Antimicrobials

Neomycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces fradiae*. It exerts its antibacterial effects by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. This binding disrupts the translation process, thereby preventing the growth and proliferation of bacteria. Neomycin B is effective against a wide range of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, making it a valuable tool in both medical and research settings.

Potent antiviral against HCMV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea.

Daclatasvir is a direct-acting antiviral agent, which is derived from synthetic chemical sources with a specific mode of action targeting the hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication process. It functions as an inhibitor of the HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), a vital component necessary for viral RNA replication and virion assembly. By binding to two distinct domains of NS5A, Daclatasvir disrupts its ability to function, thereby effectively halting the replication of the viral genome.

Nocardamine is a siderophore-based antioxidant, which is naturally derived from the soil-dwelling actinobacteria known as Streptomyces. Its primary mode of action involves the chelation of metal ions, effectively sequestering them and preventing metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions. By binding to iron and other transition metals, Nocardamine mitigates oxidative stress at a cellular level, which could otherwise contribute to cellular damage and dysfunction.

Cefepime Related Compound E is a chemical impurity, which is typically encountered as a byproduct in the synthesis or degradation of the antibiotic cefepime. This impurity is derived from synthetic processes used in the pharmaceutical industry and can originate from a variety of pathways during the manufacturing or storage of cefepime.

Laidlomycin is an ionophore compound with a mode of action that disrupts ion gradients in bacterial cells. It is used as a feed additive to improve feed efficiency in cattle.

Oteseconazole is an antifungal medication, which is a synthetic triazole-derived agent. It functions by inhibiting the activity of the fungal enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase. This inhibition disrupts the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes, thereby interfering with cell membrane integrity and function, ultimately leading to fungal cell death.

1-(6-Amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-7-[3-[3-[[1-(6-amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-3-carboxy-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-quinolinyl]amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1-azetidinyl]-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, engineered through synthetic chemistry. It is derived from chemical sources involving complex organic synthesis, highlighting its intricate molecular architecture. Its mode of action is distinctive, as it inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for DNA replication and transcription. This interference with bacterial DNA processes results in bactericidal effects, effectively eliminating susceptible bacterial strains.

Casein is a phosphoprotein, which is derived from milk. It originates primarily from cow's milk, where it constitutes about 80% of the total protein content. The mode of action for casein involves its ability to form a gel or clot in the stomach, which makes it highly efficient in nutrient delivery, especially the slow release of amino acids. This process is facilitated by its unique structural features, such as the presence of multiple phosphoryl groups that can bind calcium ions.

Amoxicillin is an aminopenicillin antibiotic and is used for the treatment of various bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell wall mucopeptides, leading to cell lysis and death

Sebuthylazine-2-hydroxy is a selective pre-emergent herbicide, which is a derivative of the sym-triazine compound family synthesized through chemical processes. It functions primarily as a soil-acting agent that inhibits photosynthesis by binding to the D1 protein in the photosystem II complex, thereby disrupting the electron transport chain. This biochemical action effectively curtails the growth of susceptible weed species by preventing their development, particularly annual grasses and broadleaf weeds.

Halauxifen is a synthetic herbicide, which is a product of chemical synthesis used in agricultural practices. Derived from advanced chemical research and development, its primary source is a laboratory setting where it is engineered to exhibit specific properties for plant management.

Bacitracin B1 is a polypeptide antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. Its mode of action is similar to bacitracin.

Monensin sodium is a polyether antibiotic with action on ion transport across bacterial cell membranes and is used for preventing coccidiosis and improving feed efficiency in livestock.

Inhibitor of viral neuraminidase enzyme, effective against influenza A and B viruses. This antiviral compound inhibits neuraminidase-mediated cleavage of host cell sialic acids, which interact with newly synthesised virions from the host cell. This prevents virion budding from the host, resulting in inhibition of virion release and viral infection overall.

Cytarabine is also known as cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and is a chemotherapy drug that works by inhibiting DNA synthesis. It acts as a nucleoside analogue, which is incorporated into the growing DNA chain during replication. Cytarabine combines a cytosine base with an arabinose sugar (1β-arabinofuranosylcytosine) and is an analog for human deoxycytosine. Cytarabine interferes with DNA synthesis as it is rapidly converted to cytosine arabinoside triphosphate, damaging DNA when cells are in the synthesis phase (S phase). Tumor cells which are highly mitotic and growing rapidly are therefore preferably targeted. Cytarabine also inhibits nucleotide reductase enzymes as well as nuclear polymerases, leading to interruption and inhibition of synthesis, strand breaks and cell death.

Penicillin G potassium is a natural penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis, syphilis, and endocarditis.

Tylosin tartrate is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating bacterial infections in livestock and poultry.

Mebendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic with action on microtubule formation in parasitic worms and is used for treating intestinal worm infections like threadworms and roundworms.

Anti-viral; NS5A protein inhibitor