Organometallic Ligands

<p>Lenalidomide is a thalidomide derivative that is used to treat multiple myeloma and anemia. This drug exerts immunomodulatory effects by altering cytokine production. Lenalidomide also directly inhibits the cullin ring E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.</p>

<p>Long-acting β2-agonist; bronchodilator</p>

<p>Prasugrel is a thienopyridine prodrug that inhibits the enzyme ADP-dependent P2Y purinergic receptor. Prasugrel inhibits platelet aggregation and the formation of blood clots by blocking the conversion of ADP to ATP on the surface of platelets, thus preventing the release of serotonin from platelets. The reaction products formed by prasugrel are similar to those formed by clopidogrel and include hydrogen sulfate ions and a thiol-containing metabolite. It has also been shown to have potent cytotoxic activity against melanoma cells and anti-inflammatory properties. <br>Prasugrel is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Leflunomide is a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor drug that is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Although its mechanism of action is not fully determined, this drug has shown to interfere with cell cycle progression by inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and has shown antiproliferative activity. As a result of this, it interferes with the expansion of activated autoimmune lymphocytes. Additionally, Leflunomide is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.</p>

<p>Ipratropium is an ammonium derivative of atropine and acts as an anticholinergic drug that is used for the control of bronchospasms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This drug is an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and produces an inhibitor of the parasympathetic system. As a result, this leads to bronchodilation and fewer bronchial secretions.</p>

<p>Imiquimod maleate is an immune response modifier, which is a synthetic compound sourced from chemical synthesis. Its mode of action involves the activation of the immune system through the stimulation of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), leading to the induction of various cytokines, such as interferon-alpha, that initiate an antiviral and anti-tumor response.</p>

<p>γ-secretase inhibitor; reduces amyloid-β in brainÂ</p>

<p>Inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation which acts on the F0F1 ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane and causes acute increase in mitochondrial membrane potential. Gboxin was shown to accumulate in mitochondria of cancer cells, to cause cellular toxicity and cell growth inhibition in mouse glioblastoma. However, Gboxin did not inhibit growth of mouse embryonic fibroblasts or neonatal astrocytes.</p>

<p>Selective A2 adenosine receptor agonist. Increases cardiac output in rats with acute heart failure, mediated by reduced venous resistance and raised heart rate. Demonstrates neuroprotective properties by lowering blood cell infiltrates and neuroinflammation in ischemic cerebral tissue.</p>

<p>Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione drug that is used in combination with diet change and exercise to treat glycemic levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This drug is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and increases glucose uptake. In animal studies, Pioglitazone has shown to have anti-inflammatory properties.</p>

<p>Specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier complexes MPC1 and MPC2. The compound blocks the pyruvate transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane and therefore reduces pyruvate influx into the gluconeogenesis. It supresses glucose production in hepatocytes and was proposed for the control of hyperglycaemia in diabetic patients. Also used for the sensitisation of cancer cell lines to chemotherapy.</p>

<p>An agonist of 5-HT1A serotonin receptors. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective activities have been demonstrated in neurodegenerative models in vivo. This is mediated by increasing the secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF), when tested in astrocytes in vitro. Anti-nociceptive activity was displayed in a model of acute tonic nociceptive and inflammatory pain.</p>

<p>Ractopamine hydrochloride is a beta-agonist that stimulates the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing food intake and weight gain in pigs. It has been shown to have significant interactions with other drugs used for bowel disease, as well as with sodium carbonate, which can be used for control analysis. Ractopamine hydrochloride is an effective drug to stimulate the release of estradiol benzoate in rats during pregnancy. The matrix effect observed when analyzing samples containing ractopamine hydrochloride may be due to its ability to bind to serum proteins or lipids. This drug has been shown to have molecular docking properties that are similar to those found in other molecules.</p>

<p>Trkc active human is a bioengineered protein, which is a synthetic derivative of the TRKC (tropomyosin receptor kinase C) receptor. This product is derived from recombinant DNA technology, utilizing expression systems to produce a functionally active protein that mimics the natural receptor found in human cells. Its mode of action involves the specific binding and activation of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), a critical signaling molecule in the nervous system.</p>

<p>S1RA hydrochloride is a selective antagonist targeting the sigma-1 receptor, which is a type of small molecule ligand. It is synthesized chemically, enabling precise modulation of its properties for experimental use. S1RA functions by selectively inhibiting the sigma-1 receptor, a chaperone protein involved in modulating ion channels and other receptors within the endoplasmic reticulum. This modulation plays a critical role in various cellular processes, including calcium signaling and cellular stress responses.</p>

<p>Competitive inhibitor of ceramide-glycosyltransferase used for substrate reduction therapy in lysosomal storage disorders. It inhibits glucosylceramide synthase, which catalyses the initial step in glycosphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. This compound delays the onset of symptoms in type 1 Gaucher disease, Sandhoff disease and Tay-Sachs disease. It also reduces brain abnormalities in mucolipidosis type IV.</p>

<p>CholecystokininB (CCKB) receptor antagonist</p>

<p>Used to treat multiple sclerosis; anti-inflammatory</p>

<p>Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug that is used to treat erosive esophagitis and promotes healing of tissue damage caused by gastric acid. It is used for the management of GERD. Through the proton pump inhibition, the formation of hydrochloric acid is inhibited thus inhibiting gastric secretion.</p>

<p>NButGT (N-butyryl-glucosamine-1,5-lactone O-(phenylcarbamoyl)oxime) is a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme responsible for removing O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modifications from proteins. It effectively increases O-GlcNAc levels in cells and tissues without altering hexosamine biosynthetic pathway enzyme expression. It has also been shown that NButGT rapidly increases O-GlcNAcylation of mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and metabolism. While effective, NButGT served as a precursor to more potent OGA inhibitors like Thiamet-G. These findings highlight NButGT's importance as a tool for studying O-GlcNAcylation in various biological contexts, particularly in cardiac and neurological research. For example, in recent cardiac studies, NButGT pretreatment has demonstrated an improvement in cardiac output and mitochondrial respiration when combined with epinephrine.</p>

<p>Bromocriptine is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of galactorrhoea which is due to hyperprolactinemia and other prolactin-related conditions. This drug is an ergot alkaloid derivative that inhibits prolactin secretion. Additionally, it can be used to management signs and symptoms of Parkinsonian syndrome. Research has indicated this drug for pulmonary fibrosis as well.</p>

<p>Modulator of S1P receptor</p>

<p>Inhibitor of chymotrypsin</p>

<p>Masitinib is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of c-Kit, PDGFR and FGFR3 tyrosine. It is an antineoplastic which has been studied for applications in a range of human diseases including Alzheimers and cancer and is currently used to treat mast cell tumours in animals. As part of a screening study, Masitinib was shown to be highly effective in blocking SARs-CoV-2 replication.</p>

<p>Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist</p>

<p>Inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC)</p>

<p>2-adrenoceptor agonist; bronchodilator</p>

<p>A selective and potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2). Raises cAMP and cGMP levels in neurons, improves social recognition and object memory in murine animals. Reverses anxiolytic effects induced by oxidative stress in mice by blocking cGMP-PKG signaling.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of immunophilin FKBP12 and mTOR signalling with immunosuppressant activity. Zotarolimus inhibits proliferation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells and is employed in vascular interventional therapies.</p>

<p>Teniposide is a cytotoxic drug that is used in the treatment of refractory childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It has antitumour activity. It is a type II topoisomerase inhibitor. This drug inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of lactate uptake and efflux via monocarboxylate transporter MCT1. The blockade of lactate transport with BAY 8002 leads to accumulation of lactate and pyruvate in cells. The MCT1 inhibition decreased tumour growth most effectively in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines and in subsets of solid tumour models.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of the transient receptor vanilloid channel, specific for the TRPV2 subtype with IC50 value of 0.46 μM. In human prostate cancer cells, SET2 inhibited cell migration but did not affect cell survival. SET2 has been proposed as a potential anti-cancer and anti-metastatic agent.</p>

<p>S6821 is a synthetic compound classified as a selective inhibitor, which is derived through chemical synthesis processes. The compound functions by targeting specific molecular pathways involved in cellular processes, primarily through inhibition of particular enzymes or signaling proteins. This selective inhibition allows for precise modulation of biochemical pathways, providing insight into cellular mechanisms and disease pathology.</p>

<p>Azocasein is a chromogenic substrate, which is derived from casein, with azo dye linkages. It functions by undergoing hydrolysis in the presence of proteolytic enzymes, resulting in the release of soluble azo dye fragments that can be quantified spectrophotometrically. This mode of action allows for the measurement of protease activity by evaluating the intensity of the color change, typically at an absorbance wavelength of around 350-440 nm.</p>

<p>Forskolin is a compound derived from the medicinal plant Coleus forskohlii. As an activator of adenylate cyclase, Forskolin causes increases cellular levels of cAMP, and can be used in cell physiology research. It also has antihypertensive, platelet aggregation inhibitory and smooth muscle relaxant effects.</p>

<p>Estrogen receptor degrader; therapeutic use in breast cancer</p>

<p>HS-1371 is a selective chemical inhibitor targeting specific enzymes, which is derived from synthetic organic compounds with a high affinity for its target proteins. It functions by selectively binding to the active site of the enzyme, inhibiting its activity and subsequently influencing downstream signaling pathways within the cell. This mode of action allows researchers to dissect complex biochemical pathways and assess the impact of enzyme inhibition on cellular functions.</p>

<p>A potent inhibitor of STING protein (stimulator of interferon genes), a protein that partakes in intracellular DNA sensing pathway.  H 151 blocks palmitoylation of STING, which is required for the formation of multimeric complexes for recruiting downstream signalling molecules. Inhibition of STING by H 151 reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of serotonin reuptake</p>

<p>Microtubule disrupter; anti-mitotic drug; anti-cancer alkaloid</p>

<p>Temozolomide is an imidazotetrazine alkylating agent. It has anti-tumor activity against a broad spectrum of tumors, such as leukemias, lymphomas and solid tumors. Temozolomide induces G2/M arrest, preventing cells from entering mitosis and, therefore, apoptosis. As a drug resistance-modifying agent it is used for studying drug resistance mechanisms in glioblastoma cell lines.</p>

<p>AP 1903 is a synthetic small molecule, which acts as a dimerizer ligand. It is derived from the modification of the macrolide antibiotic rapamycin to remove its immunosuppressive effects, thus enabling targeted control of cellular processes. The mode of action involves binding to engineered receptors on the cell surface that contain drug-dependent domains. This binding triggers the dimerization of these receptors, leading to downstream signaling and subsequent cellular responses.</p>

<p>A highly potent antagonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (IC50 values = 21 nM and 14 nM at human mGluR2 and mGluR3 respectively). LY 341495 also inhibits group I and III mGluRs with lower potencies (IC50 values = 0.17, 7.8 and 8.2 µM at mGluR8, mGluR1a and mGluR5a respectively). There has been contradicting findings on the antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of this compound. Enhanced cognitive function and locomotor activity have also been described for LY 341495.</p>

<p>Inhibits FGFR family of kinases; antineoplastic; anti-angiogenic</p>

<p>Ambrisentan is a type A endothelin receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. This drug selectively targets the endothelin type A receptor and inhibits its action by preventing vasoconstriction as the endothelin type A receptor promotes vasoconstriction and cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Pravastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that is used to lower lipid levels and manage cardiovascular events such as strokes and myocardial infarction. This drug inhibits HMG-CoA reductase allowing for a reduction in the level of cholesterol.</p>

<p>KBU2046 is an antimicrobial peptide, which is derived from natural or synthetic peptide sequences with potential therapeutic properties. It exerts its effects by disrupting the structure and integrity of bacterial cell membranes through the formation of pores or micelles. This action alters membrane permeability, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Promotes binding of vWf to glycoproteins on platelets, inducing aggregation</p>

<p>Inhibitor of PDE4 enzyme</p>

<p>Positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of cannabinoid receptors CB2. The C2 modulator is the first synthetic PAM of CB2 receptors with antinociceptive properties, which were observed in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.</p>

<p>Dopamine reuptake inhibitor; ligand of sigma receptors</p>

<p>Glucocorticoid receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory</p>

<p>17:0-20:4 Pi (4,5) P2 is a synthetic phosphoinositide, which is a chemically defined lipid derived from laboratory synthesis. It features a specific acyl chain composition with a heptadecanoic acid (17:0) at the sn-1 position and an arachidonic acid (20:4) at the sn-2 position. This phosphoinositide mimics naturally occurring phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), an essential component of cellular membranes.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of CDK2, JAK2 and FLT3; anticancer</p>

<p>Inhibits MET, VEGFR1-3, Tie and Ron tyrosine kinases; antineoplastic</p>

<p>Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B that is found in food and it used to treat many conditions such as pellagra and acne. It replenishes cellular energy and has anti-inflammatory effects. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of the enzyme SIRT1 in vitro but can be a stimulator in cells.</p>

<p>Aniracetam is a nootropic drug that is used to alleviate memory disturbances caused by cerebrovascular disease and brain disorders. This drug has anti-depressive and anxiolytic properties and is said to target serotonin and dopamine receptors.</p>

<p>Mirtazapine is a potent and selective antagonist of the presynaptic α2-adrenergic receptors. It is an atypical tetracyclic antidepressant and is used primarily to treat depression. Mirtazapine inhibits the central presynaptic α2-adrenergic receptors, which causes an increased release of serotonin and norepinephrine.</p>

<p>Hispolon is a naturally occurring polyketide compound, which is derived from the mushroom Phellinus linteus, commonly found in Asia. This compound is known for its diverse biological activities, primarily functioning as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor agent. The mode of action of hispolon involves the modulation of multiple cellular pathways. It has been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells by triggering intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Additionally, hispolon exhibits the ability to inhibit the NF-κB pathway, subsequently decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and leading to an anti-inflammatory effect.</p>

<p>Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist</p>

<p>Rensocatib is a reversible inhibitor of DPP-1, also known as cathepsin C, which is a peptidase involved in the activation of neutrophil, an elastase-like serine protease in lung tissue. Brensocatib is an oral drug used to treat infections of the airways (lungs) that are characterised by a permanent enlargement and presenting symptoms such as, coughing and greater mucus production (bronchiectasis). Alternative names of brensocatib are INS-1007 and AZD7986.</p>

<p>Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce inflammation, relieve pain and reduce fever. The mechanism of action of ibuprofen has not been fully elucidated, but it may be due to inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase and thus decreasing the synthesis of prostaglandins allowing a reduction of pain and inflammation.</p>

<p>Adefovir is an antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) analogue that works by blocking reverse transcriptase. This drug is used to treat infections associated with Hepatitis B.</p>

<p>Selective and potent inhibitor of glucose transporter GLUT1 with IC50 of 2 nM. The compound limits glucose uptake and is able to block basal as well as stress-regulated glycolysis in ovarian cancer cells. It supresses proliferation, viability and tumorigenicity of ovarian cancer cells.</p>

<p>Amiodarone, a class III anti-arrhythmic agent is used to treat and prevent certain types of irregular heartbeats. It is a competitor for natural ligands of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, histamine H1 receptors, and serotonin 5HT2A/5HT2C receptors. Amiodarone has been shown to reduce the number of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with structural heart disease, and has been used to treat atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. It has also been used in the prevention of myocardial infarcts due to its ability to modify blood pressure and maintain cardiac function. In addition, amiodarone inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes. This prevents inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and reduces bowel disease symptoms such as cramping or diarrhoea.<br>Amiodarone HCl is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Palonosetron is a selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. It is an antinauseant and antiemetic agent that has been shown to be effective in preventing nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery. By directly inhibiting serotonin activity in the region postrema and the chemoreceptor trigger zone, the inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors also prevents the visceral afferent stimulation of the vomiting center.</p>

<p>SIRT1 activator</p>

<p>Inhibits MEK1 and MEK2 kinases; targeted therapy for melanoma</p>

<p>Moclobemide is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used to treat major depressive disorder and dipolar disorder. This drug’s mechanism of action involves the reversible inhibition of the enzyme MAO-A. The inhibition of this enzyme results in a decreased metabolism and destruction of neurotransmitters thus relieving the symptoms of depression and bipolar disorder.</p>

<p>Tubulin ligand which promotes microtubule assembly and stabilises microtubule cytoskeleton against depolymerisation. The compound has anti-tumoral activity since its interference with cytoskeleton dynamics affects the assembly of mitotic spindle, segregation of chromosomes, cell division and blocks the cell cycle in G1 or M phase. The compound is also used for the purification of tubulin or microtubule-associated proteins.</p>

<p>Potent and selective inhibitor of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), by binding to the K27me3-pocket of the regulatory EED subunit. Inhibits H3K27 methylation in histone 3. Has anti-tumor activity in murine xenograft models. Synergistic with EZH2 inhibitor against cancer cell growth.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of BET bromodomain</p>

<p>SHP099 is an allosteric inhibitor of the SHP2 protein, which is derived from targeted small-molecule drug development. Its mode of action involves binding to SHP2 in a region distinct from the catalytic site, thereby stabilizing the protein in its auto-inhibited conformation and preventing activation. This disrupts downstream signaling pathways mediated by SHP2, a protein-tyrosine phosphatase essential in promoting oncogenic signaling through the RAS/MAPK pathway.</p>

<p>N-ω-Propyl-L-arginine is a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). This enzyme is involved in the production of nitric oxide, which plays important roles in various physiological and pathological processes in the body. N-ω-Propyl-L-arginine selectively inhibits nNOS, preventing the conversion of L-arginine to nitric oxide. This makes it a useful tool for studying the role of nNOS in various Life Sciences fields, such as neuroscience and cardiovascular research. It can also be used as an enzyme modulator or ligand in drug discovery studies targeting nNOS.<br>N-ω-Propyl-L-arginine is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Pomalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent that inhibits transcriptional regulation by interacting with the pomalidomide-binding protein, which prevents its interaction with RNA polymerase II and thereby prevents DNA transcription. The study with U266 cells demonstrated that pomalidomide targets CRBN, part of an E3 ligase complex, and inhibits its autoubiquinitation and supresses a critical gene (IRF4, interferon regulatory factor 4) for myeloma cell growth with concentrations up to 10 μM. In vitro assays have shown that pomalidomide has inhibitory effects on cell signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB pathway. Pomalidomide also decreases the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and IL-1β, by inhibiting their synthesis or their release from activated monocytes. Recently, the promoting effect of pomalidomide, as its analog lenalidomide, on erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) has been investigated, demonstrating positive results for its use as a potential new therapy agent for β-hemoglobinopathies.<br>Pomalidomide is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>(R)-Phenylephrine is a non-selective α1-adrenoceptor agonist that can be used as a bronchodilator or vasopressor. The biological effects of this compound are due to its ability to cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells and increase blood pressure by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors in the body. Also, this drug is used to relieve nasal discomfort caused by colds and allergies and is used to relieve sinus congestion and pressure.</p>

<p>Clebopride is a dopamine antagonist drug that is used in the treatment of symptoms associated with gastrointestinal disorders. This drug is also used to treat nausea and vomiting. Clebopride blocks dopamine to allow an increase in the release of acetylcholine so that muscle movement in the digestive system is increased.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of HIF-prolyl hydroxylase isozymes PHD1, PHD2 and PHD3 with Ki in nanomolar range. The compound mimics the binding of N-oxalylglycine, chelates catalytic iron and prevents substrate entry into catalytic site. Inhibition of PHD enzymes leads to stabilization of hypoxia-induced factors HIF1α and HIF2α, followed by the production of erythropoietin (EPO).</p>

<p>Febuxostat is a non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is used for the treatment and management of hyperuricemia and chronic gouty arthritis. Febuxostat inhibits the uptake of uric acid from the blood into cells and thereby reduces its concentration in plasma. Additionally, this drug has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.</p>

<p>Ziprasidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that is used to manage schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and agitation. This drug binds to serotonin and dopamine receptors. As a result it enhances modulation of mood and improves overall cognition.</p>

<p>Inhibits aromatic amino acid decarboxylase</p>

<p>Agonist of A3 adenosine receptor; antineoplastic</p>

<p>Inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I</p>

<p>Spla2-X Inhibitor 31 is a chemical inhibitor specifically targeting the human secreted phospholipase A2 group X (sPLA2-X), which is derived synthetically through chemical synthesis. Its mode of action involves binding to the active site of sPLA2-X, effectively blocking its enzymatic activity. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids, leading to the release of arachidonic acid, a precursor for bioactive lipids involved in inflammation and other cellular processes.</p>

<p>Cladribine is a purine nucleoside analogue that interferes with DNA synthesis by acting as a false building block in the DNA chain during replication. Cladribine is incorporated into the growing DNA chain, causing chain termination and leading to DNA damage, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and ultimately cell death. Cladribine is structurally similar to adenosine, but is partially resistant to breakdown by adenosine deaminase due to a chlorine molecule at position 2. This causes it to accumulate in cells and interfere with the targeted cell's ability to process DNA. This mechanism of action makes cladribine an effective treatment for certain types of cancer and autoimmune diseases, where it targets rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of metalloendopeptidase neprilysin</p>

<p>Histamine (H1) receptor antagonist; anti-ulcer agent</p>

<p>Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that has been used in treatment trials for major depressive disorder. It has been shown to be effective in combination therapy with other drugs, such as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). The drug's mechanism of action is not well understood but is said to increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine by inhibiting their reuptake.</p>

<p>Amlexanox is an antiallergic and anti-inflammatory drug that has been shown to be effective in treating rhinitis and allergic asthma in clinical studies. It prevents the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from being released chemically as a mediator and may have antagonistic effects on interleukin-3.</p>

<p>Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) agonist</p>

<p>WIN 64338 hydrochloride is a bradykinin receptor antagonist that inhibits the action of bradykinin, an inflammatory and pain-causing agent.  It also blocks the binding of bradykinin to its receptors, thereby preventing their activation which causes inflammation and pain.  The affinity values for WIN 64338 hydrochloride at the bradykinin B2 receptor are more than 1000 times greater than those at the bradykinin B1 receptor.</p>