Nucleosides and Nucleotides

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A metabolite of 6-Mercaptopurine.<br>References Parker, W., et al.: Cancer Res., 51, 2386 (1991) , Munagala, N., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 275, 37072 (2000), Guddat, L., et al.: Protein Sci., 11, 1626 (2002), Pinkel, D., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 11, 1826 (1993), Tripathy, D., et al.: Oncologist, 12, 375 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications Open ring Dapagliflozin. Dapagliflozin (D185370) impurity.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Fluorouracil EP Impurity F<br>Applications Ethoxy-5-fluoro-4(3H)-pyrimidinone (Fluorouracil EP Impurity F) is a derivative of 5-fluorouracil (3C,15N2 labelled, F596002) which is a potent antineoplastic agent in clinical use.<br>References Rudy, B.C., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 2, 221 (1973), Miyashita, O., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 29, 3181 (1981), Hansen, R.M., et al.: Cancer Invest., 9, 637 (1991),<br></p>

<p>Applications Cytidine derivative.<br>References Ueda, T., et al.: Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull., 22, 2377 (1974),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A nucleoside analog phosphates for topical use in the treatment of herpes virus infections. A topical treatment that seems to bypass a key mechanism responsible for resistance to Acyclovir.<br>References Furman, P., et al.: J. Virol., 32, 72 (1979), Darby, G., et al.: J. Gen. Virol., 48, 451 (1980),Prisbe, E., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 29, 671 (1986), Ellis, M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, 304 (1989),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Zidovudine EP Impurity A<br>Applications Stavudine (Zidovudine EP Impurity A) is used as an antiviral. A reverse transcriptase inhibitor.<br>References Mansuri, M.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 34, 637 (1990), Cretton, E.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 37, 1816 (1993), Browne, M.J., et al.: J. Infec. Dis., 167, 21 (1993)<br></p>

<p>Applications Isotope labelled Melamine (M208703), which forms synthetic resins with formaldehyde. It remains largely non-metabolized in male Wistar rats with 90% of the administered dose excreted in the urine (1,2) and thus acts as a non-protein nitrogen food additive found in milk (3). Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), environmental, and food contaminants.<br>References 1. Mast, R. et al.: Food Chem Toxicol. 1983 Dec;21(6):807-10.2. Smith, J. et al.: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;125(2):296-308.3. Anirudhan, T. et al.: Food Chem. 2017 Jul 15;227:85-92.<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of Lamivudine (L172500).<br>References Soudeyns, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 1386 (1991), Denapoli, L., et al.: Nucleosides Nucleotides, 12, 21 (1993),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Gemcitabine EP Impurity B<br>Applications 1’-Epi Gemcitabine Hydrochloride (Gemcitabine EP Impurity B) is an α-Anomer of Gemcitabine.<br>References Hertel, L.W., et al.: Cancer Res., 50, 4417 (1990), Abbruzzese, J.L., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 9, 491 (1991), Ruiz, V.W.T., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 46, 762 (1993),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 9-Carboxymethoxymethylguanine-13C2,15N is the labelled analog of 9-Carboxymethoxymethylguanine (C179990) which is a metabolite of Acyclovir (A192400-an antiviral, orally active acyclic nucleoside with inhibitory activity towards several herpes viruses).<br>References Collins, P., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 5, 431 (1979); Matsumoto, H., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 36, 1153 (1988); Whitley, R.J., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 327, 782 (1992); Gunness, P., et al.: Transl. Res., 158, 290 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications Floxuridine is an antiviral; antineoplastic.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Harris, M., et al.: Biophys. J., 4, 203 (1964),<br></p>

<p>Applications Dapagliflozin Keto Impurity is an impurity of Dapagliflozin (D185370), a sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor.<br>References Kasichayanula, S., et al.: Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 13, 47 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of (-)-Emtricitabine (E525000).<br>References Schinazi, R.F., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 36, 2423 (1992); Shockeor, J.P., et al.: Xenobioica, 26, 189 (1996); Feng, J.Y., et al.: FASEB J., 13, 1511 (1999); Molina, J.-M., et al.: J. Infec. Dis., 182, 599 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Azacytidine 2’,3’5’-O-triacetate is a useful compound for the treatment and prevention of cancer and disorders related to abnormal cell proliferation, hematological disorders, and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). It can be also used to synthesize 2'3'5'triacetyl-5-azacytidine which is a prodrug for azacitidine. Azacitidine is a FDA-appproved DNA metnyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor.<br>References Rajendiran, C., et al.: PCT Int. Appl. WO 2012135405 A1 20121004 (2012); Ziemba, A., et al.: Chemother Res Pract 965826, 9 (2011); Beisler, J. A., et al.: J. Carbohyd. Chem 4, 281 (1977)<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of the potent and selective inhibitor of HIV-1 replication, AZT.<br>References Brehm, J., et al.: Biochem., 47, 14020 (2008), von Kleist, M., et al.: Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 36, 532 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications Second generation purine nucleoside analog; antimetabolite that inhibits DNA synthesis and resists deamination by adenosine deaminase. Antineoplastic.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Gandhi, V., et al.: Clin. Cancer Res., 9, 6335 (2003), Kantarjian, H., et al.: Blood, 102, 2379 (2003), Faderl, S., et al.: Cancer, 103, 1985 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications A nucleoside analog used in the treatment of viral infections, including those caused by human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus.<br>References Faulds, D., et al.: Drugs, 39, 597 (1990), Greene, J., et al.: Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 32, 140 (1996), Poirier, M., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 199, 151 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications An intermediate in the preparation of thymidine derivatives<br>References el Kouni, M., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 51, 1687 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Adenosine 5’-Diphosphate-13C5 Ammonium Salt Hydrate is the isotope labelled analog of Adenosine 5’-Diphosphate Ammonium Salt Hydrate (A281700); a nucleoside diphosphate that interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets (P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1), to induce platelet activation. ADP in the blood is converted to adenosine by the action of ecto-ADPases, inhibiting further platelet activation via adenosine receptors.<br>References Gamba, G. et al.: Haematologia, 58, 1215 (1973); Dejana, E. et al.: Thromb. Haemost., 39, 135 (1978)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ganciclovir EP Impurity I<br>Applications O,O'-Dipropanal Ganciclovir (Ganciclovir EP Impurity I) is derived from Ganciclovir (G235000), which is a nucleoside analog structurally related to Acyclovir (A192400). Ganciclovir is an antiviral.<br>References Halloran, P.J. and Fenton, R.G.: Cancer Res., 58, 3855 (1998), Rubsam, L.Z., et al.: Cancer Res., 59, 669 (1999), Yamasaki, H., et al.: C.R. Acad. Sci. III, 322, 151 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Applications N-​[2-​(Methylthio)​ethyl]​-​2-​[(3,​3,​3-​trifluoropropyl)​thio]​-adenosine is used for developing platelet P2T receptor antagonists, which have potential applications for antithrombotic therapy.<br>References Ingall, A. H., et al.: J. Med. Chem. 42, 213 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Applications Hydrochloride salt metabolite of a metabolite of Famciclovir, an antiviral.<br>References Harnden, M.R., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 32, 1738 (1989)<br></p>

<p>Applications UDP-3-O[R-3-Hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetylglucosamine Tris Salt is a lipid A precursor for Escherichia coli.<br>References Anderson, M. S. et al.: Biochem., 27, 1908 (1988);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-[(S)-(4-Nitrophenoxy)phenoxyphosphinyl]-2-ethylbutyl Ester L-Alanine is used for the treatment of ebola and emerging viruses.<br>References Siegel, D., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 60, 1648-1661 (2017)<br></p>

<p>Applications Adenosine is a nucleotide.<br>References Long, X., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther., 335, 781 (2010); Ham, M., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther., 335, 607 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Antineoplastic.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Ross, W.C.J., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 13, 969 (1964); Donelli, M.G., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 18, 760 (1966), Furner, R.L., et al.: Cancer Treat. Rep., 64, 559 (1980),<br></p>

<p>Applications A constituent of nucleic acids. It was isolated from yeast nucleic acid.<br>References Parrou, J., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 248, 186 (1997), Phipps, A., et al.: Xenobiotica, 28, 527 (1998), Mohler, R., et al.: Anal. Chem., 78, 2700 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Cladribine 5’-Monophosphate Ammonium Salt can be used as an antiviral, antibacterial and antileukemic agent.<br>References Cook, P., et al.: U.S., US 4719295 A 19880112 (1988);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Zidovudine EP Impurity C<br>Applications Thymine (Zidovudine EP Impurity C) is a nitrogenous base component in the nucleic acid of DNA.<br>References Keum, Y., et al.: App. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 80, 863 (2008); Redzic, Z., et al.: Neurochem. Res., 34, 566 (2009); Lanevskij, K., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 98, 122 (2009); Rajendar, B., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 17, 351 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A synthetic precursor of Zanamivir.<br>References Gonzalez-Diaz, H., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 15, 1651 (2005), Bergmann, R., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 2708 (2007), Lue, W., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 43, 569 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) is a central component of energy storage, metabolism, and signal transduction in vivo. It serves as a precursor for ATP and, in this capacity, is utilized in a wide number of cellular processes, including respiration, biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division.<br>References Knowles, J.R., et al.: Annual Reviews of Biochemistry 49, 877-919 (1980); Klingenberg, M., et al.: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1778(10), 1978-2021 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications An antineoplastic.<br>References Hertel, L.W., et al.: Cancer Res., 50, 4417 (1990), Abbruzzese, J.L., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 9, 491 (1991), Ruiz, V.W.T., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 46, 762 (1993),<br></p>

<p>Applications The calcium salt of L-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid which belongs to the group of folate vitamins (Vitamin B9, Folacin). It is a coenzymated form of folic acid.<br>References Prinz-Langhebohi, R.: et al., Br. J. Pharmac., 158, 2014 (2009); Wright, A. et al.: Brit, J. Nutrit., 103, 724 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Metabolite of 6-Mercaptopurine, an immunosuppressive drug used to treat leukemia.<br>References Chou, C., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 75, 1601 (2008), Conejo-Garcia, A., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 43, 1742 (2008), Hawwa, A., et al.: Brit. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 66, 826 (2008), Askanase, A., et al.: J. Rheumatol., 36, 89 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Unstable in Solution<br>Applications A derivative of Cytarabine, a potent cytotoxic-antiviral nucleoside.<br>References Kufe, D., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 255, 8997 (1980), Ross, D., et al.: Cancer Res., 50, 2658 (1990), Bhalla, K., et al.: Blood, 80, 2883 (1992), Tonetti, D., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 269, 23230 (1994),<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Bromo-1-chloro-2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)benzene is used as a reagent in the synthesis of Dapagliflozin (D185370); a potent, selective renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.<br>References Meng, W., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 51, 1145 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Methotrexate EP Impurity D N-Desmethyl Impurity<br>Applications Pteroic Acid (Methotrexate EP Impurity D N-Desmethyl Impurity) is a constituent as well as a degradation product of Folic Acid (F680300) formed via enzymatic hydrolysis. has been shown to activate the glutamylation of methotrexate by folylpolyglutamate synthetase.<br>References Vickers, P.J. et al.: Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 63, 777 (1985): Tafolla, W.H. et al.: J. Pharmac. Sci., 70, 1273 (1981); Iwai, K. et al.: J. Butrit. Sci. Vitaminol., 23, 95 (1977);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Amino-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole is a moiety of Azathioprine (A803350); an immunosuppressive antimetabolite that is also active as a disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD).<br>References Mitrou, P.S., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 29, 483, 662 (1979); Ding, T.L., et al.: Drug. Metab. Dispos., 7, 373 (1979); Chan, G.L.C., et al.: Pharmacotherapy, 7, 165 (1987); Sandborn, W.J., et al.: Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 33, Suppl. 225, 92 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications 10-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro Folic Acid Disodium Salt is the disodium salt of F701085, which is a Folic Acid (F680300) derivative. Folic Acid is a vitamin needed to synthesize DNA, conduct DNA repair and methylate DNA, it also acts as a cofactor in biological reactions involving folate.10-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro Folic Acid Disodium Salt is also used in the diagnosis and prevention and therapy of cerebral folate dificiency in relation to formation of folate receptor autoantibodies and treatment with reduced folate and antioxidants.<br>References Slieker, L.J., et al.: Mol. Pharmacol., 25, 294-302 (1984); Xu, L., et al.: Mol. Pharm., 7, 1311 (2010); Everette, J., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 8139 (2010); Alshatwi, A., et al.: Food, Chem., Toxicol., 48, 1881 (2010); McKay, D., et al.: Nut. J., 9 (2010)Ramaekers, WO 2006119589, (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications Gemcitabine is used for breast cancer treatment. First-line treatment for locally advanced pancreatic cancer.<br>References Hamsici, S., et al.: Bioconjugate Chem., (2017); Peng, T., et al.: J. Cell. Biochem., (2017)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Deoxy-D-ribose induces apoptosis by inhibiting the synthesis and increasing the efflux of glutathione.<br>References Fico, A., et al.: Free Radical Biology &amp; Medicine, 45, 211 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Melphalan is an antineoplastic.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Ross, W.C.J., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 13, 969 (1964); Donelli, M.G., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 18, 760 (1966), Furner, R.L., et al.: Cancer Treat. Rep., 64, 559 (1980),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A tryptamine derivative, a neurotransmitter agonist.<br>References Creveling, C. R., et al.: Mol. Pharmacol., 11, 211 (1975),<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Menthol is used for oral gel patch or film containing herb extracts or Chinese medicine, fruit extract, spearmint, and menthol for smoking cessation.<br>References Ikaheimo, I., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 46, 287 (2000), Gillet, Y., et al.: Lancet, 359, 753 (2002), Turos, E., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2002, 12, 2229 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications 5’-O-Acetyl Ribavirin is an impurity of Ribavirin (R414475). Ribavirin impurity F.<br>References Zakharieva., et al.: Bioorganic. Medicinal. Chem., 1994, 4, 2831 (1994), Reichard., et al.: The Lancet, 351, 83 (1998),<br></p>

<p>Applications A useful intermediate for chemical modifications of base and sugar moieties in natural nucleosides.<br>References Sashaki, T., et al.: J. Org. Chem., 40(1), 106 (1975)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A metabolite of Lamivudine (L172500).<br>References Burgess, K., et al.: Chem. Rev., 100, 2047 (2000), Gallois-Montbrun, S., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 68, 1749 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Aciclovir EP Impurity B<br>Applications Guanine is one of the five nucleobases incorporated into biological nucleic acids. Guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is usually seen only in DNA, and uracil only in RNA. Aciclovir EP Impurity B.<br>References Geslain, R., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 284, 27760 (2009); Manini, P., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 190, 41 (2009); Gong, B., et al.: Biochem., 48, 11961 (2009); Sugimoto, M., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 374 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (cas# 987-78-0) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications Labelled Emtricitabine. A reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is an effective antiviral agent against HIV, HBV, and other viruses replicating in a similar manner. A nucleoside analog structurally related to Lamivudine (L172500).<br>References Schinazi, R.F., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 36, 2423 (1992), Shockeor, J.P., et al.: Xenobioica, 26, 189 (1996), Feng, J.Y., et al.: FASEB J., 13, 1511 (1999), Molina, J.-M., et al.: J. Infec. Dis., 182, 599 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Amino-6-(chloromethyl)-4(3H)-pteridinone is a reagent/intermediate used in the preparation of Folic Acid (F680300) and its derivatives.<br>References Qi, Y., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing. CN 103755706 A 20140430. Apr 30, 2014;<br></p>

<p>Impurity Valaciclovir EP Impurity C<br>Applications 2-[(2-Amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)methoxy]ethylester N-Methyl-L-Valine (Valaciclovir EP Impurity C) is a useful building block in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals. Is used in preparation of N-Alkyl Valaciclovir compounds and intermediates thereof.<br>References Pu, T., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Benzylaminopurine 9-(β-D-glucoside) (cas# 4294-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Eye irritant.<br>References Bagley, D. M. et al.; Toxicol. In Vitro 13, 505 (1999); Gilleron, L. et al.; Toxicol. In Vitro 11, 641 (1997)<br></p>

<p>Applications Widespread throughout animal and plant tissues combined with niacinamide, d-ribose, and phosphoric acids; a constituent of nucleic acids and coenzymes, such as codehydrase I and II, adenylic acid, coalaninedehydrase. It is used in microbial determination of niacin; in research on heredity, virus diseases, and cancer.<br>References Philips, et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 20, 104 (1952), Lambertucci, C., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 17, 2812 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of 5-Fluorouracil. (F596000)<br>References Bocci, G., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 58, 593 (2002), Longley, D.B., Nature Rev. Cancer, 3, 330 (2003), Fischel, J., et al.: Anti-Cancer Drugs, 15, 969 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Applications A natural, active form of folic acid used at the cellular level for DNA reproduction, the cysteine cycle and the regulation of homocysteine among other functions. It is a coenzymated form of folic acid. It has been proposed for treatment of cardiovascular disease.<br>References Willems, F. et al.: Br. J. Pharmacol., 145, 823 (2004); Prinz-Langhebohi, R.: et al., Br. J. Pharmacol., 158, 2014 (2009); Wright, A. et al.: Brit, J. Nutrit., 103, 724 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Labelled Cytarabine, a compound used as an antineoplastic and antiviral. A selective inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Does not inhibit RNA synthesis.<br>References Donehower, R.C., et al.: Cancer Treat. Rep., 70, 1059 (1986)<br></p>

<p>Applications Constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid.<br>References Levene, L., et al.: J. Bil. Chem. 83, 793 (1929), Tollin, et al.: Nature 217, 1148 (1968), Redzic, Z., et al.: Neurochem. Res., 34, 566 (2009), Hazra, S., et al.: Biochem., 48, 1256 (2009), Yang, I., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 284, 191 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Stability Air Sensitive<br>Applications A labelled Folic acid (F680300) derivative (or folate) found in daily dietary intake that is often used in cancer risk correlation studies.<br>References Keszei, A.P. et al.: Cancer Epidimiol. Biomarker Prev., 18, 1785 (2009); Koning, E.J. et al.: Cancer, 95, 1421 (2002);<br></p>

<p>Applications Influenza viral neuraminidase inhibitor; structural analog of the sialic acid. Antiviral.<br>References Woods, J.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 1473 (1993), Pegg, M.S., et al.: Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 32, 851 (1994), Monto, A.S., et al.: J. Am. Med. Assoc., 282, 31 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-Chloro-3-(2-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol is an impurity of Dapagliflozin (D185370), a sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor.<br>References Kasichayanula, S. et al.: Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 13, 47 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Abacavir 5’-β-D-Glucuronide is a metabolite of Abacavir (A105000). Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br>References (1) Jackson, A., et al.: Antivir Ther. 17, 19 (2012) (2) Yuen, G. J., et al.: Clin Pharmacokinet. 47, 351 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive - Protect from Light Exposure<br>Applications Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid deriverative. 4-HBR is shown to exhibit binding to the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) at concentrations necessary to induce cell death.A synthetic analog of Vitamin A.<br>References Marth, C., et al.:J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 75, 871 (1985), Delia, D., et al.: Cancer Res., 53, 6036 (1993), Costa., A., et al.: Cancer Res., 54, Suppl., 2032s (1994), Decensi., A., et al.: Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 3, 377 (1994)<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications 1-(5-O-Acetyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one is an impurity of 5-Azacytidine (A796000), a potent growth inhibitor and cytotoxic agent. It acts as a demethylating agent by inhibiting DNA methyltransferase.<br>References Kusaba, H., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 262, 924 (1999), Broday, L., et al.: Mol. Cell Biol., 19, 3198 (1999), Qian, X., et al.: Am. J. Pathol., 153, 1475 (1999), Canova, C., et al.: Mech. Ageing Dev., 101, 153 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Applications Capecitabine is an antineoplastic agent. Capecitabine is a prodrug of Doxifluridine (D556750).<br>References Muss, H., et al.: New Eng. J. Med., 360, 2055 (2009), Takahashi, S., et al.: Drug Metab. Disposition, 37, 956 (2009), Saltz, L., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 27, 653 (2009), Sanderson, H., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 187, 84 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Aciclovir EP Impurity M<br>Applications An impurity of Acyclovir. Aciclovir EP Impurity M<br>References Laskin, O., et al.: Clin. Pharmacok., 8, 187 (1983), Grass, G., et al.: Pharm. Res., 5, 372 (1988), Mahony, W., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 263, 9285 (1988), Merino, V., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 84, 777 (1995),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A potent adenosine receptor agonist. Inhibits platelet aggregation and is centrally active in vivo.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Cusack and Hourani: Br. J. Pharmacol., 72, 433 (1981), Knapp, et al.: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 68, 797 (2001)<br></p>

<p>Applications Cidofovir Diphosphate Trisodium Salt has antiviral activity, which is used against herpes viruses. Cidofovir Diphosphate is a metabolite in human cells.<br>References Hitchcock, M. J. M., et al.: Antivir. Chem. Chemoth., 7, 115-127 (1996); Cihlar, T., et al.: Collect. Czech. Chem. C., 57, 661-72 (1992)<br></p>

<p>Applications Favipiravir is used for the treatment of advanced Ebola virus infection in a small animal model. Favipiravir suppressed the replication of Zaire Ebola virus and prevented a lethal outcome in 100% of the animals. Based on the studies, Favipiravir can be a candidate for the treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. It is a COVID19-related research product.<br>References Oestereich, L., et al.: Antiviral Res., 105, 17 (2014); Baranovich, T., et al.: J. Virol. 87, 3741 (2013); Chem. and Eng. News p.8, Dec. 1 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Decitabine Impurity 12 is an analytical standard that is used in the research and development of drug products. It is a high purity, HPLC-grade impurity that complies with USP/NF requirements. Decitabine Impurity 12 has been shown to be a metabolite of decitabine, which is an anti-cancer drug used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This impurity has also been shown to have pharmacopoeia value as an impurity standard for drug products.</p>

<p>Methyl 2-deoxy-3,4-di-O-toluoyl-D-ribopyranoside is a synthetic impurity standard for the drug product. It has been used in studies on metabolism and as an analytical reference material. Methyl 2-deoxy-3,4-di-O-toluoyl-D-ribopyranoside is also available as a custom synthesis at high purity.</p>

<p>Adefovir Dipivoxyl Impurity I is a white crystalline powder with a melting point of 232–234 °C. It is soluble in water, and insoluble in organic solvents. Adefovir Dipivoxyl Impurity I is used as an impurity standard for Adefovir Dipivoxyl and has been shown to be metabolized by CYP3A4 and UGT1A9. This impurity also has the potential to inhibit DNA synthesis in cells.</p>

<p>Dapagliflozin Impurity 4 is a research and development impurity standard for the drug Dapagliflozin. Dapagliflozin Impurity 4 is a white crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 646.5 and an empirical formula of C20H22N2O2. It is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile. The compound has a melting point of 181°C with decomposition and a boiling point of 254°C at 760 mm Hg. It is not oxidizable under aerobic conditions and does not react with acid or alkali to form any ionizable species.</p>

<p>Remdesivir impurity 2 is an analytical standard used in the development of drugs. It is a metabolite found in the drug Remdesivir. It is a natural product that can be synthesized or isolated from natural sources. Remdesivir impurity 2 is soluble in water and acetonitrile, and it has a melting point of 80-81 degrees Celsius. It has a molecular weight of 208.3 g/mol and CAS number 249712-00-1. This compound is not listed on the current edition of the USP Pharmacopoeia.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-9-[2-(acetyloxy)ethoxy]methyl-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-6-one (ademetionine) is a prodrug that is metabolized in the liver to form ademetionine. Ademetionine is a potent inhibitor of guanosine deaminase, which is an enzyme that breaks down guanosine into guanine and ammonia. Ademetionine has shown efficacy in cancer treatment and may also be used to treat tuberculosis. The metabolism of this drug takes place in the liver, where it undergoes oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes to form the active metabolite ademetionine. Metabolism of this drug can be inhibited by drugs such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMS), which are used for the treatment of malaria. TFMS inhibits the formation of ademetionine but does not affect the formation</p>

<p>Acyclovir is an antiviral agent that prevents the growth of herpes simplex virus. Acyclovir is a prodrug, which is converted to acycloguanosine 5'-triphosphate (ACV-TP) in vivo. ACV-TP inhibits viral DNA polymerase and thereby prevents viral genome replication, replication. The molecular structure of Acyclovir was determined by X-ray crystallography at 3.2 Å resolution. It has been shown that ACV-TP can be activated by chloride ions and it has been suggested that this activation may be the result of an interaction with a ligand.<br>ACV-TP binds to guanine residues in the DNA chain and prevents the formation of hydrogen bonds between guanine and adenine or cytosine residues in the same chain, preventing DNA replication.</p>

<p>Intermediate in the synthesis of ribavirin</p>

<p>Remdesivir impurity 12 is a drug product that is used in research and development. It is a synthetic impurity standard for HPLC analytical methods. Remdesivir impurity 12 is an impurity of the drug, remdesivir, which has antiviral activity against HIV-1. Metabolism studies have been conducted to investigate how this impurity affects the pharmacokinetics of remdesivir. The use of synthetic material ensures high purity and quality for this product.</p>

<p>2,3,5-Tri-O-benzyl-D-ribono-1,4-lactone is a synthetic building block which can undergo reaction with nucleophilic carbon species to afford C-ribosides (via the corresponding hemiacetal).  Treatment of 2,3,5-Tri-O-benzyl-D-ribono-1,4-lactone with stronger reducing agents, such as sodium borohydride, affords ring opened products with a stereo-defined poly-oxygenated carbon chain backbone.</p>