Enzyme Modulators

<p>Inhibitor of CDK2, JAK2 and FLT3; anticancer</p>

<p>Inhibits aromatic amino acid decarboxylase</p>

<p>Adefovir is an antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) analogue that works by blocking reverse transcriptase. This drug is used to treat infections associated with Hepatitis B.</p>

<p>Inhibits MEK1 and MEK2 kinases; targeted therapy for melanoma</p>

<p>Pomalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent that inhibits transcriptional regulation by interacting with the pomalidomide-binding protein, which prevents its interaction with RNA polymerase II and thereby prevents DNA transcription. The study with U266 cells demonstrated that pomalidomide targets CRBN, part of an E3 ligase complex, and inhibits its autoubiquinitation and supresses a critical gene (IRF4, interferon regulatory factor 4) for myeloma cell growth with concentrations up to 10 μM. In vitro assays have shown that pomalidomide has inhibitory effects on cell signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB pathway. Pomalidomide also decreases the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and IL-1β, by inhibiting their synthesis or their release from activated monocytes. Recently, the promoting effect of pomalidomide, as its analog lenalidomide, on erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) has been investigated, demonstrating positive results for its use as a potential new therapy agent for β-hemoglobinopathies.<br>Pomalidomide is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Febuxostat is a non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is used for the treatment and management of hyperuricemia and chronic gouty arthritis. Febuxostat inhibits the uptake of uric acid from the blood into cells and thereby reduces its concentration in plasma. Additionally, this drug has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I</p>

<p>Inhibitor of Factor Xa; anti-thrombotic</p>

<p>Inhibits proto-oncogene Pim kinases (Pim-1, Pim-2 and Pim-3); antineoplastic</p>

<p>Inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase</p>

<p>LW-II-41-27 is a novel Eph receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for cancer treatment.</p>

<p>NADPH oxidase inhibitor; anti-inflammatory</p>

<p>Specific inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) alpha subunit with IC50 of 32 nM. In heart muscle it negatively regulates hypertrophic growth, causes increase in late sodium current and leads to arrhythmias. In tumours it inhibits the p110α subunit of PI3K and blocks growth factor signalling resulting in reduced tumour growth.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 cyclooxygenases</p>

<p>Lapatinib is an antineoplastic agent used to treat breast and lung cancer. This drug is also a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and inhibits human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2/ERBB2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR/ERBB1). Lapatinib has shown to inhibit ERBB-driven tumor cell growth in vitro and in various animal models.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase; anti-inflammatory; immunomodulatory</p>

<p>Inhibitor of CK2 protein kinase; anti-proliferative</p>

<p>Vildagliptin is an antihyperglycemic agent that is used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This drug is a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor and prevents the degradation of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). This leads to improved glycemic control.</p>

<p>MK 886 is a leukotriene antagonist that has been studied for use in treating atherosclerosis. This drug inhibits the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein thus inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of ERK1 and ERK2 serine/threonine kinases</p>

<p>Inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinases (ALK4, ALK5 and ALK7), members of TGFβ type I receptor family. Blocks activin- and TGFβ-mediated signaling and phosphorylation of Smad2 downstream. Suppresses tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing effects of TGFβ. Promotes differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), whilst sustaining mouse ESCs in the undifferentiated state.</p>

<p>Selective inhibitor of the Src kinase family with subnanomolar IC50 values and good selectivity over c-Abl, PDGFRα and c-Kit kinases. The compound is effective in inhibiting growth in drug resistant cancer cell lines. In a recent study, it inhibited the growth of HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines which were resistant to pan-HER family kinase inhibitors such as lapatinib.</p>

<p>RET receptor tyroine kinase inhibitor</p>

<p>Rigosertib sodium is an experimental chemotherapeutic agent that is a derivative of benzyl styryl sulfone. It is synthesized chemically and functions primarily by inhibiting key signaling pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation. Specifically, Rigosertib targets the RAS signaling pathway along with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) pathways, impeding the progression of the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in malignant cells.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6</p>

<p>A potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of tropomyosin-related kinases (TRK1, TRK2 and TRK3), members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family of neurotrophin receptors. Tumors with oncogenic TRK fusions are sensitive to larotrectinib, leading to reduced proliferation and tumor growth in patients with soft tissue sarcoma, triple-negative breast cancer and lung cancer.</p>

<p>Sulindac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is used to relieve the pain of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis by reducing inflammation and inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that cause inflammation.</p>

<p>Inhibits VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, c-kit and PDGFR tyrosine kinases</p>

<p>Inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase; muscle relaxant</p>

<p>Inhibitor of LRRK2 kinase</p>

<p>Inhibitor of factor Xa</p>

<p>Inhibitor of panPI3K/mTOR</p>

<p>A potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of tropomyosin-related kinases (TRK1, TRK2 and TRK3), members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family of neurotrophin receptors. Tumors with oncogenic TRK fusions are sensitive to larotrectinib, leading to reduced proliferation and tumor growth in patients with soft tissue sarcoma, triple-negative breast cancer and lung cancer.</p>

<p>Arbutin or alpha-arbutin is a natural product. It is a hydroquinone glucoside with antioxidant properties. It is widely used in cosmetics as depigmenting agent, acting as an inhibitor of tyrosinase in melanocytes. Arbutin acts by supressing the enzymes that stimulate these melanocytes without killing or fully inhibiting them. As a consequence, melanin production is decreased to avoid hyperpigmentation that might be caused by an excess of UV radiation or a higher activity of tyrosinases.</p>

<p>Nintedanib is an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug. It is used for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib is a prodrug that is rapidly converted to the active form nintedanib, which inhibits angiogenesis by interfering with the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1). <br>Nintedanib is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>5-Fluorouracil is a cytotoxic drug that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. It is used in combination therapy to treat cancer and is a pyrimidine analog. This drug inhibits the formation of thymidylate synthase from uracil. As a result, this leads to DNA and RNA synthesis inhibition and cell death.</p>

<p>A novel non-covalent inhibitor of the PLpro protease from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV viruses. GRL 0617 inhibits the proteolytic processing of the viral polypeptide. As PLpro also acts as a protease in pathways involved in innate immunity, there are indications that it can promote immunity against the virus.</p>

<p>Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitor</p>

<p>mTOR serine/threonine kinase inhibitor</p>

<p>Potent and selective GSK3-β inhibitor, with IC50 value of 48 nM. Increases Nanog expression and regulates self-renewal in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Induces reprograming of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to derive cells from specific lineages.</p>

<p>Inhibits multiple protein kinases, such as PKC and FLT3</p>

<p>Inhibitor of VEGF receptors</p>

<p>Dabigatran is an anticoagulant that is used for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and prevention of venous thromboembolic events. It is a drug that acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme thrombin. Dabigatran inhibits platelet activation and aggregation, which reduces the risk of stroke or other vascular events. Dabigatran is a prodrug and does not have any activity in its active form.</p>

<p>Anti-rheumatic; immunosuppressant; neuroprotective; neuroregenerative</p>

<p>Inhibitor of glutaminase; glutamine analogue</p>

<p>Inhibitor of VEGFR; antineoplastic</p>

<p>PD 168393 is a potent and selective irreversible inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. It is synthesized through advanced chemical processes, designed to specifically target and covalently modify the ATP-binding site of EGFR. The mode of action involves the irreversible binding to the cysteine residue in the ATP-binding pocket, leading to the inhibition of EGFR autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling pathways.</p>

<p>Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor drug. It is a drug that is used as a treatment for renal cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and other solid tumors. This drug inhibits tyrosine kinases such as VEGFRs, this prevents tumour growth and pathologic angiogenesis.</p>

<p>Pomalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent that inhibits transcriptional regulation by interacting with the pomalidomide-binding protein, which prevents its interaction with RNA polymerase II and thereby prevents DNA transcription. The study with U266 cells demonstrated that pomalidomide targets CRBN, part of an E3 ligase complex, and inhibits its autoubiquinitation and supresses a critical gene (IRF4, interferon regulatory factor 4) for myeloma cell growth with concentrations up to 10 μM.In vitro assays have shown that pomalidomide has inhibitory effects on cell signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB pathway. Pomalidomide also decreases the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and IL-1β, by inhibiting their synthesis or their release from activated monocytes. Recently, the promoting effect of pomalidomide, as its analog lenalidomide, on erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) has been investigated, demonstrating positive results for its use as a potential new therapy agent for β-hemoglobinopathies.</p>

<p>Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor drug that is used to manage hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. This drug works by inhibiting the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and allows for the breakdown of GLP-1 and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. As a result of this, breakdown of glycogen is reduced and release of insulin is increased.<br>Linagliptin is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Potent and irreversible inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PtdIns-3-kinase) with IC50 of 0.1 nM. PX 866 inhibited cell motility and growth of 3D spheroids of glioblastoma, breast, prostate and colon cancer cell lines at low nanomolar concentrations. PX 866 also exhibited anti-tumoral activity in vivo in xenograft models for ovarian and lung cancer.</p>

<p>Amlexanox is an antiallergic and anti-inflammatory drug that has been shown to be effective in treating rhinitis and allergic asthma in clinical studies. It prevents the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from being released chemically as a mediator and may have antagonistic effects on interleukin-3.</p>

<p>Competitive inhibitor of ceramide-glycosyltransferase used for substrate reduction therapy in lysosomal storage disorders. It inhibits glucosylceramide synthase, which catalyses the initial step in glycosphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. This compound delays the onset of symptoms in type 1 Gaucher disease, Sandhoff disease and Tay-Sachs disease. It also reduces brain abnormalities in mucolipidosis type IV.</p>

<p>Sulbactam is a synthetic antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Sulbactam is a potent inhibitor of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The combination of sulbactam and polymyxin B has been shown to have synergistic inhibitory effects on Gram-negative bacteria and is used as an intravenous antibiotic for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Masitinib is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of c-Kit, PDGFR and FGFR3 tyrosine. It is an antineoplastic which has been studied for applications in a range of human diseases including Alzheimers and cancer and is currently used to treat mast cell tumours in animals. As part of a screening study, Masitinib was shown to be highly effective in blocking SARs-CoV-2 replication.</p>

<p>Inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC)</p>

<p>Inhibitor of BCR-ABL1 kinase</p>

<p>Teniposide is a cytotoxic drug that is used in the treatment of refractory childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It has antitumour activity. It is a type II topoisomerase inhibitor. This drug inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA.</p>

<p>Brain-penetrant inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and proto-oncogene kinase ROS1. It is a reversible ATP-competitor, interacting with P-loop (L1122, G1123, V1130) and K1150 residue of ALK tyrosine kinase. It has major implications in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The compound is used for resensitization of drug resistant, ALK-mutated cancers to crizotinib chemotherapy and was shown to trigger the regression of EML40ALK-driven brain metastases.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of ALK1, ALK2, ALK3 and ALK6 kinases and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. LDN 1931189 is a dorsomorphin derivative that inhibits BMP-mediated activation of Smad, Akt and p38 signalling. LDN 193189 promotes differentiation of human pluripotent cells into PAX6+ anterior neural ectoderm. In combination with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), LDN 193189 promotes differentiation of mouse pluripotent stem cells into inner ear sensory epithelium.</p>

<p>Enalapril is a long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure, as well as chronic cough due to postnasal drip or bronchitis. Enalapril is an active inhibitor of the synthesis of angiotensin II and other vasoconstrictor substances that are involved in the regulation of blood pressure. It binds reversibly to the active site on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and blocks its activity by forming strong hydrogen bonds with residues on ACE, thereby preventing it from converting angiotensin I into angiotensin II. This leads to a significant reduction in blood pressure.</p>

<p>Inhibits MET, VEGFR1, VEGFR2; VEGFR3 receptor tyrosine kinases; antineoplastic</p>

<p>Dasatinib is a potent inhibitor of tyrosine kinases and is used in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and other types of cancer. It also inhibits many SRC- family kinases. Dasatinib has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, leading to cell lysis. Additionally, it has anti-angiogenic effects in vivo, inhibiting the development of new blood vessels in solid tumours.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of PDE4 enzyme</p>

<p>Inhibitor of β-lactamase enzymes</p>

<p>Fasudil hydrochloride is a Rho-kinase inhibitor, which is a synthetic compound derived from natural sources, primarily used in scientific research. The mode of action of Fasudil hydrochloride involves the inhibition of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), a crucial player in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. By inhibiting ROCK, Fasudil alters various cellular functions, including contraction, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis.</p>

<p>Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B that is found in food and it used to treat many conditions such as pellagra and acne. It replenishes cellular energy and has anti-inflammatory effects. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of the enzyme SIRT1 in vitro but can be a stimulator in cells.</p>

<p>4-Methylpyrazole is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, which can be used to treat methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning. It is also used to inhibit the metabolism of ethanol by blocking the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. 4-Methylpyrazole is metabolized into 4-methylpyridinium ion (4MP) by alcohol dehydrogenase, which prevents the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid. This results in an increase in blood levels of acetaldehyde and a decrease in blood levels of acetic acid, leading to an accumulation of toxic metabolites such as formic acid. In addition, 4-methylpyrazole inhibits the enzyme glycol dehydrogenase that breaks down glycols into their harmless components. This leads to an accumulation of toxic intermediate products that are converted back into glycols.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of ErbB2 (IC50 = 3 nM) and EGFR kinase (IC50 = 6.4 nM) with anti-proliferative effects. It inhibits ErbB2 receptor autophosphorylation and induces G1 cell cycle block. The CP 724714 treatment induces reduction of downstream ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase signalling, tumor cell apoptosis, release of caspase 3 and regression of tumors in in vivo and in vitro models.</p>

<p>Rensocatib is a reversible inhibitor of DPP-1, also known as cathepsin C, which is a peptidase involved in the activation of neutrophil, an elastase-like serine protease in lung tissue. Brensocatib is an oral drug used to treat infections of the airways (lungs) that are characterised by a permanent enlargement and presenting symptoms such as, coughing and greater mucus production (bronchiectasis). Alternative names of brensocatib are INS-1007 and AZD7986.</p>

<p>Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce inflammation, relieve pain and reduce fever. The mechanism of action of ibuprofen has not been fully elucidated, but it may be due to inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase and thus decreasing the synthesis of prostaglandins allowing a reduction of pain and inflammation.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase that disrupts histone methylation by EZH2. Anti-proliferative in some breast cancer and invasive prostate cancer cell lines. One of four key molecules required for inducing chemical reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC).</p>

<p>Inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3). Demonstrated anti-tumor effects in pre-clinical models of FGFR-driven tumors. AZD 4547 resulted in tumor progression when applied on a patient-derived model of FGFR1-amplified squamous cell lung disease. Antineoplastic effects also observed in FGFR2-amplified gastric cancer.</p>

<p>Moclobemide is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used to treat major depressive disorder and dipolar disorder. This drug’s mechanism of action involves the reversible inhibition of the enzyme MAO-A. The inhibition of this enzyme results in a decreased metabolism and destruction of neurotransmitters thus relieving the symptoms of depression and bipolar disorder.</p>

<p>Orally available prodrug of gemcitabine</p>

<p>Inhibitor of dopamine-?-hydroxylase</p>

<p>COX-2 enzyme inhibitor; anti-inflammatory</p>

<p>Azathioprine belongs to the group of immunosuppressant drugs that suppress the immune system by inhibiting the production of white blood cells (leukocytes). It is used to treat inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Crohn's disease. Azathioprine is metabolized in the liver. Additionally, this drug inhibits DNA synthesis by binding to nuclear DNA, preventing RNA transcription and protein synthesis in susceptible cells.</p>

<p>Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor drug that is used for the treatment of various leukaemias, gastrointestinal stromal tumours and myeloproliferative disease. This drug inhibits the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase and thus prevents the downstream phosphorylation of target proteins. This drug also inhibits PDGF, SCF and c-kit.</p>

<p>N-ω-Propyl-L-arginine is a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). This enzyme is involved in the production of nitric oxide, which plays important roles in various physiological and pathological processes in the body. N-ω-Propyl-L-arginine selectively inhibits nNOS, preventing the conversion of L-arginine to nitric oxide. This makes it a useful tool for studying the role of nNOS in various Life Sciences fields, such as neuroscience and cardiovascular research. It can also be used as an enzyme modulator or ligand in drug discovery studies targeting nNOS.<br>N-ω-Propyl-L-arginine is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of HIF-prolyl hydroxylase isozymes PHD1, PHD2 and PHD3 with Ki in nanomolar range. The compound mimics the binding of N-oxalylglycine, chelates catalytic iron and prevents substrate entry into catalytic site. Inhibition of PHD enzymes leads to stabilization of hypoxia-induced factors HIF1α and HIF2α, followed by the production of erythropoietin (EPO).</p>

<p>TAS 6417 hydrochloride is a small-molecule inhibitor, which is synthesized via chemical processes in pharmaceutical research. It functions primarily as a potent and selective inhibitor of specific mutant forms of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). By targeting these EGFR mutations, TAS 6417 hydrochloride disrupts the signaling pathways that are crucial for the proliferation and survival of cancer cells.</p>

<p>PI3K enzyme inhibitor; antineoplastic</p>

<p>Inhibitor of CDK4/6 serine/threonine kinases; antineoplastic</p>

<p>Inhibitor of prolyl 4-hydroxylase PHD</p>

<p>A potent and selective covalent inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4). This receptor tyrosine kinase activates an oncogenic driver in hepatocellular carcinoma, the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). The FGFR4 inhibitor is therefore a promising candidate for the treatment of advanced liver cancer.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of metalloendopeptidase neprilysin</p>

<p>Tipifarnib is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, which is a synthetic compound designed for experimental cancer treatment. It functions by targeting farnesyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the post-translational modification of proteins through the attachment of a farnesyl group to the protein's cysteine residue. This modification is crucial for the activity of several proteins, including those in the Ras signaling pathway, which is often dysregulated in cancer.</p>