building and maintaining overall bone health.<br>References Hugenholtz, P., et al.: J. Bacteriol., 180, 4765 (1998), Ginet, N., et al.: Biochemistry, 40, 1812 (2001), Cape, J., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 280, 34654 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose (cas# 447-25-6) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications N2-Acetyl Acyclovir Methyl Acetate is an intermediate in the synthesis of Acyclovir (A192400), an orally active acyclic nucleoside with inhibitory activity towards several herpes viruses. Antiviral.<br>References Collins, P., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 5, 431 (1979); Matsumoto, H., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 36, 1153 (1988); Whitley, R.J., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 327, 782 (1992)<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture and Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications (R,S)-Equol 4’-Sulfate is a sulfated metabolite of isoflavone Daidzein (D103500).<br>References Heinonen, S., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 274, 211 (1999), Setchell, K., et al.: J. Nutr., 132, 3577 (2002), Thigpen, J., et al.: Comp. Med., 53, 607 (2003), Yee, S., et al.: Food Chem. Toxicol., 46, 2713 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Sodium oleate (cas# 143-19-1) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications Fructoseglutamic Acid Disodium Salt is an Amadori compound (derivatives of aminodeoxysugars) that is formed in food (such as dehydrated fruits such as tomatoes and carrots) as a result of the Maillard reactions.<br>References Baltes, W.: Food Chem., 9, 59 (1982); Sanz, M., et al.: J. Agr. Food Chem., 49, 5228 (2001); Wellner, A., et al.: J. Agr. Food Chem., 59, 7992 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive, Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications A cross-linking reagent.<br>References Hatanaka, Y., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2, 1367 (1994), Li, X., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 51, 3057 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Methyl-L-alanine is a reactant used in the preparation of site-specific trastuzumab maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugates with improved therapeutic activity.<br>References Pillow, T.H., et. al.: J. Med. Chem., 57, 7890 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Amino-4-methoxybenzanilide (CAS# 120-35-4) is a useful research chemical compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Chloropurine-9-β-D-ribofuranoside is a substrate for adenosine deaminase.<br>References Mol. Pharmacol., 2, 574 (1966)<br></p>

<p>Applications N-[(Benzyloxy)carbonyl]glycylglycine is a reagent in the synthesis of Glycylglycyl-L-tyrosine (G718500), which is a fungal tyrosinases and their capability to oxidize peptide-bound tyrosine residues is important in a view of applicability of tyrosinases.<br>References Bowness, J., et al.: Biochem. J., 53, 620 (1953), Cuff, M., et al.: J. Mol. Biol., 278, 855 (1998), Kubo, I., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 12, 5349 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications 11-Deoxy-18-hydroxycorticosterone is an analog of Corticosterone (C695700); a glucocorticoid and intermediate in the biosynthesis of Aldosterone (A514700) which is an adrenocortical steroid isolated from the adrenal cortex.<br>References Schmidt, M., et al.: Endocrinol., 150, 2709 (2009); Bailey, M., et al.: J. Immunol., 182, 7888 (2009); Brunton, P., et al.: J. Neurosci., 29, 6449 (2009); Pruett, S., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 109, 265 (2009)<br></p>

<p>Applications Phytosiderophores are produced in higher plants as iron chelating amino acids that promote uptake of iron from soil.<br>References Klair, S., et al.: J. Plant Nutr., 19, 1295 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Moisture Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications A stable folate lyophilized compound suitable for use in the treatment of cancer and other therapies.<br>References Park, H., et al.: Science, 268, 1866 (1995), Banerjee, R., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 282, 14916 (2007), Klar, T., et al.: J. Mol. Biol., 366, 954 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications Ilomastat is a metalloprotease inhibitor.<br>References Dietrich, C., et. al.: J. Immunol., 192, 5382 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications A thiol-reactive cross-linking reagent.<br>References Licha, K., &amp; Perlitz, C.: PCT Int. Appl. (2004), WO 2004065491 A1; Gutierrez, C. B., et al.: Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC, US), 90, 7600 (2018)<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic, Light Sensitive<br>Applications Color additive in foods, drugs and cosmetics. It is used as a food dye and has the E number E129. The study found increased levels of hyperactivity and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and lower IQs were observed in children consuming the chemicals. It is banned in Denmark, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Sweden. Dyes and metabolites, Environmental Testing.<br>References Kirschbaum, J., et al.: Eur. Food Res. Technol., 222, 572 (2006), Yoshioka, N., et al.: Talanta, 74, 1408 (2008), Al-Degs, Y., et al.: Food Chem., 117, 485 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications Pigment Red 170 (cas# 2786-76-7) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications N,O-Dibenzoyl-DL-tyrosyl-N',N'-dipropylamide is a metabolite of the antispasmodic agent Tiropramide (T446900). Tiropramide impurity B.<br>References Janssen, et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 9, 381 (1956), Bertaccini, et al.: Br. J. Pharmac., 34, 310 (1968),<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of 5-Fluorouracil. (F596000)<br>References Bocci, G., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 58, 593 (2002), Longley, D.B., Nature Rev. Cancer, 3, 330 (2003), Fischel, J., et al.: Anti-Cancer Drugs, 15, 969 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Cholecalciferol EP Impurity D<br>Stability Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications Isotachysterol3 (Cholecalciferol EP Impurity D) is a degradation product of Vitamin D3 (V676045). Isotachysterol3 has been shown to stimulate intestinal Ca transport and bone Ca mobilization in anephric rats.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Bolos, J. et al.: Cien. Indust. Farm., 6, 259 (1987); Holick, M.F. et al.: Science, 180, 964 (1973);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluridine (cas# 23067-10-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Cyrene is a novel bio-based green solvent used in polymerization reactions. Byproduct in the synthesis of levoglucosenone fungicidal agent.<br>References Sharipov, B. et al.: Chem. Hetero. Comp., 55, 31 (2019); Marino, T. et al.: J. Membrane Sci., 580, 224 (2019);<br></p>

<p>Applications Hexetidine, mixture of stereoisomers is an antibacterial and antifungal agent.<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Hydroxy-7,12-diketocholanoic Acid is a bile acid salt as biosurfactants.<br>References Posa, M., et al.: Steroids, 86, 16-25 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Iodothyronamine is a novel metabolite of thyroid hormone (TH). 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous and rapid-acting derivative of thyroid hormone. It has alos been found to increase food intake in rodents.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Davis, P., et al.: Thyroid, 6, 497 (1996), Falkenstein, E., et al.: Pharmacol. Rev., 52, 513 (2000), Yen, P., et al.: Physiol. Rev., 81, 1097 (2001), Pinna, G., et al.: Endocrinology, 143, 1789 (2002), Dhillo et al.; Diabetes, Obesity &amp; Metabolism (2008), 10(2), 167-70<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine-d9 is an isotope labelled analog of sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine (G598700); a phospholipid and precursor in choline biosynthesis. sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine is an intermediate in the catabolic pathway of phosphatidylcholine and is used as an nootropic.<br>References Schmidt, G., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 161, 523 (1945); Frattola, L., et al.: Curr. Ther. Res., 49, 683 (1991); Olson, D., et al.: Science, 270, 1967 (1995)<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethyl Lauroyl Arginate Hydrochloride is used as a food antimicrobial in the sanitation of preserved foods. It is also used in cosmetics as a preservative.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Brandt, A. et al.: . Food. Sci., 75, M557 (2010); Taormina, P. et al.: J. Food. Prot., 72, 1216 (2009); Chem. and Eng. News Page 14, Nov. 5 (2018)<br></p>

<p>Applications Lumiflavin is a toxic photolysis product of vitamin B2 (R415000).<br>References Zhao, X. et al.: Chemosphere, 63, 1116 (2006); Litke, S.V. et al.: Khim. Fiz., 10, 48 (1991); Ye, W. et al.: Guang. Yaox. Xueb., 12, 175 (1996);<br></p>

<p>Applications An intermediate for the synthesis of Norharmane.<br>References Peifer, C., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 1213 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications Phalloidin is an F-actin stabilizing toxin and aids cytoskeletal deorganization in WPMY-1 cells. Phalloidin belongs to a class of toxins called phallotoxins, which are found in the death cap mushroom<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Wang, Y., et al.: Br. J. Pharmacol., 173, 3342-3358 (2016);<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications Fluorescent label for glycoproteins and saccharides.Dyes and metabolites.<br>References Wang, D., et al.: Langmuir, 17, 1262 (2001), Cappuccio, F., et al.: J. Fluoresc., 14, 521 (2004), Cordes, D., et al.: Org. Biomol. Chem., 3, 1708 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Pyridoxine. One of the vitamins of the B6 complex; present in many foodstuffs (yeast, liver and cereals). Pyridoxine has a role in transporting protein Bsu1, Pyridoxine contributes to thiamine uptake; characterization of thiamine (vitamin B1) transporter Thi9 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe.<br>References Williams, R., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 87, 581 (1930), Rodionov, D., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 277, 48949 (2002),Nosaka, K., et al.: Mol. Microbiol., 58, 467 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications Polyquaternium 11 is found to suppress melanin elution in shampoo thus may prevent hair from dulling after repeated shampoo use.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Hagihara, M.: Frag. J., 40, 23 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled analogue of L-Vailne. L-Valine is an essential amino acid and one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. L-Valine cannot be manufactured by the body and must be acquired through diet or supplementation. L-valine is found in grains, dairy products, mushrooms, meats, peanuts and soy proteins. L-Valine has been used in studies to attenuate arrhythmias and induce hypotensive effects.<br>References Choi, C.W. et al.: Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 102, 15 (2002); Kolarski, D. et al.: Krmiva, 30, 155 (1988); Oba, M. et al.: J. Dairy Sci., 93, 2044 (2010); Mitrega, K. et al.: Pharmacol. Res., 64, 218 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol found in sesame oil.<br>References Lee, D., et al.: Analytica Chimica Acta, 429, 321 (2001); Jahaniaval, F., et al.: J. AM. Oil Chem. Soc., 77,847 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled (-)-Norgestrel, an emergency contraceptive. Levonorgestrel is safe, tolerated and effective in emergency contraception in woman.<br>References Fotherby, K., et al.: J. Steroid Biochem., 19(1C), 817 (1983), Stanczyk, F. Z., et al.: Contraception, 42, 67 (1990), Bednarek, P., et al.: Drugs, 67, 2478 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications PSA sorbent is useful in food residue cleanup removing food matrix interferences.<br>References F.J. Schenck, et al.: J. Chromatogr. A., 868, 51-61 (2000);F.J. Schenck, et al.: J. Sep. Sci. 25, 883-890 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture, Light Sensitive<br>Applications A fluorescent compound used for the rapid and selective modification of sulfhydryl groups of enzymes.<br>References Stauffer, D.A., and Karlin, A.: Biochemistry, 33, 6840 (1994), Yang, N. et al.: Neuron, 16, 113 (1996), Kuner, T. et al.: Neuron, 17, 343 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Applications Leucomalachite Green-​d6 is a labeled analog of leucomalachite green (LMG) (1173021-13-0), a major metabolite of malachite green (M110400). Dyes and metabolites, Environmental Testing.<br>References Mitrowska, Kamila., et al.: J. Chromatogr. A., 1089(1-2), 187 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications Glycerol Monoleate is used to synthesize water soluble drugs in need of sustained-release for drug delivery.<br>References Chang, C. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 276, 83 (2004); Chang, C. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 173, 51 (1998);<br></p>

<p>Applications Solvent Red 25 (cas# 3176-79-2) is a useful research chemical. Dyes and metabolites, Environmental Testing.<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications 6-N-Trimethyl L-Lysine-d9, is the labeled analogue of Nε,Nε,Nε-Trimethyllysine, a metabolite and cofactor on the metabolic pathways.<br>References Rebouche C.J., et. al, J. Nutrition, 116(5), 751-759 (1986); Vaz, F.M et. al, J. Bio. Chem., 276(36), 33512-33517 (2001);<br></p>

<p>Applications Used as an anticancer and antiviral agent.<br>References Cancer Res., 20, 1362 (1960), Virology, 38, 26 (1969),<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Erythrulose is a tetrose carbohydrate that is used in various self-tanning cosmetics combined with dihydroxyacetone.<br>References Maeda, M., et al.: J. Biochem., 123, 602 (1998); Baykal, A., et al.: Bioorg. Chem., 34, 380 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Applications Boc-L-aspartic Acid β-Methyl Ester is used to prepare isoxazoline glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists. It is also used to synthesize glutamic acid analogs as potent inhibitors of leukotriene A4 hydrolase.<br>References Xue, C., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 40, 2064 (1997); Kirkland, T., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 16, 4963 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Applications It is a cytotoxic nitrogen mustard derivative widely used in cancer chemotherapy. It cross-links DNA, causes strand breakage, and induces mutations. Its clinical activity is associated with a decrease in aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity. This substance is listed as a known human carcinogen.This compound is suitable for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) related research.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Wheeler, A.G., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 4, 324 (1962), Fraiser, L.H., et al.: Drugs, 42, 781 (1991), Colvin, O.M., et al.: Curr. Pharmaceut. Design, 5, 555 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications Thioflavine S is a reagent also known as Direct Yellow 7; potentially useful as an amyloid plaque stain. Dyes and metabolites.<br></p>

<p>Applications: TSTU is used as a peptide coupling reagent in solvent systems.<br>References Knorr, R., et. al.: Pept. 1990, Proc. Eur. Pept. Symp., 21st, 62-4 (1991)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications A labelled metabolite of Vitamin D, a possible anti-inflammatory steroid.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Boyan, B., et al.: Steroids, 66, 363 (2001), Holick, M., et al.: J. Cell Biochem., 88, 296 (2003), Vogeser, M., et al.: Clin. Chem., 50, 1415 (2004), Singh, R., et al.: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91, 3055 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Divicine Sulfate (2:1) is a starting material and useful building block of various pharmaceuticals.<br></p>