Terpenoids

8(17)14-Labdadiene-13,18-diol is a diterpene, a class of chemical compounds known for their diverse structural traits and biological activities. This compound is derived from Picea sitchensis, commonly known as Sitka spruce, which is native to the western regions of North America. The diterpene structure of 8(17)14-Labdadiene-13,18-diol is significant due to its potential biological interactions.

S-Petasin is a standard botanical extract derived from Petasites japonicus, commonly known as sweet coltsfoot. This product is characterized by its anti-inflammatory properties, primarily sourced from bioactive sesquiterpenes naturally occurring in the plant. The mode of action of S-Petasin involves the inhibition of leukotriene synthesis and the modulation of inflammatory pathways, which can reduce allergic reactions and inflammatory processes.

Peduncloside II is a rare glucoside, a type of chemical compound, that is naturally derived from specific plant sources. The source of Peduncloside II is primarily the traditional medicinal plant, which has been utilized in various indigenous pharmacopeias, particularly in certain regions of Asia. It is isolated from plant tissues where it functions as a secondary metabolite.

Ginsenoside F11 is a saponin compound, which is a bioactive component derived from Panax quinquefolius, commonly known as American ginseng. This compound is extracted from the roots of the plant, where it naturally occurs as part of its complex phytochemical profile. Ginsenoside F11 acts through multiple biochemical pathways, primarily by modulating neurotransmitter systems and exhibiting antioxidant properties. It influences cellular mechanisms by interacting with specific receptors and enzymes, thereby affecting signal transduction processes.

Ginsenoside Rc is a bioactive compound, which is a triterpenoid saponin derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant. It possesses a unique mode of action through its interaction with cell membrane receptors, influencing various signaling pathways. Among its many effects, Ginsenoside Rc modulates immune response, exhibits antioxidant properties, and can regulate glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function.

Applications (R)-(-)-Carvone, is an antinociceptive monoterpene found as the main active constituent of essential oils obtained from plants of the genus Mentha. It is a novel agonist of TRPV1 channels. It can also be used as a chiral starting material.
References Goncalves, J.C., et al.: Cytometry part A., 83(2), 212 (2013); Liebigs ann., Chem., 403 (1993);

Linalool - synthetic grade is a versatile terpene alcohol, which is synthetically produced from petrochemicals. Its mode of action involves interacting with olfactory receptors, which contributes to its characteristic floral aroma. Additionally, linalool is involved in various biochemical transformations, often acting as an intermediate in chemical reactions due to its reactive functional groups.

3-Acetyl-beta-boswellic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, which is derived from the resin of the Boswellia serrata tree. It exhibits significant biological activity, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory properties. The mode of action primarily involves the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme crucial in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, which are mediators in inflammatory and allergic responses. Additionally, it has been shown to modulate various signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in inflammation.

Applications Benzoylpaeoniflorin is a derivative of Paeoniflorin (P133830), a monoterpene glycoside with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Paeoniflorin inhibits monocyte phagocytosis, or the TNF-α and PGE-2 production of monocytes.
References Zhu, X. et al.: Nat. Prod. Res., 28, 301(2014); Di, W. et al.: Int. Immunopharmacol.,, 14, 172 (2012);

Lanatoside B is a cardiac glycoside, which is a type of compound obtained from the leaves of the Digitalis lanata plant, commonly known as woolly foxglove. This compound belongs to a class of organic substances known for their potent effects on the heart's contractile capability. The primary mode of action of Lanatoside B involves inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase enzyme in cardiac tissues. This inhibition leads to an increase in intracellular sodium concentration, which subsequently boosts calcium ions available for myocardial contraction via the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism.

Lucidenic acid P is a triterpenoid compound, which is a bioactive metabolite isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, a medicinal mushroom known for its diverse pharmacological properties. It is primarily sourced from the fruiting bodies of this fungus, where it is present as part of a complex mixture of triterpenoids.

(+)-Cembrene is a diterpene hydrocarbon, which is a naturally occurring compound primarily found in marine organisms such as soft corals. This compound is characterized by its complex cyclic structure, which is a hallmark of many terpenoids known for diverse biological activities. The source of (+)-Cembrene is often the soft coral species, where it functions as a part of the organism's chemical defense system, deterring predators and inhibiting microbial growth.

(-)-trans-Pinocarveol is a bicyclic monoterpene alcohol, which occurs naturally in a variety of essential oils, typically extracted from coniferous trees and some aromatic plants. As a chiral compound, it features a unique molecular configuration, often isolated from the Pinaceae family or synthesized via dihydroxylation of pinene derivatives.

Pseudolaric acid A beta-D-glucoside is a bioactive compound, which is a natural product derived from Pseudolarix amabilis, a species of tree native to certain regions of China. It belongs to the diterpenoid family, known for their diverse structural features and significant biological activities. This compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through interactions with cellular pathways, modulating specific enzymatic activities and receptor responses, which can lead to varying effects at the cellular and molecular levels.

Lanatoside A is a cardiac glycoside found in the plant "Lantana camara" and other plants of the family Verbenaceae. Lanatoside A is structurally characterized by an oxygenated hydroxyl group at C-3, which is present in the natural compound secoisolariciresinol. It has been shown to have inhibitory effects on enzymes involved in congestive heart failure such as myosin light chain kinase and serine/threonine protein kinase. Lanatoside A also has been shown to have immunomodulatory properties and may be beneficial for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The enzyme activities are inhibited by lanatosides at low pH values (pH 5-6) but not at high pH values (pH 7-8).

Prosaikogenin G is a saponin derivative, which is a bioactive compound commonly found in medicinal plants, traditionally used in Eastern medicine. Saponins are naturally occurring glycosides, and they have a wide range of biological activities due to their amphiphilic nature. Prosaikogenin G is specifically sourced from Bupleurum species, a well-known genus in herbal medicine. These compounds have been extensively studied for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.

Congmunoside V is a triterpenoid saponin, which is a bioactive compound isolated from the plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum, also known as Jiaogulan. This plant is traditionally recognized in herbal medicine and is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, primarily found in East Asia. Triterpenoid saponins are a class of chemical compounds composed of a sapogenin (triterpene) attached to sugar moieties, which confer a variety of biological activities.

Illudin S is a sesquiterpene toxin, which is a naturally occurring compound isolated from several species of fungi belonging to the genus Omphalotus, such as Omphalotus olearius, commonly known as the Jack-o'-lantern mushroom. Its mode of action involves alkylating DNA, which leads to DNA cross-linking and subsequent inhibition of DNA synthesis. This mechanism renders it highly cytotoxic, as it can induce cell death by disrupting normal cellular replication processes.

20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh1 is a bioactive compound, which is a secondary metabolite extracted from Panax ginseng, a medicinal plant widely utilized in traditional medicine. This ginsenoside functions by modulating various cellular pathways, interacting with nuclear receptors and signal transduction molecules, thus influencing immune responses, anti-inflammatory activities, and neuroprotective mechanisms.

Flavour and scent of grapefruit

Escin Ib is a natural saponin glycoside, which is derived from the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum, commonly known as horse chestnut. Its mode of action involves inhibiting the enzyme hyaluronidase, thereby reducing capillary permeability and effectively controlling edema and inflammation. Additionally, it acts by stabilizing lysosomal membranes, further contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects.

Dehydroandrographolide succinate is a pharmacological agent derived from the diterpenoid lactone, andrographolide, which is found in the plant *Andrographis paniculata*. This compound exhibits its mode of action primarily by modulating inflammatory pathways, including inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These actions contribute to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.

(-)-trans-Myrtanol is a type of monoterpenoid, classified as a terpene alcohol. It is primarily derived from essential oils found in various plants, including those in the coniferous and Lauraceae families. Myrtanol is a chiral compound, and its stereochemistry is vital for its biological activities.

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