Natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics

<p>Telaprevir (Incivek) (VX-950) is an effective inhibitor of HCV NS3-4A serine protease (IC50: 0.35 μM).</p>

<p>Bleomycin Sulfate (Blenoxane) is a glycopeptide antibiotic, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Cefoselis Sulfate is a widely used beta-lactam antibiotic.</p>

<p>Retapamulin (SB-275833), a Pleuromutilin Antibacterial, binds to both E. coli and S. aureus ribosomes with similar potencies (Kd: 3 nM).</p>

<p>Clindamycin is a semisynthetic antibiotic that blocks bacterial protein synthesis by detaching peptidyl-tRNA from ribosomes.</p>

<p>Ertapenem sodium (MK-826) is a long-acting carbapenem antibiotic effective against a wide range of bacteria, including ESBL producers.</p>

<p>Ampicillin sodium (Domicillin) is a broad-spectrum β -lactam antibiotic,combates a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. High-Quality, Low-Cost!</p>

<p>Doripenem is a new parenteral carbapenem antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens.</p>

<p>Fidaxomicin (Tiacumicin B) is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic used to treat Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults.</p>

<p>Tedizolid Phosphate (TR-701FA) is an oxazolidinone-class antibiotic. Tedizolid phosphate is a phosphate ester prodrug of the active compound tedizolid.</p>

<p>Ceftiofur is a semisynthetic antibiotic, with activity against various gram-positive/negative, anaerobic and aerobic bacteria encountered by domestic animals.</p>

<p>Epothilone B (EPO 906) is a compound isolated from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum.</p>

<p>Doxycycline hyclate (WC2031) is a synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity. Doxycycline hyclate is also an inhibitor of MMP.</p>

<p>Spinosad: natural insecticide from S. spinosa, mix of spinosyn A &amp; D, targets insect nAChRs.</p>

<p>Difloxacin hydrochloride (Difloxacin HCl) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug.</p>

<p>Temsirolimus (CCI-779) is a specific mTOR inhibitor ( IC50: 1.76 μM), used in the treatment of advanced renal cell cancer.</p>

<p>Tilmicosin phosphate, a macrolide antibiotic, is used to treat cattle for pathogens that cause Bovine Respiratory Disease.</p>

<p>Ledipasvir (acetone) (GS-5885 acetone) is an HCV NS5A polymerase inhibitor, used for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection.</p>

<p>Oritavancin diphosphate, a novel semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotic, targets serious Gram-positive infections.</p>

<p>Lumefantrine, an antimalarial, treats malaria with artemether, effective against Plasmodium spp. including in chloroquine-resistant areas.</p>

<p>Ivermectin B1a is the major (80%) component of commercially available ivermectin and a derivative of Avermectin B1a.</p>

<p>Ascomycin (Immunomycin)(Immunomycin, FR-900520, FK520) is an ethyl analog of tacrolimus (FK506) with strong immunosuppressant properties.</p>

<p>Cefotetan, a cephamycin antibiotic, fights various bacteria by disrupting cell wall synthesis.</p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Dajan, A., et al.: Vet. Microbiol., 35, 213 (1993), Becker, M., et al.: Anal. Chim. Acta, 520, 19 (2004), El-Shaboury, S., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 45, 1 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3”-O-Demethyl Ivermectin is an impurity of Ivermectin (I940800), an antiparasitic drug that is active against a wide variety of nematode and arthropod parasites and is used to treat scabies and lice in humans. An invitro inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2/ Covid-19.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Campbell, W., et al.: Science, 221, 823 (1983); Glaziou, P., et al.: Trop. Med. Parasitol., 45, 253 (1994); Meinking, T., et al.: New Engl. J. Med., 333, 26 (1995); Caly, L., et al.: Antivir. Res., 178<br></p>

<p>Applications 25-Deacetyl-21-acetyl Rifampicin is a structural isomer, and impurity, of Rifampicin (R508000), a semisynthetic antibiotic. Antibacerial (tuberculostatic).<br>References Furesz, et al.: Antibiot. Chemother., 16, 316 (1970), Gallo, G.G., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 5, 467 (1976),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications (Z)-Desbutyl Lumefantrine is a metabolite of Lumefantrine (L474000).<br>References Lefevre, G., et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 54, 485 (2002); Schepers, U., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 310 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Cycloserine. Antibacterial (tuberculostatic).<br>References Lamb., J.W., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 1, 53 (1972), Gentry-Weeks, C., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 268, 7298 (1993), Alexander, F., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 219, 953 (1994), Auger, S., et al.: Biochimie, 87, 231 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Fosfomycin EP Impurity B<br>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications [2-[2-Amino-3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]-1-hydroxypropyl]phosphonic Acid (Fosfomycin EP Impurity B) is a Fosfomycin (F727500) impurity. Fosfomycin is an antibiotic that exerts a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.<br>References McGrath, J.W., et al.: Org. Biomolec. Chem., 7, 9 (1944); Goto, M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 20, 393 (1981);<br></p>

<p>Applications Azithromycin is an azalide macrolide antibiotic.<br>References Hunter, R., et al.: J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 26, 117 (2003);<br></p>

<p>Applications OP-1118 is a major metabolite of Fidaxomicin (F335400).<br>References Babakhani, F., et al.: J. Med. Microbiol., 60, 1213 (2011); Allen, C., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 57, 664 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications Fidaxomicin is a nonabsorbed macrocyclic antibiotic, and is the first antimicrobial to be approved by the FDA for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in 20 years. Fidaxomicin works by inhibiting sporulation by CDI, sustaining clinical response and reducing recurrences of this pathogen.<br>References Babakhani, F., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 55, S162 (2012); Venugopal, A., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 54, 568 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity G<br>Applications Clarithromycin (9E)-O-Methyloxime (Clarithromycin EP Impurity G) is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750), a macrolide antibiotic. Clarithromycin impurity G.<br>References Morgan, D., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 9, 261 (1991), Ishii, K., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 43, 1943 (1995), Langtry, H., et al.: Drugs, 53, 973 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Applications Semisynthetic Erythromycin derivative. Antibacterial.This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).<br>References Jones, R.N., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 24, 209 (1983), Barry, A.L., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 5, 536 (1986), Grassi, C., et al.: Chemioterapia, 6, 41 (1987),<br></p>

<p>Applications Lumefantrine-d9, is the labeled analogue of Lumefantrine (L474000), which Inhibits hemozoin formation, used as Antimalarial.<br>References Kumar, N., et al.: Parasitol Res., 76, 214 (1990), Pradines, B., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 43, 418 (1999), Chotivanich, K., et al.: J. Infect. Dis., 182, 629 (2000), Mutabingwa, T., et al.: Lancet, 365, 1474 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications Tulathromycin B is an antibiotic pharmaceutical and also a part of various veterinary compounds. This compound is used for treatment of bacterial and protozoal infections.<br>References Benchaoui, H.A., et al.: J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 27, 203 (2004), Nowakowski, M.A., et al.: Vet. Ther., 5, 60 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity D<br>Applications N-Desmethyl Clarithromycin (Clarithromycin EP Impurity D) is a metabolite of Clarithromycin (C559750).<br>References Jenuwein, T., et al.: Science, 293, 1074 (2001), Somech, R., et al.: Cancer Treat. Rev., 30, 461 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Serine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride (cas# 5874-57-7) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity F<br>Applications 12-O-Methyl Clarithromycin (Clarithromycin EP Impurity F) is a methylated impurity of the semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic Clarithromycin (C559750). 12-O-Methyl Clarithromycin was shown to inhibit uptake of Clarithromycin into the lung cells.<br>References Chen, X. et al.: Zhong. Yao., 17, 32 (2008); Yoshida, H. et al.: Jap. J. Antibiot., 53, 615 (2000); Omura, S. et al.: Yakug. Zas., 112, 593 (1992);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Azithromycin Related Compound O<br>Applications Azithromycin N-Ethyl is an analogue of Azithromycin (A927000), an semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic that is related to Erythromycin (E649950).<br>References Bright, G.M., et al.: J. Antibio., 41, 1029 (1988);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(Dibutylamino)-1-(2,7-dichloror-9H-fluoren-4-yl)ethanol is an impurity formed during the synthesis of Lumefantrine (L474000), a fluorene (F462000) derivative belonging to the aryl amino alcohol class of anti-malarial drugs.<br>References Verbeken, M., et al.: Malaria. J., 10, 51 (2011); Kim, K.H., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 22, 366 (1979);<br></p>

<p>Applications Clarithromycin-N-methyl-13C, d3, is the labeled analogue of Clarithromycin (C559750), which is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. Clarithromycin is a derivative of Erythromycin (E650000).<br>References Benson, C., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 6, 173 (1987), Boyanova, L., et al.: J. Med. Microb., 61, 85 (2012), Lin, Z., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 126, 114 (2012),<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the preparation of Posaconazole (P689600).<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A metabolite of Nitrofuran in milk. Antibacterial.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants; Heat processing contaminants<br>References Lim, A., et al.: J. Bacteriol., 181, 2252 (1999), Martin, A., et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol., 43, 1612 (2005), Chu, P., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 2129 (2007), McCracken, R., et al.: Food Addit. Contam., 24, 26 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light, Moisture and temperature sensitive<br>Applications Third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Brodie, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 17, 876 (1980), Richards, D.M., et al.: Drugs, 29, 105 (1985), Abounassif, M.A., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 19, 95 (1990),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications [6R-[6α,7β(R*)]]-7-[(Aminophenylacetyl)amino]-3-methylene-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane-2-carboxylic Acid is an impurity of Cefaclor (C235250), an second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic for antibacterial purposes.<br>References Gray, B.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 13, 988 (1978), Lorenz, L.J., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 9, 107 (1980), Hori, R., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 40, 646 (1988),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Moxidectin EP Impurity D<br>Applications 2-epi-Moxidectin is stereoisomer of Moxidectin, a macrocyclic lactone and semisynthetic derivative of nemadectin. Moxidectin is a parasiticide used for the prevention and control of heartworm and intestinal worms. Moxidectin is found in veterinary medicine used to treat animals such as dogs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Bisset, S.A. et al.: New Zeal. Vet. J., 40, 97 (1992); Monahan, C.M. et al.: Vet. Parasitol., 63, 225 (1996); Glickman, L.T. et al.: Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 3, 49 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Tylosin (T947650). Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from a strain of Streptomycetes fradiae found in soil from Thailand. Antibacterial.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Hamill, et al.: Antibiot. Chemother., 11, 328 (1961), Corcoran, J.W., et al.: J. Antibiot., 30, 1012 (1977), Seno, E.T., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother., 11, 455 (1977),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from a strain of Streptomycetes fradiae found in soil from Thailand. Antibacterial. This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Hamill, et al.: Antibiot. Chemother., 11, 328 (1961), Corcoran, J.W., et al.: J. Antibiot., 30, 1012 (1977), Seno, E.T., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother., 11, 455 (1977),<br></p>

<p>Applications Defluoro Linezolid is a defluorinated impurity of Linezolid (L466500).<br>References Kugelmann, E. et al.: J. Pharmac. Biomed. Anal., 54. 1047 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Cefpodoxime Proxetil EP Impurity A<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Cefpodoxime Acid (Cefpodoxime Proxetil EP Impurity A) is a metabolite of Cefpodoxime Proxetil (C243860). An antibacterial.<br>References Fujimoto, K., et al.: J. Antibiot., 40, 370 (1987), Utsui, Y., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 31, 1085 (1987),<br></p>

<p>Applications Orally active labelled triazole antifungal.<br>References Cacciapuoti, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44, 2017 (2000), Herbrecht, R., et al.: Int. J. Clin. Pract., 58, 612 (2004), Panackal, A., et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol., 44, 1740 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity C<br>Applications Clarithromycin 9-Oxime (Clarithromycin EP Impurity C) is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750), a macrolide antibiotic.<br>References Stephanic, V. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 54, 719 (2011); Chen, X. et al.: Zhong. Yao., 17, 32 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Isotope labelled Aztreonam (A965200), the first totally synthetic monocyclic β-lactam antibiotic.<br>References Sykes, R.B., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 21, 85 (1982), Florey, K., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 17, 1 (1988),<br></p>

<p>Applications Linezolid (L466500) intermediate.<br></p>

<p>Stability Unstable in Solution<br>Applications p-Hydroxypenicillin V is a byproduct in the synthesis of Penicillin V (P223500), an antibacterial agent.<br>References Goldenthal, E.I., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 18, 185 (1971), Dunham, J.M., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 1, 249 (1972),<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of the fluorinated quinolone antibacterial Ciprofloxacin.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Desmethyl-6-O-methylerythromycin (9E)-Oxime is a derivative of Clarithromycin (C559750); a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic and derivative of Erythromycin (E650000).<br>References Benson, C., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 6, 173 (1987); Boyanova, L., et al.: J. Med. Microb., 61, 85 (2012); Lin, Z., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 126, 114 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A macrolide compound which is known to have antibacterial activity, and is useful in the therapy of bacterial infections in mammals. Antibiotic.<br>References Broto, P., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 19, 71 (1984), Farrar, V., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 36, 3517 (1993), Clark, D., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 88, 807 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of the fluorinated quinolone antibacterial Ciprofloxacin.<br>References Tiefenbacher, E., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 83, 463 (1994), Parshikov, I., et al.: App. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 56, 474 (2001),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Vancomycin Impurity<br>Applications An impurity in Vancomycin.A representative lot was 75% by HPLC with less than 0.1% vancomycin.<br>References Marshall, F.J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 8, 18 (1965), Sheldrick, G.M., et al.: Nature, 271, 223 (1987), Dutca-Melan, S., et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol., 33, 24 (1995),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Amoxicillin EP Impurity C ; Amoxicillin USP Related Compound C<br>Applications Amoxicillin Diketopiperazine (Amoxicillin EP Impurity C) is a major metabolite of Amoxicillin (AMO)(A634235).<br>References Dewdney, J., et al.: Food Chem. Toxic, 29, 477 (1991), Connor, S., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 46, 128 (1994), Hernandez, E., et al.: Vet. J., 170, 237 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications Moxifloxacin intermediate.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Azithromycin EP Impurity B<br>Applications Azithromycin B (Azithromycin EP Impurity B), is an impurity of Azithromycin (A927000), a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic, and related to Erythromycin A.<br>References Langtry, H.D., et al.: Drugs, 56, 273 (1998),<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Demethyl-N-(ethylsuccinyl) Erythromycin is an impurity of Erythromycin (E649950), an antibiotic that has a wider spectrum than penicillin (P223500).<br>References Koch, W.L., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 157 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Terbinafine N-oxide is an impurity of Terbinafine (T107500), an antifungal that inhibits squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis.<br>References Petranyi, G., et al.: Science, 224, 1239 (1984); Ryder, N.S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 27, 252 (1985); Evans, E.G.V., et al.: Br. Med. J., 318, 1031 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Applications Amoxycilloic Acid Sodium Salt is an impurity of Amoxicillin (A634235), a semi-synthetic antibiotic related to Penicillin. Antibacterial.<br>References Connor, S., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 46, 128 (1994); Van G., et al.: J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 26, 139 (2003); Brogden, R.N., et al.: Drugs, 18, 169 (1979); Bird, A.E., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 23, 1 (1994)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Roxithromycin (R700850) structurally related substance in bulk samples. Roxithromycin impurity.<br>References Gasc, J., et al.: J. Antibiot., 44, 313 (1991, Chepkwony, H., et al.: J. Chromatogr., 914, 53 (2001),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications 8,9-Z-Abamectin B1a is a photodegradation product of Avermectin B1a (A794665); a natural product derived from the soil actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis. It is an antiparasitic agent that paralyzes nematodes without causing hypercontraction or flaccid paralysis.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Lofgren, C.S., et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 75, 798 (1982); Kass, I.S., et al.: P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 6211 (1980); Fritz, L.C., et al.: P. Natl. Acad, Sci. USA, 76, 2062 (1979); Maynard, M.S., et al.: J. Agr. Food Chem., 37, 1487 (1989); Maynard, M.S., et al.: B. Environ. Contam. Tox., 43, 499 (1989); Crouch, L.S., et al.: J. Agr. Food Chem., 39, 1310 (1991)<br></p>