Carboxylic Acids

<p>Applications Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid Magnesium Salt is a strong acid that is used as a catalyst for esterification.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Howells, R. D., et al.: Chemical Rev., 77, 69 (1977);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,4-Diaminobenzenesulfonic acid (cas# 88-63-1) is a useful reagent for improving the chlorine resistance and water permeability of polyamide (PA) membrane in water treatment.<br>References Meng, Q. W., et al.: ACS Applied Mat., 12, 35393 (2020)<br></p>

<p>Applications A useful synthetic intermediate.<br>References Li, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 42, 706 (1999), Low, E., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 19, 196 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Bromo-2-chloronicotinic acid<br></p>

<p>Applications tert-Butyl N-Tosyloxycarbamate is a sulfhydroxylamine that, when used in combination with Lithium, functions as an efficient electrophile in the amination of chiral amide cuprate compounds. tert-Butyl N-Tosyloxycarbamate is also used as a reagent to synthesize N-Boc protected primary amines (e.g. N-Boc-ethylenediamine [B655000]).<br>References Chiba, S. &amp; Narasaka, K.: Amin. Grou. Chem: Synth. Life Sci., No vol. given (2008); Gallou, I. &amp; Senanayake, C.: Chem. Rev.: 106, 2843 (2006); Genet, J., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 32, 2359 (1991); Zheng, N., et al.: ChemInform, 28, No pp. given (1997)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Aminomethylphenylacetic Acid is an intermediate of Ceforanide (C242930), a cephalosporin based antibiotic used in the sterilization in various medical procedures.<br>References Zhao, Y., et. al.: Res. Chem. Int. 40, 1637 (2014); Sifakis, S. et al.: Arch. Gyne. Obst., 272, 201 (2005); DiPiro, J. et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 27, 287 (1985)<br></p>

<p>Applications Benzothiophene-5-boronic acid<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(Methylamino)benzoic Acid (cas# 10541-83-0) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-​Methylaniline Trifluoroacetate is regent used in organic synthesis, functioning as an α-methylating agent for ketones and activates internucleodecoupling upon removal.<br>References Nikolaev, V. et al.: E-Eros. Encyc. Reag. Org. Synth, 1, (2001); Wallace, D. et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 54, 4425 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(Cyclopropylcarbonyl)-α,α-dimethylbenzeneacetic Acid is used for the preparation of Terfenadine ((T114500) analogs.<br>References Uchida., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 37, 958 (1989),<br></p>

<p>Applications Furan-2-boronic acid<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Formylphenylboronic Acid is a reactant in the synthesis of I-BET726 (GSK1324726A), a potent tetrahydroquinoline ApoA1 up-regulator and selective BET bromodomain inhibitor.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Gosmini, R., et. al.: J. Med. Chem., 57, 8111 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-((tert-bButoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butyl Acetate is the intermediate in the synthesis of Mono-O-acetyl Fingolimod TFA (F524600), which is an impurity of Fingolimod (F805000, HCl salt) which is a novel immune modulator that prolongs allograft transplant survival in numberour models by inhibiting lymphocyte emigration from lymphoid organs.<br>References Brinkmann, V., et al.: Transplantation, 72, 764 (2001). Brinkmann, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 277, 24, 21453 (2002). Mtaloubian, M., et al.: Nature, 427, 355 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Applications Synthesis and receptor binding of 5-(amino[3H]2methyl)-3-isothiazolol ([3H]thiomuscimol), a specific GABAA agonist photoaffinity label.<br>References Frolund, B., et al.: J. Labelled Compounds Radiopharm., 36, 877 (1995),<br></p>

<p>Applications tert-Butyl ((2S,3R,E)-3-hydroxy-1-((2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan-2-yl)oxy)octadec-4-en-2-yl)carbamat is an intermediate for the synthesis of D-erythro-Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (S681700), which is involved in cell regulation, and transmembrane signaling. A putative lipid second messenger, connected via Protein Kinase C to the phosphatidylinositol-derived second messengers for signal transduction.<br>References Kratzer, B. and Schmidt, R.R.: Liebigs Ann., 955-963 (1995)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,4-Xylenesulfonic Acid, is used for the preparation of 2,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-m-xylene (T291555). It is also an intermediate for the synthesis of Diphenylbismuth arenesulfonates.<br>References Sharutin, V. V., et al.: Russian J. Gen. Chem., 70, 687 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications 4-(2-Aminophenyl)-4-oxo-2-butenoic Acid is a novel human lens metabolite from normal and cataractous human lenses. A UV filter.<br>References Mizdrak, J., et al.: Tetrahedron, 63, 4990 (2007); Taylor, L. M., et al.: Exp. Eye Res., 75, 165 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications Dibromoisocyanuric acid is a bromine compound with a superior bactericidal activity.<br>References Gottardi, W., et al.: J. Appl. Microbiol., 116, 1427 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl 5-bromofuran-2-carboxylate<br></p>

<p>Applications (1S,3R,4S)-Ethyl 4-Amino-3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)cyclohexanecarboxylate Oxalate has been used as a reactant for the preparation of oxadiazole compounds containing cyclohexanediamine moiety.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxylic acid 5-oxide (cas# 352647-66-6) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Mevinolinic Acid, Monoammonium Salt can be used as reactant/reagent in process for the preparation of the Simvastatin precursor, 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid (1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-8-[(3R,5R)-7-(cyclopropylamino)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-oxoheptyl]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester, via an amidation reaction.<br>References Khanna, J., et al.: Indian, IN 184809 A1 20000930 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Tetrahydrophthalic acid is a useful building block in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethyl 2-Amino(hydroxyimino)acetate is an intermediate used in the synthesis of N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-carboxamide (H942278), which is a photolysis product of Metronidazole (M338880), an antibiotic.<br>References Moore, Douglas E., et al.: Radiation Phy. and Chem., 36(4), 547-50 (1990)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Aminobenzenesulphonic acid (cas# 88-21-1) is a useful research chemical.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Stability Store in Freezer<br>Applications A useful synthetic intermediate for the preparation of novel antiinflammatory agents.<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl 2-Aminothiazole-5-carboxylate (cas# 6633-61-0) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications (±)-Paraconic Acid is used as a reagent in the synthesis of methylenecarboxybutyrolactones which have antibacterial activity.<br>References Tonari, K., et al.: J. Oleo Sci., 51, 259 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications trans-1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Acid is used as a reagent in the synthesis of enantiopure (α-cyanoalkyl)(tetrahydropyrido[4,3-b]indolecarbonyl)cyclohexanecarboxamides and its analogs as selective cathepsin K inhibitors for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Also used as a reagent in the synthesis of novel cyclopentanedicarboxamide sodium channel blockers as a potential treatment for chronic pain.<br>References Dossetter, A.G., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 55, 6363 (2012); Shao, P.P., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 15, 1901 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications Thiazol-4-ylboronic acid (cas# 1016642-07-1) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications 5,5-Dibromobarbituric Acid (cas# 511-67-1) is a useful research chemical.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications DL-3-aminoisobutyric acid hydrate is a useful research chemical for organic synthesis and other chemical processes.<br>References Saito, N., et al.: Bunseki Kagaku, 63, 909 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications 8,13(15)-Abietadienoic Acid is a derivative of Methyl Abietate (M271910) and has cytotoxic, antimycotic, and antiviral activites.<br>References Gonzalez, Miguel A., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44(6), 2468-2472 (2009); Agudelo-Gomez, Lee Solbay., et al.: Pharmacologyonline, 1, 36-42 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethyl 2-Isopropylacetoacetate is a reactant in the preparation of nonracemic arylhydroxymethylpyrrolidinylmethylphenyl thiazoleacetamides and cyclopentathiazolecarboxamides as conformationally restricted β3-adrenoceptor agonists as a potential treatment for overactive bladder.<br>References Moyes, C.R., et. al.: J. Med. Chem., 57, 1437 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications (2-Oxopropyl)Carbamic Acid Tert-Butyl Ester (cas# 170384-29-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Azidoacetic acid NHS ester (cas# 824426-32-6) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-N-OCTYLOXYBENZOIC ACID (cas# 2493-84-7) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications A more base-stable alternative to Ellman’s reagent for the quantification of thiol contents and enzymatic assays under basic pH conditions. . It reacts with free thiols similar to Ellman’s reagent but has dramatically improved stability under alkaline conditions, making it an excellent alternative to Ellman’s reagent.<br>References Zhang, H., et al.: Bioorg. Chem., 26, 356 (1998), Chen, Y., et al.: Biochem., 43, 11491 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Isopropylbenzoic acid<br></p>

<p>4-(Butylamino)benzoic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been used to treat pain. It is a prodrug, which is metabolized in the liver to 4-(butylamino)-phenylacetic acid, its active form. The 4-(butylamino)benzoic acid molecule has a hydrophobic effect and binds to chloride ions. This binding inhibits the production of prostaglandins, which are mediators of pain. 4-(Butylamino)benzoic acid also reduces the activity of plasma cells that produce antibodies and increases the activity of lymphocytes and platelets, leading to an increase in immunoglobulin levels.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 4-(4-fluorophenyl)butanoic Acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about tert-Butyl 4-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 4-{[1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]oxy}benzoic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>3,4’-O-dimethylellagic acid is a phenolic compound, which is a type of ellagic acid derivative. It is derived from natural sources, typically found in various fruits, nuts, and vegetables, particularly in certain berries and pomegranates. The compound is formed through the methylation of ellagic acid, which amplifies its lipophilicity and enhances its bioavailability.</p>

<p>Timapiprant is an amide that acts as a selective inhibitor of the prostanoid receptor CRTH2, which is involved in regulating the inflammatory response. Timapiprant inhibits skin eosinophilia, which is associated with inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. It has been shown to be safe in clinical trials and has a good safety profile. The drug's mechanism of action may be due to its ability to inhibit the production of IL-4 and IL-13 by Th2 cells and its ability to inhibit lung function. Timapiprant has shown efficacy in treating allergic rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, erythema multiforme, pyoderma gangrenosum, and other types of inflammatory skin diseases.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about (S)-(-)-3-(Benzoylthio)-2-methylpropanoic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 4-amino[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Tridecanedioic Acid is a polycarboxylic acid that has reactive functional groups. It is used in detergent compositions as an inhibitor of the formation of soaps and hard water deposits. Tridecanedioic acid has been shown to inhibit pancreatitis, which may be due to its ability to inhibit the conversion of fatty acids into prostaglandins. Tridecanedioic acid also has anti-cancer properties, which have been shown in animal studies. In addition, it has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, such as Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus. This compound inhibits protein synthesis by inhibiting enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 family.</p>

<p>Murideoxycholic acid is a bile acid that is used in combination with other antibiotics to treat infections caused by bacteria. Murideoxycholic acid inhibits the bacterial transport of bile acids, which are important for the digestion of fats and proteins. Murideoxycholic acid binds to the cytochrome P450 enzyme in humans and rats, inhibiting its activity. This binding prevents the production of bile acids from cholesterol in the liver, which prevents their normal excretion into the intestine and leads to an increased risk for gallstones. Murideoxycholic acid also has been shown to inhibit human CYP3A4 enzyme activity. The hydroxyl group on this molecule reacts with ferrous ions to produce hydroxyl radicals, which can lead to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.</p>

<p>N-Hexylboronic acid is an organometallic compound that has been used as a model system to study the catalytic mechanism of the Suzuki coupling reaction. It has also been shown to be a substrate film for use in the suzuki coupling reaction when combined with Raney nickel, which can be used to synthesize organic compounds. N-Hexylboronic acid has been shown to inhibit the activity of pancreatic lipase, but not cholesterol esterase or cholesterol ester hydrolase. The skeleton of this molecule is made up of six carbon atoms and one boron atom. Hydrogen chloride and aliphatic hydrocarbons are inhibitors of N-hexylboronic acid.</p>

<p>4-Phenoxyphenylboronic acid is a chemical inhibitor of protein kinase. It binds to the ATP binding site of the enzyme and prevents ATP from binding, thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of proteins. This inhibition blocks the activation of downstream pathways that are involved in cell proliferation, leading to apoptotic cell death. 4-Phenoxyphenylboronic acid has been shown to inhibit growth of human cancer cells in vitro. This molecule also inhibits root formation and plant growth, which may be due to its ability to selectively inhibit protein kinases found in plant cells.</p>

<p>1,3,5-Naphthalene trisulfonic acid is an organic compound that is the product of the sulfonation of naphthalene. It has been shown to inhibit the activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, enzymes involved in steroidogenesis. The maximal response was observed at a concentration of 500 μM with a detection time of 30 minutes. Xenopus oocytes were used for expression and chloride currents were recorded as an indicator for enzyme activity. Concentration-response curves were generated with organic solvents such as methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). 1,3,5-Naphthalene trisulfonic acid also inhibits the oxidative activities of some enzymes such as lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase.</p>

<p>Ethyl (2,3,4,5-tetrafluorobenzoyl)acetate is a new oxazine derivative that inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It also exhibits antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This compound is an analog of the quinolone antibacterials. The most efficient example of this class of compounds is ofloxacin.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 5-Methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 2-(2-Propyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)butanoic acid hydrochloride including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Boc-L-aspartic acid 4-tert-butyl ester is a synthetic aminoacylase that is used in the synthesis of ergosterol. It is an efficient and economical reagent for the preparation of esters of aspartic acid, which are used in fungal antifungal agents. Boc-L-aspartic acid 4-tert-butyl ester has been shown to have various physiological functions, including the ability to inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme polymeric ergosterol synthase in fungi. This compound can also be used to synthesize n-substituted aspartates.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 2-[2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethyl]-1,3-dioxoisoindoline-5-carboxylic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about (R)-Tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Ethyl 2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-thiazolecarboxylate (ECIT) is a derivative of formyl that has been used as a solvent for industrial and laboratory purposes. ECIT is an amorphous substance with the chemical formula CH3COC6H2CH2COCH=N(C=O)C6H4CN. The compound has been quantified in various solvents, such as n-butyl alcohol and acetonitrile. ECIT is a colorless liquid that boils at 140° C. It has a formyl group and an alkynyl group, which are both reactive groups that can be used to synthesize other compounds. ECIT also contains two stereoisomers: the erythro isomer and the threo isomer. The erythro isomer has the structural formula of CH3COC6H2CH</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 3-(3-Acetyl-1H-indol-1-yl)propanoic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Atrial natriuretic factor (1-28) (human) acetate including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Tyrosinase protein:<br>Peptide Tyrosinase (Asp371) – HLA-A*0201 (YMDGTMSQV) is a human tyrosinase-derived (369-377) peptide by posttranslational conversion of the sequence YMNGTMSQV. Tyrosinase is an oxidase membrane-bound protein. Tyrosinase play a key role in the melanin synthesis pathway. Tyrosinase is presented on the surface of HLA-A*02:01 melanomas and also expressed in melanocytes. Tyrosinase has been still suggested to be a tumor antigen and might be implicated in improvement of immunotherapeutic strategies such as for efficient anticancer vaccine development.<br>Applications of Peptide Tyrosinase (Asp371) – HLA-A*0201 (YMDGTMSQV):<br>Peptide Tyrosinase (Asp371) – HLA-A*0201 (YMDGTMSQV) is used to stimulate specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in PBMCs and then to analyze CTL response especially the cytokine production by ELISPOT assay. Peptide Tyrosinase (Asp371) – HLA-A*0201 (YMDGTMSQV) is also involved in experimental therapies of metastatic melanoma by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In fact, cytotoxic T cells were generated from peripherical blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HLA-A*02:01 healthy donors after being stimulated by injection of Asp371 antigen (2). This strategy raises issues which concern the graft versus tumor (GvT) effect and graft versus host disease (GvHD).</p>

<p>Ethyl 2-ethylacetoacetate is a carbonyl compound that belongs to the supramolecular class of chromenones. The molecule has an x-ray diffraction pattern that is characteristic of a ring structure. It can be synthesized by an efficient method involving the reaction of ethyl benzoylacetate with a halide in the presence of acid catalyst. The reactants are isolated in high yield and structural analysis shows the presence of a methylene group and an ethyl group on opposite sides of the ring, which are bonded to each other through an acetoacetate group. This chromenone also displays photochemical properties and can be used as a substrate for functional theory studies.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 5-Oxo-1-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>2-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid is an amide that has been shown to inhibit the growth of Huh-7 human hepatoma cells, which express ABCA1. This compound has been shown to bind to and inhibit the activity of the enzyme acid hydrazide. It has also been shown to be active against methoxy functional assays and macrophage cell lines.</p>

<p>Ethanesulfonic acid is a highly reactive and readily available chemical that has been investigated for the treatment of cancer. It has shown to be effective as an adjuvant in the treatment of bowel disease and radiation therapy. Ethanesulfonic acid is also used as an antimicrobial agent and disinfectant. This chemical can be used to produce polymers with glycol ethers, coumarin derivatives, and dextran sulfate for use in biological samples such as blood or urine. Ethanesulfonic acid is a potent inhibitor of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The inhibition of PCR may be due to its ability to inhibit enzyme activities involved in DNA synthesis, including dinucleotide phosphate enzymes and glycol-ether-sensitive enzymes.</p>

<p>Dehydrotumulosic acid is a natural product that has been shown to inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in vitro. It also inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by inducing apoptosis in HL60 cells, as well as inhibiting the proliferation of human leukemia cells. Dehydrotumulosic acid is not toxic to normal cells because it does not induce apoptosis in these cells. The effect on tumor cell proliferation was found with an acetate extract of dehydrotumulosic acid and matrix effects were observed by use of poria, which may lead to a more accurate analytical method. Pharmacokinetic studies have been done with dehydrotumulosic acid, but no toxicity or adverse effects have been reported for this drug. This compound is being investigated for its potential use in cancer therapy and treatment.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 3,3'-[1,3-Phenylenebis(oxy)]dipropanoic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>2-(Benzimidazolylthio) acetic acid is a ligand that can be used as an antihelminthic. It can also be used to produce luminescent substances, inorganic salts and heterocycles. 2-(Benzimidazolylthio) acetic acid reacts with nucleophiles by nucleophilic attack, cleaving the bond and releasing the atom or group. 2-(Benzimidazolylthio) acetic acid has been used to synthesize condensation products with irradiation. This chemical has been shown to have antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi.</p>

<p>2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)acetic acid HCl is a white to off-white crystalline solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is an intermediate used in the synthesis of thiourea derivatives, which are used as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. 2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)acetic acid HCl is synthesized by the reaction of 2-aminothiazole with acetic anhydride. The purity can be determined using GC or NMR spectroscopy. Impurities may be removed by recrystallization with a solvent such as chloroform or dichloromethane. The melting point of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetic acid HCl is 147°C (298K). 2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)acetic acid HCl can be purified by distillation at</p>