Antibiotics

<p>Applications Telocinobufagin is isolated as a major component from skin secretion of the toad Bufo rubescens. Telocinobufogenin is a novel antibiotic cardiotonic.<br>References Akizawa, T., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 42, 754 (1994); Hancock, R., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 43, 1317 (1999); Jing, Y., et al.: J. Cancer Res., 85, 645 (1994); Kamano, Y., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 45, 5440 (2002); Schoner, W., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 269, 2440 (2002); Cunha Filho, G., et al.: Toxicon, 45, 777 (2005)<br></p>

Pafuramidine (DB289) is an experimental prodrug of the metabolite DB75, an antiparasitic compound with antimalarial activity.

<p>Impurity Piperacillin EP Impurity B<br>Stability Hygroscopic, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications Piperacilloic Acid (Piperacillin EP Impurity B) is a degradation product of Piperacillin (P479950), a new β-lactam antibiotic.<br>References Waxman, D.J., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 255, 3964 (1980), Waley, S.G., et al.: Biochem. J., et al.: 205, 631 (1982),<br></p>

Sulfaquinoxaline (Sulfabenzpyrazine) is an antiprotozoal agent.

<p>Applications n-Pentyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate-2,3,5,6-d4 (CAS# 1219798-66-9) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications Streptidine, is a metabolite derivative of Streptomycin (S687500), an antibiotic (antimycobacterial) drug, used for patients suffering from tuberculosis or other infectious diseases.<br>References Granados, O., et al.: Histology and Histopathology, 20(2), 357 (2005);<br></p>

Polyoxin B is an antifungal peptidyl nucleoside antibiotic that inhibits fungal cell wall biosynthesis.

<p>Applications Dicresulene Hydrate is an impurity of Policresulen (P688085), an ideal drug for purulent endometritis and bovine mastitis of the animals.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Xie, R., et al.: Zhejiang Nongye Daxue Xuebao., 24, 259-262 (1998)<br></p>

Ceftazidime Pentahydrate is a cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against gram-negative bacilli and may be used to study infectious diseases.

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; steroid antibiotic</p>

<p>Inhibitor of prokaryotic DNA gyrase, eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase and HSP90</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminocyclitol class</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>Penicillin G sodium is a natural penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as pneumonia, gonorrhea, and anthrax.</p>

<p>Aminoglycoside antibiotic; inhibits protein synthesis by inducing miscoding</p>

<p>Nalidixic acid sodium salt is a sodium salt form of nalidixic acid with similar action and applications as nalidixic acid.</p>

<p>Cephradine is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections like urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and skin infections.</p>

<p>Herbicidin E is a potent herbicidal compound, derived from blue-green algae, with a biochemical mode of action focused on inhibiting photosynthetic electron transport. It effectively disrupts the photosynthetic process by binding to specific sites within the chloroplasts of target plants, impairing their ability to convert light energy into chemical energy. This leads to a depletion of essential energy reserves, resulting in the controlled demise of the plant.</p>

<p>Membrane-disrupting agent</p>

<p>5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate is an antibacterial compound with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is active against strains resistant to other antibiotics, such as, tetracycline and penicillin. 5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate has been shown to be effective in vitro against Campylobacter jejuni - the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. The compound also inhibits the growth cycle of Campylobacter jejuni by arresting the cells at the G1 phase. The molecule has been shown to inhibit DNA synthesis in E. coli and S. typhimurium with IC50 values of 1 ÎŒM and 0.8 ÎŒM respectively. This molecule has been tested for its surface active properties and it can be used as an additive in personal care products for improved wetting and spreading on surfaces. The compound is also researched for its antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans by inhibiting the growth cycle of the fungus.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>Neomycin, one of the many oligosaccharide containing antibiotics, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in Streptomyces fradiae (Collins, 2006) with wide spectrum, active against Gram-negative Gram-positive bacteria. Neomycin is commony used as a selection marker in cloning, and is therefore used in growth media to select colonies with the neomycin resistance cassette integrated into their genome. Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (Framycetin) and its epimer Neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture.</p>

<p>Alvespimycin hydrochloride is a chemical inhibitor that binds and inhibits the ATP-binding site of Hsp90, an enzyme involved in protein synthesis. This inhibition prevents the release of other proteins that are needed for protein synthesis, leading to cell death. Alvespimycin hydrochloride has been shown to have anti-cancer properties in vitro assays. Alvespimycin hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin</p>

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>A semi-synthetic beta-lactamase inhibitor</p>

<p>Epioxytetracycline is a degradation product of the antibiotic oxytetracycline. It has been found in wastewater.</p>

<p>Ranimycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from a natural microbial source. It exhibits bactericidal activity by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, thereby preventing bacterial cell growth and proliferation. This disruption of protein synthesis is achieved through binding to the bacterial ribosome, effectively halting the process of translating mRNA into vital bacterial proteins, which are essential for their survival and replication.</p>

Nystatin is an antifungal compound, which is produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces noursei*. It functions by binding to ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes, creating pores that lead to increased membrane permeability. This disruption results in the leakage of essential cellular components, ultimately causing cell death.

<p>Chemoterapeutic agent; DNA crosslinker</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Cycloheximide is produced by the bacteria Streptomyces griseus. In eukaryotic organisms, it acts as an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, interfering with protein elongation by binding to the E-site of ribosomes after two elongation cycles. It has many in vitro applications, with the most popular being to determine a protein’s half-life. It is used as an antifungal in VTM. It does not appear to inhibit cell culture or viral replication at a concentration of 10ug/ml.</p>

<p>Oritavancin is a semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety of peptidoglycan precursors. It has been shown to be active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium perfringens. Oritavancin also inhibits the growth of thp-1 cells in vitro and has been shown to be effective against endocarditis caused by MRSA.</p>

Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor

<p>Norfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating urinary tract infections and gonorrhea.</p>

Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic that is used for the treatment of bacterial infections in different locations such as the skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract. This drug works by inhibiting mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. As a result, bacteria will produce defective cell walls leading to cell death.

Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division.

<p>Inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase; inhibitor of protein synthesis</p>

<p>Inhibitor of RNA synthesis</p>

<p>Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV</p>

<p>Antibiotic of tetracycline class; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Tobramycin used to treat severe infections with gram-negative bacteria and it is often applied in combination with beta-lactams. It has similar antimicrobial effects to gentamicin and is effective against all Enterobacteriacae, but more effective than gentamicin against P. aeruginosa, which is why it is often used for gentamicin-resistant strains, especially in the case of cystic fibrosis.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>Cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections like strep throat, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

C-390 is an antibacterial agent. Selective isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other bacterial species when added to an agar medium.

<p>Hygromycin B binds near the A site of 16S rRNA and induces errors in the code by inhibition of translocation of peptydil-tRNA, however to a lesser extent compared to other aminoglycosides. Hygromycin B is efficient against bacteria, fungi and other eukaryotic cells, but more often used for the selection of eukaryotic cells including yeasts, such as, P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae, and mammalian cell lines, such as, CHO.</p>

<p>Second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic</p>

<p>N-Desmethyl clarithromycin is a metabolite of clarithromycin with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for studying clarithromycin pharmacokinetics.</p>

<p>Albomitomycin A is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from the fermentation of specific Streptomyces species. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacterial cells, specifically targeting the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interference with ribosomal function ultimately disrupts the production of essential proteins, leading to bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Cephalosporin antibiotic; interferes with cell wall biosynthesis</p>

Amphotericin B is a macrocycle antibiotic first isolated from Streptomyces nodosus. Its antifungal activity is exerted by interacting with the fungal membrane, mainly ergosterol, and inducing pore formation. The increase in membrane permeability causes loss of ions and cell death. The C-2’ hydroxyl residue of the mycosamine carbohydrate moiety in the structure seems to have a major role in binding to ergosterol. It is used in cell culture to prevent growth of microbial contaminants, such as yeast and fungi. It is recommended by the WHO and CDC as an antifungal component for VTM at a concentration of 250ug/ml.

<p>Amicetin is a type of antibiotic, which is derived from bacterial sources, specifically from Streptomyces species. It functions primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria, achieved through interfering with the aminoacyl-tRNA binding process on the ribosome. This mechanism disrupts the translation process, thereby preventing bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Puromycin is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Puromycin resistance gene (pac) is a common choice for the selection of mammalian cells since its first application in 1988, especially for therapeutic proteins in mammalian cells where it was used to produce high levels of protein of interest. Puromycin can also be used as a selection marker for Archea.</p>

<p>Ketolide; binds bacterial ribosomes and inhibits translation</p>

<p>Cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and ear infections.</p>

<p>A fluoroquinolone antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This second-generation fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum of action and is more effective against Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Fluoroquinolone; inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>9-Erythromycin 9-oxime is an activty inpurity, binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria.</p>

<p>Nadifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA synthesis and is used for treating acne vulgaris and bacterial skin infections.</p>

<p>A macrolide, broad-spectrum antibiotic that targets cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). Clarithromycin has been used to potentiate the pharmacological effects of some drugs that are metabolised by the cytochrome P450.</p>

Monensin methyl ester is a neutral analog of monensin with action as an ionophore for sodium ion transport and is used for research in ion-selective electrodes and analytical chemistry.

<p>Sangivamycin is a nucleoside analog with action as a protein kinase C inhibitor and is used for research on antiviral and anticancer therapies.</p>

Cerulenin is an antifungal antibiotic with action on fatty acid and steroid biosynthesis inhibition and is used for studying lipid metabolism and cancer research.

<p>Oxacillin sodium monohydrate is a hydrated form of oxacillin sodium with similar action and applications as oxacillin sodium.</p>

Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor

<p>Chemotherapy for bladder cancer; semi-synthetic analog of doxorubicin</p>

<p>Inhibitor of beta-lactamase; inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; beta-lactam class</p>

<p>Cinoxacin is a quinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA synthesis inhibition and is used for treating urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Antibiotic of penicillin class; inhibits bacterial cell wall biogenesis</p>

<p>Dequalinium chloride is a quaternary ammonium compound that has been discovered to be an inhibitor of the cytopathic effects of some syndrome viruses. It is able to inhibit the replication of the virus in various clinical isolates and in cell culture models. Dequalinium chloride also inhibits acetylcholine receptor-mediated endocytosis, which is one of the mechanisms by which cells resist infection. The mechanism by which dequalinium chloride inhibits acetylcholine receptor-mediated endocytosis is not yet known, but it has been suggested that it might be due to its inhibitory activity on mitochondrial uncoupler proteins. This property may make dequalinium chloride an effective treatment against bacterial infections and respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis and asthma.</p>

Cefepime dihydrochloride monohydrate is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections, including pneumonia and urinary tract infections.

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>α-Apo-oxytetracycline is a degradation product of oxytetracycline with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research on antibiotic activity and bacterial resistance.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Neomycin, one of the many oligosaccharide containing antibiotics, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in Streptomyces fradiae (Collins, 2006) with wide spectrum, active against Gram-negative Gram-positive bacteria. Neomycin is commony used as a selection marker in cloning, and is therefore used in growth media to select colonies with the neomycin resistance cassette integrated into their genome. Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (Framycetin) and its epimer Neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture.</p>

<p>Benethamine penicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin. It is sourced from the modification of naturally occurring penicillin compounds, typically produced through the fermentation of Penicillium mold cultures. Benethamine penicillin operates by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It targets the penicillin-binding proteins within bacterial cell membranes, disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linking, which is essential for cell wall structural integrity. This leads to cell lysis and death in susceptible bacteria.</p>