Antibiotics

<p>Chaetoglobosin A is a mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite produced by the fungus Chaetomium globosum. This compound exhibits its mode of action by disrupting the cytoskeletal elements within cells, primarily affecting actin polymerization. This interference leads to alterations in cell morphology and can induce apoptosis in certain cell lines.</p>

<p>An aminoglycoside antibiotic.  Found applications in treatment of UTi's as it decreases the ability of bacteria to make protein.</p>

<p>Lincomycin 2-palmitate hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, derived from the natural antibiotic lincomycin through chemical modification. It is sourced from fermentative processes involving the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. The compound exerts its action by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. This occurs through its binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby hindering peptide chain elongation and ultimately arresting bacterial growth.</p>

<p>7-epi-Clindamycin is a clindamycin derivative, which is a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This results in the suppression of bacterial growth, making it effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic species.</p>

<p>Telavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin. Its source is derived through modifications of the glycopeptide antibiotic, specifically aimed to enhance antibacterial activity. Telavancin functions by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It does this by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursors, disrupting peptidoglycan polymerization and, consequently, cell wall integrity. Additionally, Telavancin increases membrane permeability and disrupts membrane potential, further enhancing its bactericidal activity.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Inhibitor of N-glycosylation in eukaryotes</p>

<p>Iclaprim is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic diaminopyrimidine antimicrobial agent with a specific mechanism of action. It works by selectively inhibiting bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, a crucial enzyme in the bacterial folate synthesis pathway. This inhibition prevents the production of tetrahydrofolate, ultimately disrupting DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in susceptible bacterial cells.</p>

<p>Plant growth regulator</p>

<p>Tri-O-benzyl FR 900098 is a chemical compound, often referenced in biochemical research contexts. It is a synthetic derivative that originates from complex chemical synthesis, involving multiple benzylation steps to modify the original molecular framework. This structural transformation lends the compound unique chemical properties.</p>

<p>Clarithromycin-13CD3 is an isotopically labeled macrolide antibiotic, which is synthesized to include deuterium (D) and carbon-13 (^13C) in its molecular structure. This modified compound serves as a stable isotope-labeled standard, primarily sourced from chemical synthesis. The incorporation of these isotopes differentiates it from the naturally occurring antibiotic, enabling its use in precise analytical studies.</p>

<p>26-Oxofusidic acid is a derivative of fusidic acid, which is a potent antibacterial compound originally isolated from the fungus Fusidium coccineum. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through interference with the elongation factor G (EF-G), a critical component in the translocation step of translation. By targeting this specific aspect of bacterial metabolism, 26-Oxofusidic acid effectively disrupts the growth of gram-positive bacteria, making it an invaluable tool in combating resistant bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Thiostrepton is a thiopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the ribosome and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine and research applications.</p>

<p>(+)-Madindoline A is a chemical substance that inhibits the growth of cancer cells. It has been shown to inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by inhibiting signal pathways and suppressing inflammatory responses. (+)-Madindoline A is an experimental model for the study of bowel disease and inflammatory diseases, as it can be used to treat both bowel disease and inflammatory diseases. It also has inhibitory effects on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in human protein cells and natural compounds in experimental models. (+)-Madindoline A is found in small amounts in food compositions such as apples, carrots, cauliflower, celery, cucumbers, garlic, leeks, lettuce, onions, peas, peppers, potatoes and tomatoes.</p>

<p>Oligomycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from species of the bacterium Streptomyces. It acts as a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, specifically targeting the F₀ portion of the enzyme. This interference results in the blockage of proton translocation across the mitochondrial membrane, thereby preventing ATP synthesis. Due to this mode of action, Oligomycin is primarily utilized in biochemical research to study cellular respiration and energy metabolism. It serves as a valuable tool in elucidating the mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation and the role of ATP in various cellular processes. In addition, its application extends to investigations on mitochondrial dysfunctions and the screening of mitochondrial-targeted drugs.</p>

<p>Dicloxacillin sodium salt monohydrate is a beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria.</p>

<p>Thienamycin is a β-lactam antibiotic, which originates from the fermentation of the bacterium *Streptomyces cattleya*. Its mode of action involves inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Thienamycin accomplishes this by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) critical for peptidoglycan construction, thereby disrupting cell wall integrity and leading to bacterial lysis.</p>

<p>Inducer of DNA strand breaks; glycopeptide antibiotic, anti-neoplastic</p>

<p>Borrelidin is a potent antibiotic of the polyketide class, which is isolated from various Streptomyces species. Its mode of action is characterized by its inhibition of threonyl-tRNA synthetase, effectively disrupting protein synthesis within bacteria. Additionally, Borrelidin is known for its unique anti-angiogenic properties, which result from the inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, making it a compound of interest in cancer research.</p>

<p>Dihydrostreptomycin sesquisulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Its mode of action involves binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, leading to the disruption of protein synthesis. This binding interferes with the initiation complex formation, causing misreading of mRNA and ultimately inhibiting bacterial growth.</p>

Boromycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of certain strains of Streptomyces bacteria. It operates as an ionophore with the ability to transport ions across lipid membranes, effectively disrupting ionic gradients. This mechanism of action compromises essential cellular processes in target organisms, thereby exerting its antimicrobial effects.

<p>Erythromycin F is an antibiotic, which is a naturally derived product obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces erythreus*. It operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. This binding effectively blocks the translocation steps in protein elongation, thus preventing the growth and multiplication of susceptible bacteria.</p>

<p>Cefquinome is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a fourth-generation cephalosporin. It is derived from the β-lactam class of antibiotics and is specifically designed for veterinary applications. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. This action is facilitated through the binding of cefquinome to penicillin-binding proteins, which undermines the structural integrity of bacterial cell walls, proving effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Streptidine dihydrochloride is a biochemical compound, specifically a derivative of streptomycin, which is obtained through chemical modification of the aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin. It is composed of streptidine, a constituent sugar derivative, that is integral to the structure of streptomycin, rendered as a hydrochloride salt to enhance solubility and stability.</p>

<p>Pirlimycin HCl is an antibacterial product, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of the natural antibiotic lincomycin produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the elongation of peptide chains. This action is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.</p>

<p>11-Deoxyfusidic acid is a steroidal antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation broth of certain strains of fungi, specifically within the Fusidium genus. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by interacting with elongation factor G (EF-G) on the ribosome, thus disrupting essential processes and impeding bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Cefotaxime sodium - Sterile grade is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from the beta-lactam class of antibacterial agents. It effectively disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis and death. This mechanism of action is potent against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, making it a valuable tool in clinical settings.</p>

<p>14-Chloro daunorubicin is a chemotherapeutic agent, which is a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring anthracycline antibiotic, daunorubicin. This compound is specifically modified to include a chlorine atom at the 14th position, which enhances its pharmacological effectiveness compared to its parent compound. The drug acts primarily by intercalating into DNA, disrupting the function of topoisomerase II, and generating free radicals. These mechanisms collectively inhibit DNA replication and transcription, leading to cell apoptosis, particularly in rapidly dividing cancer cells.</p>

Ceftizoxime alapivoxil is a prodrug antibiotic, which is derived from ceftizoxime, a third-generation cephalosporin. This semi-synthetic source enables the compound to effectively combat a wide range of bacterial infections by improving oral bioavailability compared to its parent compound. Once administered, ceftizoxime alapivoxil is metabolized in the body to release ceftizoxime, which exerts its antibacterial activity by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) on bacterial cell walls. This binding action inhibits the transpeptidation step critical for cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death.

<p>Oligomycin A is a macrolide antibiotic, which is isolated from the Streptomyces species of bacteria. Its mode of action involves inhibiting ATP synthase by binding to the F_O subunit of the enzyme complex in the mitochondrial membrane. This binding effectively stops the flow of protons across the membrane, which is critical for ATP generation through oxidative phosphorylation.</p>

<p>N'-Desmethyl azithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative antibiotic, which is derived from the chemical modification of azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic sourced originally from the bacterium *Streptomyces erythreus*. It functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, binding specifically to the 50S ribosomal subunit, which results in the prevention of transpeptidation and translocation processes during translation. This action effectively halts bacterial growth, rendering it bacteriostatic.</p>

<p>Clindamycin B hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, which is derived from the parent compound, lincomycin, obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. It exerts its antibacterial effects by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis by preventing peptide bond formation, which is essential for bacterial growth and survival.</p>

<p>Fosmidomycin sodium is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from phosphonic acid. It functions as an inhibitor of the enzyme 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), crucial in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. By targeting this enzyme, fosmidomycin sodium disrupts the production of isoprenoids, essential components for the growth and survival of certain bacteria and parasites.</p>

<p>Clindamycin-2,4-diphosphate is a phosphorylated derivative of the antibiotic clindamycin, which is a semi-synthetic lincosamide antibiotic originally derived from Streptomyces lincolnensis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing peptide chain elongation during translation. This mechanism effectively disrupts protein production in susceptible bacteria, leading to their growth inhibition or death.</p>

<p>2'-O-Acetylspiramycin I is a semi-synthetic derivative of spiramycin, which is a macrolide antibiotic originally sourced from the bacterium *Streptomyces ambofaciens*. The modification involves the acetylation at the 2'-hydroxyl group of spiramycin, enhancing certain pharmacokinetic properties.</p>

<p>Cefotiam is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a beta-lactam compound derived from the mold Acremonium. It functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, particularly by targeting penicillin-binding proteins, which leads to cell lysis and death in susceptible bacteria. This mechanism of action makes it effective against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Piericidin A is a microbial metabolite, specifically a type of polyketide, which is derived from the bacterium of the genus Streptomyces. This compound acts as an electron transport chain inhibitor by specifically binding to the ubiquinone binding site of complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) in mitochondria. This mode of action results in the disruption of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.</p>

Imipenem acts as an antimicrobial through inhibiting cell wall synthesis of various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It remains very stable in the presence of beta-lactamase (both penicillinase andcephalosporinase) produced by some bacteria, and is a strong inhibitor of beta-lactamases from some gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to most beta-lactam antibiotics.

<p>Mitomycin D is an antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agent known for its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis, making it a potent antitumor agent. It is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces caespitosus*. Mitomycin D functions as a DNA crosslinking agent by alkylating the DNA strands, which interferes with DNA replication and transcription. This mechanism leads to the cessation of cellular division and ultimately induces apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>6,11-Di-O-methyl erythromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin, which is a macrolide antibiotic originally sourced from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. This compound is produced through chemical modification of the natural antibiotic to improve its pharmacokinetic properties, such as stability and absorption.</p>

<p>A macrolide, broad-spectrum antibiotic that targets cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). Clarithromycin has been used to potentiate the pharmacological effects of some drugs that are metabolised by the cytochrome P450.</p>

Erythromycin, Antibiotic for Culture Media Use Only, is a macrolide antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis, specifically targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit in susceptible bacteria. This action results in the prevention of peptide chain elongation, effectively halting bacterial growth and proliferation.

<p>Aclacinomycin HCl is a cytotoxic antibiotic that inhibits the growth of tumor cells. It has been shown to induce apoptosis in human leukemia cells by altering the transmembrane potential and inhibiting cell proliferation. Aclacinomycin HCl also induces DNA damage response, which leads to caspase activities and cell death. This drug is highly selective for tumor cells, with no effect on normal cells. It has been shown to be effective against primary liver cancer in animal models, as well as developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD).</p>

<p>Ascomycin is an immunosuppressant macrolide lactone, which is derived from the soil bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. It functions primarily by inhibiting the T-cell activation pathway. The mechanism involves binding to the immunophilin FKBP-12, forming a complex that inhibits the calcium-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin. This inhibition prevents the dephosphorylation and subsequent translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which is crucial for the transcription of interleukin-2 and other cytokines. Consequently, this suppresses the activation and proliferation of T-cells, which are essential components of the adaptive immune response.</p>

<p>Kanamycin A Related Compound 1 is an analytical reference standard, which is derived from aminoglycoside antibiotics. Its source stems from the chemical structures related to the aminoglycoside class, primarily used to ensure precise identification and quantification of kanamycin residues or impurities in pharmaceutical formulations. The mode of action of Kanamycin A Related Compound 1 involves serving as a comparator or reference point in chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, facilitating accurate analysis by providing a consistent baseline for research laboratories.</p>

<p>Aphidicolin is a tetracyclic diterpenoid that acts as a potent inhibitor of DNA polymerase. Derived from the fungus *Cephalosporium aphidicola*, it is primarily identified for its ability to impede DNA synthesis by targeting eukaryotic DNA polymerase α. This selective inhibition disrupts replication processes, making it a crucial tool for studying cell cycle dynamics.</p>

<p>Enrofloxacin HCl is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from chemical synthesis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, critical enzymes in bacterial DNA replication and transcription processes. This action disrupts bacterial cellular division and transcription, leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Erythromycylamine is a semisynthetic antibiotic, which is derived from the parent compound erythromycin. This compound is sourced from the fermentation product of the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Erythromycylamine acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, specifically targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit, which ultimately leads to the disruption of bacterial cell growth and replication.</p>

<p>Inducer of apoptosis; translational inhibitor; aminonucleoside antibiotic</p>

<p>Nafcillin sodium is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic derivative of the organic compound penicillin. It is specifically engineered to be resistant to the inactivation by penicillinase enzymes produced by certain bacteria. This feature allows it to remain effective against a range of penicillinase-producing staphylococcal infections.</p>

<p>Desmethyl doxorubicin oxalate is an anthracycline-type chemotherapeutic agent, which is derived from the naturally occurring antibiotic doxorubicin. This compound comprises a desmethylated form of doxorubicin combined with oxalate. Its mode of action involves intercalating DNA strands and inhibiting topoisomerase II, thereby disrupting DNA replication and transcription. This interference leads to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.</p>

<p>Narasin is an ionophore antibiotic, which is a fermentation product derived from certain strains of the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*. It functions by disrupting the ion gradients across cell membranes, specifically facilitating the transport of sodium and potassium ions. This action interferes with the energy metabolism of certain pathogenic microorganisms, rendering them unable to proliferate effectively.</p>

<p>Sulbenicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic, which is derived from 6-aminopenicillanic acid, a natural precursor in the biosynthesis of penicillins. With its beta-lactam structure, Sulbenicillin disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins, which are essential enzymes in the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers. This disruption compromises the structural integrity of the bacterial cell wall, resulting in cell lysis and death, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

Cloxacillin benzathine is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which is synthesized from Penicillium fungi-derived penicillins. It acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. The mechanism involves the irreversible inhibition of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This disruption in the bacterial cell wall structure ultimately leads to cell lysis and death.

Norvancomycin trifluoroacetate is an antibiotic compound, which is a glycopeptide derived from the bacterium Amycolatopsis orientalis. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Specifically, Norvancomycin disrupts the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers in the bacterial cell wall by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursors. This disruption weakens the bacterial cell wall, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death, thereby exerting a bactericidal effect.

<p>Biotinyl tobramycin amide is a biotinylated form of the antibiotic tobramycin, which is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces tenebrarius. It features a tobramycin core, a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic, chemically linked to biotin. This modification allows for the specific attachment to avidin or streptavidin-labeled probes due to the strong biotin-streptavidin interaction, facilitating various labeling and detection techniques in research.</p>

<p>Rifampicin is a drug that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria and is used to treat tuberculosis. Rifampicin binds to the beta subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase, inhibiting transcription and translation. It has been shown to inhibit the acetylcholine receptor function in rats, which may be related to its antituberculosis activity. Histopathological studies have shown that rifampicin inhibits the growth of human tumors in mice, including lung cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia. The drug is also being studied for its potential use in treating Alzheimer's disease. The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of rifampicin have been studied and Rifampicin has been shown to be an effective anti-tuberculosis drug.</p>

<p>Tetracycline hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is an electron transfer agent. It has been shown to be effective against bacterial infections in humans and has been used in cultures for the prevention of bacterial contamination. As an electron transfer agent, it is used in electron microscopy to study the surface of biological cells. Tetracycline hydrochloride enters bacterial cells by diffusion and interacts with the cytoplasmic membrane, where it induces a redox reaction that leads to cell death. The efficacy of tetracycline hydrochloride in treating candida albicans (yeast) was studied using in-vitro activity and showed that carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles were able to enhance the treatment efficiency.</p>

<p>Dequalinium chloride is a novel, broad spectrum antimicrobial agent with a mechanism of action that inhibits the mitochondria-dependent respiratory chain. Studies have shown that it inhibits the growth of resistant microorganisms in cell-based experiments and in bacterial infections. Dequalinium chloride also has cytopathic effects on thp-1 cells, which are specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition to inhibiting mitochondria-dependent respiration, this compound also increases acetylcholine receptor sensitivity in A549 lung cancer cells. Dequalinium chloride is a quaternary ammonium cation and has been shown to be effective against clinical isolates and inhibitory concentrations of a variety of virus species, including human rhinovirus (HRV) and Coxsackie virus type B4 (CoxB4).</p>

<p>(E)-10,11-Didehydro-11-deoxy-6-O-methylerythromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from erythromycin, a natural product obtained from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. This compound functions as an inhibitor of protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria, thus preventing the growth and proliferation of susceptible bacterial strains. The alteration in its chemical structure, notably the methylation at the 6-O position, enhances its stability and improves its pharmacokinetic profile compared to the parent compound, erythromycin.</p>

<p>Doxycycline is an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis, respiratory chain, DNA gyrase, DNA topoisomerase IV. Doxycycline inhibits papaverine by blocking the expression of both cytochrome P450 and epoxide hydrolase. Doxycycline is commonly found in studies for bacterial infections, drug therapy, histopathological studies, cell culture and chemometric analysis.</p>

<p>Clindamycin 4-phosphate is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, which is a derivative of the natural antibiotic lincomycin. It is specifically synthesized from Streptomyces lincolnensis cultures. The mode of action of Clindamycin 4-phosphate involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thus preventing peptide chain elongation and subsequent bacterial growth.</p>

<p>7-O-Demethyl rapamycin is a macrolide compound, which is a derivative of rapamycin, originally sourced from the bacterial species *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. This compound operates by binding to the FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), forming a complex that inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. This inhibition interferes with cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, and survival by altering the phosphorylation state of downstream targets.</p>

<p>Alamethacin is a peptide antibiotic, which is derived from the soil fungus Trichoderma viride. This compound consists of a sequence of amino acids that form a helical structure, enabling its interaction with lipid membranes. Alamethacin functions by inserting itself into cellular membranes and forming voltage-dependent ion channels. As a result, it alters membrane permeability, causing ion imbalance and leading to cell death.</p>

Erythromycin derivative

<p>10, 11-Dehydrocurvularin is a fungal phytotoxin with heat shock response and immune-modulatory activitie. Curvularins inhibit the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby acting as anti-inflammatory agents and immune system modulators</p>

<p>Hypothemycin is a natural product that serves as a potent inhibitor of protein kinases. It is derived from the fungus Hypomyces subiculosus and belongs to the class of resorcylic acid lactones. Its mode of action involves binding covalently to the ATP-binding site of kinases, leading to the inhibition of their activity. This covalent modification is achieved through the formation of a Michael-type addition with a reactive ene-diene functionality within its structure. By targeting these critical enzymes, hypothemycin disrupts key signaling pathways that are essential for cell growth and proliferation.</p>

<p>ent NAP 226-90 is an organic compound functioning as an antibacterial agent, which is derived from a biologically active natural product. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of essential bacterial enzymes, leading to the disruption of cellular processes within susceptible microorganisms. This compound is particularly effective against a broad spectrum of gram-positive bacteria, making it valuable in medical microbiology research for understanding bacterial resistance mechanisms.</p>

<p>Tyrothricin is a peptide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Bacillus brevis. This compound comprises a mixture of polypeptides, primarily gramicidin and tyrocidine, both of which are instrumental in its antimicrobial activity. The mode of action of tyrothricin involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. Gramicidin increases the permeability of the bacterial membrane to ions, while tyrocidine promotes disruption of membrane integrity, which together exert bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects.</p>

<p>Biotinamidocaproate tobramycin amide is a chemical conjugate, serving as an innovative antimicrobial agent derived from the integration of biotin with tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. This product embodies the amalgamation of tobramycin’s robust antibacterial properties with biotin’s ability to guide compounds specifically to targets through biotin-avidin interactions.</p>

<p>Oxacillin sodium is a beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections caused by penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.</p>

<p>Herbimycin is an antibiotic, which is a natural product derived from Streptomyces bacteria. It functions primarily as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, disrupting cellular signaling pathways by binding to the ATP-binding site of kinases and inhibiting phosphorylation events. This mode of action makes it an effective tool for scientists studying signal transduction processes and oncogenic transformation.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C2 pentaacetate (2 : 1 Mixture of C2 and C2a) is an aminoglycoside class antibiotic derivative, primarily derived from the fermentation of Micromonospora species. This product is a semi-synthetic compound, combining two closely related gentamicin components, C2 and C2a, in a specified ratio. Its mode of action involves binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which disrupts protein synthesis resulting in bactericidal activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>N-Demethyl rifampin is a metabolite of rifampin, which is a natural product derivative. Rifampin itself is a well-known antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Amycolatopsis rifamycinica*. N-Demethyl rifampin is formed through the metabolic process where rifampin undergoes demethylation. This transformation occurs primarily in the liver, mediated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.</p>

<p>Piperacillin oxalylamide is an investigational antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of the widely used β-lactam antibiotic, piperacillin. Its development is rooted in the quest to combat β-lactamase-producing resistant bacterial strains, which are a growing threat in clinical settings. It operates by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, similar to other β-lactam antibiotics, but possesses a modified structure that enhances its resistance to enzymatic degradation by β-lactamases.</p>

<p>Sulfadiazine-d4 is an isotopically labeled antibiotic, which is a derivative of sulfadiazine containing four deuterium atoms. This compound is synthesized using advanced chemical techniques to replace hydrogen atoms with deuterium in the molecular structure. The mechanism of action involves inhibition of bacterial dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme critical in the folate synthesis pathway. By preventing the production of folic acid, sulfadiazine-d4 effectively halts bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Vancomycin CDP-1 is a degradation product of vancomycin with no direct therapeutic action but used in research for analytical method development and validation.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide class</p>

<p>Neomycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces fradiae*. It exerts its antibacterial effects by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. This binding disrupts the translation process, thereby preventing the growth and proliferation of bacteria. Neomycin B is effective against a wide range of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, making it a valuable tool in both medical and research settings.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Erythromycin lactobionate is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to the suppression of bacterial growth. This mechanism effectively targets gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria, making it a crucial agent in the fight against various bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Cephamycin C is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a type of β-lactam antibiotic. It is derived from the fermentation process of certain Streptomyces species and other actinomycetes. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This inhibition disrupts the structural integrity of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Pazufloxacin is an antibacterial agent, which is a synthetic derivative originating from the fluoroquinolone class of compounds. This source categorizes it alongside a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics known for their efficacy against a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. The mode of action of pazufloxacin involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These are essential enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination processes. By inhibiting these enzymes, pazufloxacin disrupts the bacterial DNA processes, ultimately leading to cell death.</p>

Kasugamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the actinomycete Streptomyces kasugaensis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis by interfering with the function of the 30S ribosomal subunit, ultimately preventing the growth and proliferation of sensitive organisms. In agricultural contexts, Kasugamycin is primarily utilized to control bacterial and fungal diseases in a variety of crops, including rice and fruit trees. It is particularly effective against Xanthomonas oryzae, which causes bacterial leaf blight in rice, and other pathogenic organisms detrimental to plant health. The application of Kasugamycin has been an important tool for integrated pest management programs focusing on sustainable agricultural practices. As a compound with a specific mode of activity, it helps to reduce the environmental impact typically associated with broader-spectrum antibiotics, while offering target-specific disease control. Its careful application supports the minimization of resistance development, ensuring continued efficacy in protecting crop yields.